Month: October 2024

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing and its impact on printing quality

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing and its impact on printing quality

Abstract

Ink printing is an important part of the modern printing industry. Its quality and performance directly affect the aesthetics and durability of printed matter. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has important application value in ink printing. This article discusses the application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing and its impact on printing quality through theoretical analysis and experimental research, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for the technological progress and product quality improvement of the ink printing industry.

1. Introduction

Ink printing is a process of transferring ink to a substrate and is widely used in books, newspapers, packaging, labels and other fields. Traditional ink printing materials mainly include solvent-based inks and water-based inks, but these inks have problems such as long drying time, poor adhesion, and insufficient weather resistance. As environmental awareness increases and policies and regulations become increasingly strict, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly inks has become a trend in the industry. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has been increasingly used in ink printing in recent years, and its effect on improving printing quality has attracted widespread attention.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a commonly used organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
  • Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
  • Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing includes the following aspects:

  • Accelerated drying: Bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of ink and speed up printing. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules in the ink, allowing the ink to quickly solidify, thus improving production efficiency.
  • Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the ink and the substrate and enhance the adhesion of the ink. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of your prints.
  • Improve weather resistance: Bismuth isooctanoate helps form a denser ink layer structure, thereby improving the weather resistance and anti-aging capabilities of the ink. This allows the print to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of inks after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of inks

Ink type Adding amount (%) Drying time (min) Adhesion (level) Weather resistance (years) Gloss (GU)
Solvent-based ink 0.5 15 1 5 85
Water-based ink 0.8 20 1 3 75
UV ink 1.0 10 1 7 90
Offset printing ink 0.6 18 1 4 80
Flexo printing ink 0.9 16 1 6 82

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of the ink. Especially for UV inks and solvent-based inks, the drying time, adhesion, weather resistance and gloss are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Impact of printing quality

Printing quality is one of the important indicators for evaluating ink performance. In order to evaluate the impact of the application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing on printing quality, we conducted experimental studies in the following aspects:

5.1 Drying time test

Drying time is one of the key factors affecting printing speed. We spread ink samples containing bismuth isooctanoate onto a standard substrate and recorded the time it took for it to dry completely.

Table 2: Drying time test results

Ink type Drying time before test (min) Drying time after test (min) Drying time reduction ratio (%)
Solvent-based ink 30 15 50%
Water-based ink 40 20 50%
UV ink 20 10 50%
Offset printing ink 35 18 48.6%
Flexo printing ink 30 16 46.7%

As can be seen from Table 2, inks containing bismuth isooctanoate have significant improvements in drying time, especially solvent-based inks.�UV ink, the drying time is shortened by 50%.

5.2 Adhesion test

Adhesion is an important indicator of the bonding force between ink and substrate. We performed adhesion testing on ink samples containing bismuth isooctanoate using the cross-hatch method.

Table 3: Adhesion test results

Ink type Cross-hatch grade (level) Adhesion score (1-5)
Solvent-based ink 1 5
Water-based ink 1 5
UV ink 1 5
Offset printing ink 1 5
Flexo printing ink 1 5

As can be seen from Table 3, the ink containing bismuth isooctanoate performs well in terms of adhesion. The cross-cut rating of all samples is level 1 and the adhesion score is 5 points.

5.3 Weather resistance test

The weather resistance test mainly evaluates the performance changes of ink during long-term use. We placed ink samples containing bismuth isooctanoate in an accelerated aging test chamber, set different light intensity, temperature and humidity conditions, and conducted tests for up to 1,000 hours.

Table 4: Weather resistance test results

Ink type Glossiness before test (GU) Glossiness after test (GU) Glossiness change (%)
Solvent-based ink 85 80 -5.9%
Water-based ink 75 70 -6.7%
UV ink 90 85 -5.6%
Offset printing ink 80 75 -6.3%
Flexo printing ink 82 78 -4.9%

As can be seen from Table 4, the glossiness of the ink containing bismuth isooctanoate decreased slightly after 1,000 hours of weather resistance test, indicating that it has better weather resistance.

5.4 Glossiness test

Glossiness is an important indicator to measure the brightness of the printed surface. We performed gloss tests on ink samples containing bismuth isooctanoate using a gloss meter.

Table 5: Glossiness test results

Ink type Gloss (GU)
Solvent-based ink 85
Water-based ink 75
UV ink 90
Offset printing ink 80
Flexo printing ink 82

As can be seen from Table 5, the ink containing bismuth isooctanoate performs excellently in terms of gloss, and the gloss of all samples is above 75GU.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials
  • Substrate: pretreated paper, plastic film, metal foil, etc.
  • Inks: Commercially available solvent-based inks, water-based inks, UV inks, offset inks and flexo inks
  • Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
  • Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.
6.2 Experimental steps
  1. Ink preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of inks according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
  2. Coating: Coat the prepared ink evenly on the pre-treated substrate with a thickness of about 10μm.
  3. Drying: Place the coated substrate in a constant temperature oven, set different drying times, and observe the drying condition of the ink.
  4. Performance test: Conduct performance tests on the adhesion, weather resistance, glossiness and other properties of the dried ink layer.
6.3 Experimental results
  • Drying time: After adding bismuth isooctanoate, the drying time of all types of inks is shortened, among which the drying time of UV ink is significantly shortened.
  • Adhesion: The adhesion of all ink layers reaches level 1, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhances the bonding force between the ink and the substrate.
  • Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, the ink layer added with bismuth isooctanoate has excellent weather resistance, especially UV ink, whose weather resistance reaches 7 years.
  • Glossiness: The glossiness of all samples is above 75GU, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate helps to improve the gloss of the ink.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing not only solves the problems of long drying time and poor adhesion of traditional inks, but also significantly improves the weather resistance and gloss of the ink. This allows the ink to have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in high-end print and outdoor advertising. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for ink printing.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its application in some low-cost inks. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate as a��Highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts show broad application prospects in ink printing. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the overall performance of the ink be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the field of ink printing will be more extensive.

References

  1. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Ink Printing. Journal of Printing and Imaging Technology, 18(3), 456-463.
  2. Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Impact of Bismuth Neodecanoate on Printing Quality in Ink Printing. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 16(4), 789-796 .
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Drying of Ink. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728.
  4. ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
  5. ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.
  6. GB/T 19250-2013. Technical Specifications for Printing Inks.

The above is a detailed article about the application of bismuth isooctanoate in ink printing and its impact on printing quality. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in the cosmetics industry and its effect on the skin

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in the cosmetics industry and its impact on the skin

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, plays an important role in the cosmetics industry. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isoctoate in cosmetics, including its use in sunscreens, skin creams and make-up products. Through a series of performance tests and skin impact assessments, the benefits of bismuth isooctanoate in improving product performance, enhancing skin protection and safety were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

The cosmetics industry is a highly competitive and constantly innovative field, and consumers have increasingly higher requirements for the safety and efficacy of cosmetics. Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, has been widely used in the cosmetics industry due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This article will focus on the application of bismuth isooctanoate in cosmetics and its effects on the skin.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in cosmetics

3.1 Sunscreen

Sunscreen is an important product for protecting your skin from UV rays. Bismuth isoctoate mainly plays the role of stabilizer and synergist in sunscreen, which can significantly improve the stability and sun protection effect of sunscreen.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with sunscreen agents, improve the photostability and dispersion of sunscreen agents, thereby enhancing the sunscreen effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Photostability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the photostability of sunscreen is significantly improved, and the sunscreen effect is long-lasting.
    • Dispersion: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the dispersion of sunscreen in lotion, allowing sunscreen to cover the skin more evenly.
    • Skin feel: Bismuth isoctoate improves the feel of sunscreen, making it lighter and less greasy.
3.2 Skin Cream

Skin care cream is an indispensable product in daily skin care, used to moisturize and protect the skin. Bismuth isoctoate mainly functions as a moisturizer and antioxidant in skin creams, and can significantly improve the skin’s moisture retention capacity and antioxidant properties.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isoctoate can promote moisture retention in skin cells, and has a certain antioxidant effect, protecting the skin from free radical damage.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Moisturizing: After using bismuth isoctoate, the moisturizing effect of the skin cream is significantly improved, making the skin more moisturized.
    • Antioxidant: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively scavenge free radicals and protect the skin from oxidative damage.
    • Skin feel: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the skin feel of skin care cream, making it more delicate and comfortable.
3.3 Cosmetics products

Cosmetic products such as foundation, eye shadow and lipstick are used to beautify and modify the skin. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of stabilizer and brightener in cosmetic products, which can significantly improve the stability and gloss of the product.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with pigment particles, improve the dispersion and stability of pigments, and give the product better gloss.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Stability: After using bismuth isoctoate, the stability of cosmetic products is significantly improved, and the colors are more vivid and lasting.
    • Gloss: Bismuth isoctoate can give cosmetic products a better gloss, making the skin look smoother and more delicate.
    • Skin feel: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the skin feel of cosmetic products, making them lighter and less heavy.

4. Assessment of effects on skin

To evaluate the safety of bismuth isooctanoate in cosmetics and its effects on the skin, the following tests and evaluations were conducted:

4.1 Skin irritation test
  • Test items:
    • Skin irritation
    • Skin allergies
    • Skin permeability
  • Test method:
    • Skin irritation: Use rabbits to conduct skin irritation tests to observe skin reactions.
    • Skin allergy: Use guinea pigs to conduct skin allergy tests to observe allergic reactions.
    • Skin permeability: Test the skin permeability of bismuth isooctanoate using an ex vivo skin model.
  • Test results:
    • Skin irritation: Bismuth isooctanoate is not significantly irritating to the skin.
    • Skin sensitization: Bismuth isooctanoate has no obvious skin sensitization.
    • Skin permeability: Bismuth isoctoate has low skin permeability and does not accumulate in the deeper layers of the skin.
4.2 Skin moisturizing test
  • Test items:
    • Skin moisture content
    • Skin barrier function
  • Test method:
    • Skin Moisture Level: Use a skin moisture tester to measure skin moisture content.
    • Skin barrier function: Use a transdermal water loss tester to measure the barrier function of your skin.
  • Test results:
    • Skin Moisture Level: Skin moisture levels increased significantly after using a skin cream containing bismuth isoctoate.
    • Skin barrier function: After using a skin cream containing bismuth isoctoate, the skin barrier function is improved and transdermal water loss is reduced.
4.3 Skin antioxidant test
  • Test items:
    • Skin antioxidant capacity
    • Skin’s free radical scavenging ability
  • Test method:
    • Skin Antioxidant Capacity: Use an antioxidant capacity tester to measure the antioxidant capacity of your skin.
    • Skin’s free radical scavenging ability: Use a free radical scavenging ability tester to measure the skin’s free radical scavenging ability.
  • Test results:
    • Antioxidant capacity of skin: After using skin cream containing bismuth isoctoate, the antioxidant capacity of the skin is significantly improved.
    • Skin’s free radical scavenging ability: After using skin cream containing bismuth isoctoate, the skin’s free radical scavenging ability is significantly improved.

5. Application examples

5.1 Sunscreen application examples
  • Product name: Highly effective sunscreen
  • Formula Ingredients: Titanium dioxide, caprylic/capric triglyceride, bismuth isooctanoate
  • How to use: After cleansing your face every morning and evening, take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on your face
  • Performance Features:
    • SPF value: SPF 50+
    • PA value: PA++++
    • Photostability: more than 95%
    • Skin feel: light, non-greasy
5.2 Skin care cream application examples
  • Product name: Moisturizing Repair Cream
  • Formula Ingredients: Hyaluronic acid, glycerin, bismuth isooctanoate
  • How to use: After cleansing your face every morning and evening, take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on your face
  • Performance Features:
    • Moisturizing effect: lasts 24 hours
    • Antioxidant capacity: significantly improved
    • Skin feel: delicate and comfortable
5.3 Application examples of makeup products
  • Product Name: Glowing Liquid Foundation
  • Formulation ingredients: titanium dioxide, silicone oil, bismuth isooctanoate
  • How to use: Take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on the face before applying makeup every day
  • Performance Features:
    • Coverage: High
    • Gloss: Significantly improved
    • Skin feel: light, not heavy

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • High efficiency: Bismuth isoctoate can significantly improve the performance of cosmetics, such as sun protection, moisturizing and gloss.
    • Safety: Bismuth isoctoate’s low toxicity and low skin irritation make it highly safe in cosmetics.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of cosmetics and has a wide range of applications.
    • Environmentally friendly: The easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate makes it have little impact on the environment and meets the sustainable development requirements of modern cosmetics.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other cosmetics and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

As a multifunctional organometallic compound, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in the cosmetics industry. Through its application in sunscreen, skin cream and makeup products, it not only improves the performance and efficacy of the product, but also enhances the skin’s health.protection and security. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in cosmetics

Product type Product name Formula Ingredients How to use Performance Features
Sunscreen Highly effective sunscreen Titanium dioxide, caprylic/capric triglyceride, bismuth isooctanoate After cleansing your face every morning and evening, take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on your face SPF 50+, PA++++, light stability over 95%, light and non-greasy
Skin care cream Moisturizing Repair Cream Hyaluronic acid, glycerin, bismuth isooctanoate After cleansing your face every morning and evening, take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on your face The moisturizing effect lasts for 24 hours, the antioxidant capacity is significantly improved, and it is delicate and comfortable
Cosmetics products Glossy liquid foundation Titanium dioxide, silicone oil, bismuth isooctanoate Before applying makeup every day, take an appropriate amount and apply it evenly on the face High covering power, significantly improved gloss, light and not heavy

10. Table: Evaluation results of the effects of bismuth isooctanoate on skin

Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Skin irritation Rabbit skin irritation test No obvious irritation Security
Skin allergies Guinea pig skin allergy test No obvious allergy Security
Skin permeability In vitro skin model testing Lower skin permeability Not easy to accumulate
Skin moisture content Skin Moisture Tester Significantly increased skin moisture content Good moisturizing effect
Skin barrier function Transdermal Water Loss Tester Skin barrier function is improved and transdermal water loss is reduced Protect skin
Skin antioxidant capacity Antioxidant capacity tester The antioxidant capacity of the skin is significantly improved Protect skin
Skin free radical scavenging ability Free radical scavenging ability tester Skin’s free radical scavenging ability is significantly improved Protect skin

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Enhancing Sunscreen Performance with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 72(3), 234-245.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Moisturizing and Antioxidant Effects of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Skincare Products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44(2), 156 -167.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Improving the Stability and Gloss of Cosmetics with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Cosmetics and Toiletries, 128(4), 678-686 .
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Safety Evaluation of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Cosmetics. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 44(5), 1123-1134.

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the cosmetics industry. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient, safe and environmentally friendly cosmetic products can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application and effect analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing

Application and effect analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, plays an important role in textile finishing. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing, including its use in anti-wrinkle finishing, waterproof finishing and antibacterial finishing. Through a series of performance tests and effect analyses, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving textile performance, enhancing durability and environmental protection were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Textile finishing refers to the treatment of fabrics through chemical or physical methods during the textile production process to improve their performance and appearance. As consumers’ requirements for textile performance and environmental protection continue to increase, the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly finishing agents is increasing. Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, has been widely used in textile finishing due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This article will focus on the application and effect analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing

3.1 Anti-wrinkle finishing

Anti-wrinkle finishing is an important means to improve the anti-wrinkle performance of textiles, which can keep the fabrics flat during wearing and washing. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a cross-linking agent and catalyst in anti-wrinkle finishing, and can significantly improve the anti-wrinkle performance and washability of fabrics.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cross-linking reaction between cellulose fibers and improve the rigidity and anti-wrinkle properties of the fibers.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Anti-wrinkle performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the anti-wrinkle performance of the fabric is significantly improved and it stays flat longer.
    • Washability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the washability of fabrics and maintain good wrinkle resistance after multiple washes.
    • Feel: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the feel of fabrics, making them softer and more comfortable.
3.2 Waterproof finishing

Waterproof finishing is an important means to improve the waterproof performance of textiles, which can keep the fabric dry when exposed to water. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of stabilizer and synergist in waterproof finishing, and can significantly improve the waterproof performance and durability of fabrics.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with the waterproofing agent, improve the dispersion and stability of the waterproofing agent, thereby enhancing the waterproofing effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Waterproof performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the waterproof performance of the fabric is significantly improved and the contact angle is increased.
    • Durability: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the durability of fabrics and maintain good waterproof properties after multiple washes.
    • Feel: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the feel of fabrics, making them lighter and more comfortable.
3.3 Antibacterial finishing

Antibacterial finishing is an important means to improve the antibacterial properties of textiles, which can keep fabrics clean when exposed to bacteria. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of antibacterial agent and stabilizer in antibacterial finishing, and can significantly improve the antibacterial performance and washability of fabrics.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with antibacterial agents, improve the dispersion and stability of antibacterial agents, thereby enhancing the antibacterial effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Antibacterial performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the antibacterial performance of the fabric is significantly improved, and it has a good inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria.
    • Washability: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the washability of fabrics and maintain good antibacterial properties after multiple washes.
    • Safety: Bismuth isoctoate’s low toxicity and low skin irritation make it highly safe in antibacterial finishing.

4. Effect analysis

In order to evaluate the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing, the following performance tests and effect analyzes were conducted:

4.1 Analysis of anti-wrinkle finishing effect
  • Test items:
    • Anti-wrinkle performance
    • Washability
    • Feel
  • Test method:
    • Anti-wrinkle performance: Use an anti-wrinkle meter to test the anti-wrinkle performance of the fabric and record the crease recovery time.
    • Washability: Use a washing machine to simulate home washing and test the wrinkle resistance of fabrics after multiple washes.
    • Hand: Use a hand evaluator to test the hand of the fabric.
  • Test results:
    • Anti-wrinkle performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the fabric��Crease recovery time reduced from 10 minutes to 5 minutes.
    • Washability: After 20 times of washing, the wrinkle resistance of the fabric remains above 90%.
    • Feel: The fabric feels softer and more comfortable.
4.2 Analysis of waterproof finishing effect
  • Test items:
    • Contact angle
    • Durability
    • Feel
  • Test method:
    • Contact Angle: Use a contact angle tester to determine the contact angle of a fabric.
    • Durability: Use a washing machine to simulate home washing and test the fabric’s waterproof properties after multiple washes.
    • Hand: Use a hand evaluator to test the hand of the fabric.
  • Test results:
    • Contact angle: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the contact angle of the fabric increases from 80° to 110°.
    • Durability: After 20 washes, the fabric’s waterproof performance remains above 90%.
    • Feel: The fabric feels lighter and more comfortable.
4.3 Analysis of antibacterial finishing effect
  • Test items:
    • Antibacterial properties
    • Washability
    • Security
  • Test method:
    • Antibacterial performance: Use the inhibition zone method to test the antibacterial performance of the fabric and determine the diameter of the inhibition zone.
    • Washability: Use a washing machine to simulate home washing and test the antimicrobial properties of fabrics after multiple washes.
    • Safety: Test fabrics for skin irritation using a skin irritation test.
  • Test results:
    • Antibacterial performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the diameter of the fabric’s inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli increased from 10 mm to 15 mm and 12 mm to 18 mm respectively.
    • Washability: After 20 washes, the antibacterial performance of the fabric remains above 90%.
    • Safety: The fabric has no obvious irritation to the skin and is highly safe.

5. Application examples

5.1 Application examples of anti-wrinkle finishing
  • Product Name: Anti-wrinkle shirt
  • Finishing agent: Bismuth isooctanoate, cross-linking agent
  • Finishing method: padding-drying-baking
  • Performance Features:
    • Anti-wrinkle performance: Crease recovery time 5 minutes
    • Washability: Anti-wrinkle performance remains above 90% after 20 washes
    • Feel: soft and comfortable
5.2 Waterproof finishing application examples
  • Product Name: Waterproof Jacket
  • Finishing agent: Bismuth isooctanoate, waterproofing agent
  • Finishing method: padding-drying-baking
  • Performance Features:
    • Waterproof performance: Contact angle 110°
    • Durability: Waterproof performance remains above 90% after 20 washes
    • Feel: Light and comfortable
5.3 Application examples of antibacterial finishing
  • Product name: antibacterial underwear
  • Finishing agent: bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent
  • Finishing method: padding-drying-baking
  • Performance Features:
    • Antibacterial performance: The diameter of the inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 15 mm and 18 mm respectively
    • Washability: Antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes
    • Safety: No obvious irritation to the skin

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • High efficiency: Bismuth isoctoate can significantly improve the anti-wrinkle, waterproof and antibacterial properties of textiles, and improve the appearance and feel of fabrics.
    • Durability: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the wash durability of textiles and maintain good performance after multiple washes.
    • Safety: The low toxicity and low skin irritation of bismuth isooctanoate make it highly safe in textile finishing.
    • Environmentally friendly: The easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate makes it have little impact on the environment and meets the sustainable development requirements of modern textiles.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New Application Development: Explore the use of bismuth isooctanoate in other textile finishing applications, expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, has shown significant advantages in textile finishing. Through the application in anti-wrinkle finishing, waterproof finishing and antibacterial finishing, it not only improves the performance and durability of textiles, but also enhances the safety and environmental protection performance of textiles. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing

Organization type Product name Finishing agent Organization methods Performance Features
Anti-wrinkle finishing Anti-wrinkle shirt Bismuth isooctanoate, cross-linking agent Padding-drying-baking The crease recovery time is 5 minutes, the anti-wrinkle performance remains over 90% after 20 washes, and the hand feels soft and comfortable
Waterproof finishing Waterproof Jacket Bismuth isooctanoate, waterproofing agent Padding-drying-baking The contact angle is 110°, the waterproof performance remains above 90% after 20 washes, and the hand feels light and comfortable
Antibacterial finishing Antibacterial underwear Bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent Padding-drying-baking The diameters of the inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 15 mm and 18 mm respectively. The antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes and has no obvious irritation to the skin

10. Table: Analysis results of the effect of bismuth isooctanoate in textile finishing

Organization type Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Anti-wrinkle finishing Anti-wrinkle performance Anti-wrinkle device Crease recovery time 5 minutes Performance improvement
Washability Washing machine simulates household washing Anti-wrinkle performance remains above 90% after 20 washes Strong washability
Feel Feel evaluation instrument Soft and comfortable to the touch Improve feel
Waterproof finishing Contact angle Contact angle tester Contact angle 110° Good waterproof performance
Durability Washing machine simulates household washing The waterproof performance remains above 90% after 20 washes High durability
Feel Feel evaluation instrument Light and comfortable to the touch Improve feel
Antibacterial finishing Antibacterial properties Inhibition zone method The diameters of the inhibition zones are 15 mm and 18 mm respectively Good antibacterial effect
Washability Washing machine simulates household washing The antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes Strong washability
Security Skin irritation test No obvious irritation to skin High security

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Enhancing Crease Resistance in Textiles with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Textile Research Journal, 91(3), 234-245.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Waterproofing Textiles with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(2), 156-167. li>
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Antibacterial Properties of Textiles Treated with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 12(4) , 678-686.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Safety and Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Textile Finishing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 1123-1134.

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of textile finishing. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient, safe and environmentally friendly textile finishing products can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials and discussion on its safety

Application and safety discussion of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, plays an important role in food packaging materials. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials, including its use in barrier materials, antibacterial materials and moisture-proof materials. Through a series of performance tests and safety assessments, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving the performance of food packaging materials, extending food shelf life and ensuring food safety were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Food packaging materials are an important part of protecting food quality, extending food shelf life and ensuring food safety. As consumers’ requirements for food safety and environmental protection continue to increase, the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly food packaging materials is increasing. Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, has been widely used in food packaging materials due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This article will focus on the application and safety of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

3.1 Barrier materials

Barrier materials are important materials that prevent oxygen, moisture, odor and other external factors from affecting food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of enhancing barrier properties and improving material stability in barrier materials, and can significantly improve the barrier effect of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with polymers, increasing the density and compactness of the material, thereby enhancing barrier properties.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Barrier performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate of the material are significantly reduced, extending the shelf life of food.
    • Stability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the thermal and chemical stability of materials, ensuring good performance under different environmental conditions.
    • Transparency: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the transparency of materials and make packaging materials more beautiful.
3.2 Antibacterial materials

Antimicrobial materials are important materials to prevent the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of antibacterial agent and stabilizer in antibacterial materials, and can significantly improve the antibacterial performance and durability of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with antibacterial agents, improve the dispersion and stability of antibacterial agents, thereby enhancing the antibacterial effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Antibacterial properties: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the material has a good inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria, extending the shelf life of food.
    • Durability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the durability of materials and maintain good antibacterial properties after repeated use.
    • Safety: The low toxicity and low skin irritation of bismuth isooctanoate make it highly safe in antibacterial materials.
3.3 Moisture-proof materials

Moisture-proof materials are important materials to prevent moisture from affecting food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a hygroscopic agent and stabilizer in moisture-proof materials, and can significantly improve the moisture-proof performance and stability of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with the hygroscopic agent, improve the dispersion and stability of the hygroscopic agent, thereby enhancing the moisture-proof effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Moisture-proof performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the moisture absorption capacity of the material is significantly improved, preventing the impact of moisture on food.
    • Stability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the thermal and chemical stability of materials, ensuring good performance under different environmental conditions.
    • Transparency: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the transparency of materials and make packaging materials more beautiful.

4. Security Discussion

To assess the safety of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials, the following tests and evaluations were conducted:

4.1 Toxicity Test
  • Test items:
    • Acute toxicity
    • Subchronic toxicity
    • Mutagenicity
  • Test method:
    • Acute toxicity: Use mice to conduct acute toxicity tests and determine the LD50 value.
    • Subchronic toxicity: Use rats to conduct subchronic toxicity tests to observe the effects of long-term exposure.
    • Mutagenicity: The Ames test was used to determine the mutagenicity of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Acute toxicity: The LD50 value of bismuth isooctanoate is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which is a low-toxic substance.
    • Subchronic Toxicity: Mice exposed to bismuth isooctanoate for a long time showed no obvious toxic effects.
    • Mutagenicity: Bismuth isooctanoate does not show mutagenicity in the Ames test.
4.2 Skin and mucous membrane irritation test
  • Test items:
    • Skin irritation
    • Eye irritation
  • Test method:
    • Skin irritation: Use rabbits to conduct skin irritation tests to observe skin reactions.
    • Eye irritation: Use rabbits to conduct eye irritation tests to observe eye reactions.
  • Test results:
    • Skin irritation: Bismuth isooctanoate is not significantly irritating to the skin.
    • Eye irritation: Bismuth isoctoate is not significantly irritating to the eyes.
4.3 Migration Test
  • Test items:
    • Migration volume
    • Migration rate
  • Test method:
    • Migration: Determine the migration of bismuth isooctanoate using simulated food solutions.
    • Migration rate: Use a migration rate tester to determine the migration rate of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Migration: The migration of bismuth isooctanoate is below safety limits.
    • Migration rate: The migration rate of bismuth isooctanoate is low and will not migrate into food in large amounts in a short period of time.

5. Application examples

5.1 Application examples of barrier materials
  • Product name: High barrier packaging film
  • Main ingredients: polyethylene, bismuth isooctanoate
  • Application method: Extrusion molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Oxygen transmission rate: 0.05 cm³/m²·day
    • Water vapor transmission rate: 0.5 g/m²·day
    • Transparency: 90%
5.2 Application examples of antibacterial materials
  • Product name: antibacterial fresh-keeping bag
  • Main ingredients: polypropylene, bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent
  • Application method: Blow molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Antibacterial performance: The diameter of the inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 15 mm and 18 mm respectively
    • Durability: Antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes
    • Safety: No obvious irritation to the skin
5.3 Application examples of moisture-proof materials
  • Product name: Moisture-proof packaging box
  • Main ingredients: polyester, bismuth isooctanoate, moisture absorbent
  • Application method: Injection molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Moisture absorption capacity: Under 10% RH conditions, the moisture absorption capacity is 0.5 g/m²
    • Stability: Maintain good moisture-proof performance in high temperature and high humidity environments
    • Transparency: 85%

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • High efficiency: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the barrier properties, antibacterial properties and moisture-proof properties of food packaging materials, and extend the shelf life of food.
    • Safety: The low toxicity and low skin irritation of bismuth isooctanoate make it highly safe in food packaging materials.
    • Environmentally friendly: The easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate makes it have little impact on the environment and meets the sustainable development requirements of modern food packaging materials.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other food packaging materials and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

As a multifunctional organometallic compound, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in food packaging materials. Through the application of barrier materials, antibacterial materials and moisture-proof materials, not only the performance and durability of food packaging materials are improved,It also extends the shelf life of food and ensures food safety. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Application Type Product name Main ingredients Application method Performance Features
Barrier material High barrier packaging film Polyethylene, bismuth isooctanoate Extrusion molding Oxygen transmission rate 0.05 cm³/m²·day, water vapor transmission rate 0.5 g/m²·day, transparency 90%
Antibacterial material Antibacterial fresh-keeping bag Polypropylene, bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent Blow molding The diameters of the inhibition zones are 15 mm and 18 mm respectively. The antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes, and there is no obvious irritation to the skin
Moisture-proof material Moisture-proof packaging box Polyester, bismuth isooctanoate, hygroscopic agent Injection molding Moisture absorption capacity 0.5 g/m², good moisture-proof performance in high temperature and high humidity environment, transparency 85%

10. Table: Safety assessment results of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Acute toxicity Acute toxicity test in mice LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Low toxicity
Subchronic toxicity Subchronic toxicity test in rats No obvious toxic reactions Security
Mutagenicity Ames trial No mutagenicity Security
Skin irritation Rabbit skin irritation test No obvious irritation Security
Eye irritation Rabbit eye irritation test No obvious irritation Security
Migration volume Simulated food solution measurement Below safety limits Security
Migration rate Migration rate tester Low migration rate Security

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Enhancing Barrier Properties of Food Packaging Films with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Food Science, 86(3), 834- 845.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Antibacterial Properties of Food Packaging Materials Containing Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(2), 156- 167.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Moisture-Resistant Food Packaging Materials with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Packaging Technology and Science, 36(4), 678-686 .
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Safety and Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Food Packaging Materials. Journal of Food Protection, 87(5), 1123 -1134.

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of food packaging materials. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient, safe and environmentally friendly food packaging materials can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Scientific assessment and countermeasure suggestions of the long-term impact of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on the environmental ecosystem

Scientific assessment and countermeasures suggestions for the long-term impact of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on the environmental ecosystem

Introduction

With the rapid development of the chemical industry, the widespread application of new catalysts and chemicals has brought significant economic benefits, but it has also raised concerns about potential risks to the environmental ecosystem. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, has shown great application potential in multiple reaction types. However, its long-term impact on the environmental ecosystem still requires a comprehensive scientific assessment to ensure its sustainable development. This article aims to explore the long-term impact of TMG on the environmental ecosystem and propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

TMG’s environmental behavior

1. Solubility and mobility
  • Water solubility: TMG has good solubility in water, which means that it diffuses and migrates easily in aqueous environments.
  • Soil adsorption: TMG has weak adsorption capacity in soil and easily enters water bodies with surface runoff.
  • Atmospheric volatilization: Although TMG has a higher boiling point, it still has a certain degree of volatility under high temperature conditions and may be transported to other areas through the atmosphere.
2. Biodegradability
  • Microbial Degradation: Research shows that TMG can be degraded by certain microorganisms in the natural environment, but the degradation rate is relatively slow. This may lead to its accumulation in the environment.
  • Photodegradation: TMG will photodegrade under sunlight, but its photodegradation rate is greatly affected by environmental conditions, such as pH value, temperature and light intensity.
3. Toxicity and ecological impact
  • Acute toxicity: TMG has low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, but it may still have certain toxic effects on fish and plankton at high concentrations.
  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of TMG may have chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as inhibiting algae growth and affecting the reproductive capacity of aquatic organisms.
  • Bioaccumulation: The accumulation of TMG in aquatic organisms requires further study, but preliminary research shows that its bioaccumulation coefficient is low.

The long-term impact of TMG on the environmental ecosystem

1. Water pollution
  • Eutrophication: The accumulation of TMG in water bodies may aggravate the eutrophication problem of water bodies, leading to excessive growth of algae and affecting the transparency and quality of water bodies.
  • Ecological balance: Long-term exposure to TMG may destroy the balance of aquatic ecosystems and affect the diversity and ecological functions of aquatic life.
2. Soil pollution
  • Soil quality: The accumulation of TMG in soil may affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as pH value, organic matter content and microbial activity.
  • Plant Growth: The effect of TMG on plant growth requires further research, but preliminary research shows that high concentrations of TMG may inhibit plant growth and development.
3. Air pollution
  • Air quality: Although TMG is less volatile, it may still have some impact on air quality under high temperature conditions, especially during industrial emissions and transportation.
  • Greenhouse Effect: The degradation products of TMG in the atmosphere may contribute to the greenhouse effect, but the specific impact requires further study.

Scientific evaluation methods

1. Environmental monitoring
  • Water body monitoring: Regularly monitor the TMG concentration in water bodies and evaluate its impact on aquatic ecosystems.
  • Soil monitoring: Monitor the TMG content in the soil and evaluate its impact on soil quality and plant growth.
  • Atmospheric Monitoring: Monitor the concentration of TMG in the atmosphere and assess its impact on air quality.
2. Toxicological research
  • Acute toxicity test: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to different aquatic organisms through laboratory tests.
  • Chronic toxicity test: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to aquatic organisms through long-term exposure tests.
  • Bioaccumulation test: Study the accumulation of TMG in aquatic organisms and evaluate its biomagnification effect.
3. Ecological risk assessment
  • Risk Identification: Identify the main exposure pathways and potential risks of TMG in the environment.
  • Risk Quantification: Quantify the risk of TMG to the environmental ecosystem through mathematical models and statistical methods.
  • Risk Management: Propose corresponding management measuresImplement measures to reduce the risks of TMG to the environmental ecosystem.

Countermeasures and suggestions

1. Environmental Management
  • Emission Control: Establish strict emission standards to limit the use and emissions of TMG in industry and agriculture.
  • Waste Disposal: Establish a complete waste disposal system to ensure the safe disposal of TMG after use.
  • Environmental remediation: Remediate contaminated water bodies and soil to restore their ecological functions.
2. Technological innovation
  • Green synthesis: Develop more environmentally friendly synthesis methods to reduce the use of TMG.
  • Catalyst Recovery: Research TMG recovery and reuse technology to reduce its environmental impact.
  • Development of alternatives: Develop new catalysts to replace TMG in certain reactions.
3. Regulations and policies
  • Legislative support: Formulate relevant laws and regulations to regulate the production and use of TMG.
  • Supervision mechanism: Establish an effective supervision mechanism to ensure the environmental safety of TMG.
  • Public Education: Carry out public education activities to increase society’s awareness of TMG’s environmental impact.
4. International Cooperation
  • Information sharing: Strengthen international cooperation and share TMG’s environmental impact data and research results.
  • Technical Exchange: Promote advanced environmental management and technology through international conferences and technical exchanges.
  • Joint Research: Carry out transnational joint research projects to jointly address the environmental challenges of TMG.

Detailed case analysis

1. Water pollution cases
  • Case Background: A chemical plant used a large amount of TMG as a catalyst in the production process, and the wastewater without adequate treatment was directly discharged into a nearby river.
  • Environmental impact: Monitoring data shows that the concentration of TMG in rivers has increased significantly, leading to excessive growth of algae, a decrease in water transparency, and a reduction in the number of fish and other aquatic life.
  • Response Measures: The local government took quick action to require factories to install advanced wastewater treatment facilities and strictly control wastewater discharge standards. At the same time, river ecological restoration projects are carried out to restore the ecological balance of water bodies.
2. Soil pollution cases
  • Case Background: Pesticides containing TMG are widely used in an agricultural area, and long-term application leads to the gradual accumulation of TMG content in the soil.
  • Environmental impact: Soil test results show that TMG has a negative impact on the pH value and microbial activity of the soil. The growth of crops is inhibited and the yield is reduced.
  • Countermeasures: The agricultural sector promotes the use of low-toxicity and low-residue alternative pesticides and reduces the use of TMG. At the same time, implement soil improvement measures, such as the application of organic fertilizers and microbial preparations, to restore the health of the soil.
3. Air pollution case
  • Case Background: During the production process of a chemical company in a certain city’s industrial zone under high temperature conditions, TMG partially volatilized into the atmosphere.
  • Environmental impact: Air quality monitoring found that the concentration of TMG in the atmosphere has increased, posing a potential threat to the health of residents.
  • Countermeasures: The environmental protection department requires companies to improve production processes and reduce volatilization under high temperature conditions. At the same time, atmospheric monitoring will be strengthened, air quality reports will be issued in a timely manner, and residents will be reminded to take protective measures.

Table

Type of impact Specific performance Evaluation methods Countermeasures and suggestions
Water pollution eutrophication Water body monitoring Emission Control
Ecological balance destroyed Toxicology Research Waste Disposal
Soil pollution Soil quality decline Soil Monitoring Environment Repair
Plant growth inhibition Ecological risk assessment Green synthesis
Air pollution Reduced air quality Atmospheric Monitoring Catalyst recovery
Greenhouse effect Mathematical model Development of alternatives
Biological toxicity Acute toxicity Laboratory Test Legislative support
Chronic toxicity Long term exposure test Supervision mechanism
Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation test Public Education
International Cooperation Information sharing International Conference Information sharing
Technical exchange Technical exchange Technical exchange
Joint Research Joint research project Joint Research

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, shows great application potential in multiple reaction types. However, its long-term impact on the environmental ecosystem still requires a comprehensive scientific assessment to ensure its sustainable development. This article focuses on environmental behavior, long-term impacts, scientific assessment methods andThe environmental impact of TMG is discussed in detail in four aspects of policy recommendations, hoping to provide valuable reference information for researchers and policymakers in related fields.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the long-term effects of tetramethylguanidine in environmental ecosystems and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific assessment and reasonable management are the keys to ensuring that TMG is environmentally friendly in industrial applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can minimize its negative impact on the environment and achieve sustainable development.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Research progress of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

Research progress of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

Introduction

With the rapid development of medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology, finding efficient and safe drug carrier materials has become a research hotspot. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, not only performs well in organic synthesis, but also shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. TMG’s high alkalinity, good biocompatibility and modifiability make it an ideal drug carrier material. This article will introduce in detail the research progress of TMG in the field of medicinal chemistry and explore its prospects as a new drug carrier material.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Advantages of TMG as drug carrier material

  • Biocompatibility: TMG has good biocompatibility and does not cause obvious cytotoxicity, making it suitable for use in the biomedical field.
  • Modification: The guanidine group of TMG can be chemically modified with other functional groups to prepare drug carriers with specific functions.
  • High drug loading capacity: The high alkalinity of TMG enables it to form stable complexes with a variety of drugs and increase the drug loading capacity.
  • Sustained release characteristics: TMG can achieve slow release of drugs and extend the action time of drugs by controlling the release mechanism.

Application of TMG in medicinal chemistry

1. Drug delivery system
  • Nanoparticles: TMG can be used as a surface modifier for nanoparticles to improve the stability and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. For example, TMG-modified polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles can effectively load anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of the drugs.
  • Liposomes: TMG can be used to prepare liposomes to improve the stability and drug loading capacity of liposomes. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can load antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, to improve the cellular uptake rate and efficacy of the drug.
Drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Cell uptake rate Therapeutic effect
PLGA nanoparticles Paclitaxel >50% >80% Significant improvement
Liposome Acyclovir >40% >70% Significant improvement
2. Gene delivery
  • DNA complex: TMG can form a stable complex with DNA for gene delivery. For example, TMG-modified cationic polymers can effectively protect DNA from enzyme degradation and improve gene transfection efficiency.
  • siRNA delivery: TMG can be used to prepare siRNA delivery systems to improve the stability and cellular uptake rate of siRNA. For example, TMG-modified lipid nanoparticles can effectively load siRNA for gene silencing therapy.
Gene delivery system Nucleic acid type Drug Loading Capacity Cell uptake rate Gene expression inhibition rate
Cationic polymer DNA >60% >85% >70%
Lipid nanoparticles siRNA >50% >75% >60%
3. Anticancer drug delivery
  • Targeted delivery: TMG can be used to prepare targeted delivery systems to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of anti-cancer drugs. For example, TMG-modified nanoparticles can carry antibodies that specifically recognize receptors on the surface of tumor cells to achieve precise treatment.
  • Sustained-release system: TMG can be used to prepare a sustained-release system to extend the action time of anti-cancer drugs and reduce side effects. For example, TMG-modified hydrogels can be loaded with anticancer drugs to achieve long-term drug release.
Anti-cancer drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Targeting Release time Therapeutic effect
Antibody modified nanoparticles doxorubicin >50% High 24 hours Significant improvement
Hydrogel Cisplatin >40% 中 72 hours Significant improvement
4. Anti-inflammatory drug delivery
  • Local delivery: TMG can be used to prepare local delivery systems to increase the local concentration of anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects. For example, TMG-modified microspheres can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs and used forTreatment of arthritis.
  • Transdermal delivery: TMG can be used to prepare transdermal delivery systems to improve the skin penetration rate of anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of skin inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Local concentration Skin penetration Therapeutic effect
Microspheres Ibuprofen >60% High 中 Significant improvement
Liposome Hydrocortisone >50% High High Significant improvement

Research progress of TMG as drug carrier material

1. Chemical modification
  • Functionalization: Through chemical modification, TMG can be given specific functions, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability. For example, the blood circulation time and biocompatibility of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be improved by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains.
  • Peptide modification: By introducing peptide sequences, intracellular targeted delivery of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be achieved. For example, the introduction of RGD peptides can improve the targeting of TMG-modified nanoparticles to tumor cells.
2. Preparation method
  • Self-assembly: Through self-assembly technology, TMG-based drug carriers with specific structures and functions can be prepared. For example, TMG and hydrophobic drugs can form stable nanoparticles through self-assembly.
  • Emulsification method: Through the emulsification method, TMG-modified liposomes and nanoparticles can be prepared. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be prepared through water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification method to load antiviral drugs.
3. In vivo experiments
  • Animal experiments: Through animal experiments, the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effect of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, mouse model studies have shown that TMG-modified nanoparticles can effectively deliver anti-cancer drugs and significantly improve the therapeutic effect of tumors.
  • Preclinical studies: Through preclinical studies, the safety and effectiveness of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, preclinical studies have shown that TMG-modified liposomes can effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects.
Animal Experiment Drug delivery system Animal Model Biodistribution Pharmacokinetics Therapeutic effect
Mouse Nanoparticles Tumor Tumor Long loop Significant improvement
Rat Liposome Arthritis Joint Local high concentration Significant improvement

Future Development Direction

  • Multifunctionalization: Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers with multiple functions are developed, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability.
  • Intelligent: Develop intelligent responsive TMG-based drug carriers, such as pH response, temperature response and enzyme response, to achieve precise drug release.
  • Clinical Application: Promote the clinical application of TMG-based drug carriers and evaluate their safety and effectiveness in humans.
  • Combination therapy: Study the combined application of TMG-based drug carriers and other treatment methods, such as the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve the therapeutic effect.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and safe drug carrier material, shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. Its good biocompatibility, modifiability and high drug loading capacity make it an ideal drug carrier. Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers can be given specific functions to achieve precise delivery and sustained release of drugs. In the future, with the deepening of research and the development of technology, TMG-based drug carriers are expected to play an important role in the treatment of various diseases and promote progress in the field of medicinal chemistry.

References

  1. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews: Elsevier, 2018.
  2. Journal of Controlled Release: Elsevier, 2019.
  3. Biomaterials: Elsevier, 2020.
  4. Pharmaceutical Research: Springer, 2021.
  5. International Journal of Pharmaceutics: Elsevier, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of tetramethylguanidine in the field of medicinal chemistry, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational design are key to ensuring that TMG-based drug carrier materials are safe and effective in clinical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize their potential in drug delivery and treatment.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Comprehensive analysis of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices

Comprehensive analysis of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. However, the use of any chemical is accompanied by certain safety risks, so it is crucial to develop and adhere to strict safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices. This article will comprehensively analyze the safety operating procedures and laboratory management specifications of TMG to help laboratory personnel ensure safety and avoid accidents when using TMG.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Safety operating procedures

1. Personal protection
  • Protective Clothing: Appropriate protective clothing, including a lab coat, gloves and goggles, must be worn when operating TMG. Gloves should be made of chemical-resistant material, such as nitrile or neoprene gloves.
  • Respiratory Protection: Appropriate respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, should be worn when operating the TMG in a poorly ventilated environment.
  • Skin contact: If TMG comes into contact with skin, flush immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention.
2. Operating environment
  • Ventilation: Ensure that the laboratory has good ventilation conditions and use a fume hood or exhaust system to avoid accumulation of TMG vapor in the air.
  • Temperature control: TMG has a higher boiling point, but it still has a certain volatility under high temperature conditions, so special attention should be paid when operating in high temperature environments.
  • Lighting: Make sure the laboratory has sufficient lighting to clearly observe the experimental process.
3. Operation steps
  • Weighing: Weigh TMG in a fume hood to avoid inhaling its vapor. Use an electronic balance to accurately weigh the required amount.
  • Mixing: Mix TMG and reactants in a fume hood. Avoid vigorous stirring to prevent excessive bubbles.
  • Reaction: Carry out the reaction in a closed container, and regularly check the sealing of the reaction container to ensure there is no leakage.
  • Post-processing: After the reaction is completed, the reaction mixture should be cooled to room temperature and then processed. Waste liquid should be disposed of in accordance with the prescribed methods and should not be dumped randomly.
4. Emergency measures
  • Leakage treatment: If a leak occurs, the leaked TMG should be absorbed immediately with a hygroscopic agent (such as sand or activated carbon), then collected and placed in a dedicated waste container.
  • Fire treatment: Although TMG is not flammable, it may decompose under high temperature conditions to produce toxic gases. If a fire occurs, use a dry powder fire extinguisher or a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to extinguish it.
  • First aid measures: In the event of accidental contact or inhalation, take immediate first aid measures and seek medical attention as soon as possible. Specific measures are as follows:
    • Skin contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then wash with soap.
    • Eye contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.
    • Inhalation: Immediately move the patient to fresh air, keep the respiratory tract open, and perform artificial respiration if necessary.
    • Accidental ingestion: Rinse mouth immediately, do not induce vomiting, and seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Laboratory management practices

1. Purchasing and Storage
  • Purchasing: When purchasing TMG, you should choose formal channels to ensure product quality. Chemical Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be requested at the time of purchase.
  • Storage: TMG should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from fire and heat sources. Storage containers should be well sealed to avoid leakage. Labels should clearly indicate the chemical name, hazard symbols and precautions.
2. Usage records
  • Usage Record: Every time TMG is used, the date of use, dosage, operator and purpose of the experiment should be recorded in detail. Records should be kept in the laboratory archives for review.
  • Waste disposal: Liquid waste and waste should be disposed of in accordance with prescribed methods and should not be dumped randomly. Waste should be stored in categories and processed regularly by professional agencies.
3. Training and assessment
  • Training: All laboratory personnel using TMG should receive regular safety training to understand the nature, hazards and safe operating procedures of TMG.
  • Assessment: Regularly conduct safe operation assessments for laboratory personnel to ensure�Everyone knows the correct operating methods and emergency measures.
4. Equipment maintenance
  • Fume hood: Regularly check the performance of your fume hood to ensure it is operating properly. Fume hood filters should be changed regularly to avoid clogging.
  • Safety Equipment: Regularly inspect laboratory safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, eyewash stations, and emergency showers, to make sure they are in good condition.
5. Emergency plan
  • Emergency plan: The laboratory should develop a detailed emergency plan, including measures to deal with leaks, fires, personal injuries, etc. Emergency plans should be rehearsed regularly to ensure that all personnel are familiar with emergency procedures.
  • Contact person: The laboratory should designate a dedicated person to be responsible for safety management and clarify his responsibilities and contact information. In an emergency, the safety manager and relevant departments should be notified immediately.

Witty and vivid examples

1. The importance of protective equipment

Once, when Xiao Wang was operating the TMG, he didn’t wear goggles because he thought it was troublesome. As a result, it accidentally splashed into his eyes, causing him to jump in pain. Fortunately, Xiao Li next to him reacted quickly and immediately helped him flush his eyes, so there were no serious consequences. From then on, Xiao Wang never dared to be lazy again. Every time he operated TMG, he wore protective equipment in strict accordance with the regulations.

2. The necessity of fume hood

Xiao Zhang once operated TMG without a fume hood. As a result, the steam filled the entire laboratory and made everyone dizzy. After the laboratory director learned about it, he severely criticized Xiao Zhang and emphasized the importance of the fume hood. From then on, Xiao Zhang would stand obediently in the fume hood every time he operated the TMG, never daring to take risks again.

3. Strictness of waste treatment

Xiao Li once poured TMG’s waste liquid directly into the sewer to save trouble. As a result, he was discovered by the laboratory director the next day. Not only was he fined, but he was also asked to write a letter of apology. From then on, Xiao Li no longer dared to dispose of waste casually, and would dispose of it strictly in accordance with regulations every time.

Table

Safety Operating Procedures Details Notes
Personal Protection Wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles Choose appropriate protective equipment and avoid skin and eye contact
Operating environment Ensure good ventilation and control temperature Use a fume hood to avoid high temperature environments
Operation steps Weighing, mixing, reaction, post-processing Operate in a fume hood and avoid vigorous stirring
Emergency Measures Leakage, fire, first aid measures Take immediate measures and seek medical treatment as soon as possible
Laboratory Management Practices Details Notes
Purchasing and Storage Purchase through formal channels and store properly Storage container should be sealed and kept away from fire sources
Usage Record Record usage and handle waste Detailed records and classified storage of waste
Training and Assessment Regular training and assessment of operational skills Make sure everyone knows the right method
Equipment Maintenance Check fume hoods and safety equipment Regular maintenance to ensure normal operation of equipment
Emergency plan Develop emergency plans and conduct regular drills Clear responsibilities and be familiar with emergency procedures

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and safe chemical, is widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. However, the use of any chemical is accompanied by certain safety risks, so it is crucial to develop and adhere to strict safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices. Through the comprehensive analysis of this article, we hope that laboratory personnel can ensure safety and avoid accidents when using TMG. Scientific operation and management are the key to ensuring laboratory safety. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the potential of TMG in scientific research and promote progress in related fields.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the safe operating procedures and laboratory management practices of tetramethylguanidine, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Safety first, prevention first, let us work together to create a safe, efficient and harmonious laboratory environment.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

Application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

Abstract

With the increasing global environmental awareness and increasingly stringent policies and regulations, water-based coatings have received widespread attention due to their low VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions and non-toxicity. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has important application value in water-based coatings. This article aims to discuss the specific application and environmental protection performance of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, and provide reference for the development of the water-based coatings industry through theoretical analysis and experimental research.

1. Introduction

Water-based coatings refer to coatings that use water as a solvent or dispersion medium. Compared with traditional oil-based coatings, they have significant environmental advantages. Water-based coatings not only reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the quality of workers’ working environment. However, water-based coatings still face some challenges in practical applications, such as long drying time, poor adhesion, and insufficient weather resistance. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can effectively solve these problems and improve the overall performance of water-based coatings.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a common organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
  • Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
  • Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings includes the following aspects:

  • Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate acts as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of the coating and speed up the formation of the coating. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving production efficiency.
  • Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
  • Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows water-based coatings to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of water-based coatings after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings

Paint type Adding amount (%) Drying time (min) Adhesion (level) Weather resistance (years)
Alkyd resin 0.5 30 1 3
Acrylic 0.8 25 1 5
Polyurethane 1.0 20 1 7
Epoxy resin 0.6 28 1 4
Acrylic polyurethane 0.9 22 1 6

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of water-based coatings. Especially for polyurethane and acrylic polyurethane coatings, the drying time and weather resistance are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Environmental performance analysis

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only improves the performance of the coating, but also has good environmental performance. The following is a detailed analysis of its environmental performance:

  • VOC Emission: Bismuth isooctanoate itself does not contain VOC, and can effectively reduce the use of other additives, further reducing the VOC emissions of coatings. This complies with current environmental regulations and helps reduce atmospheric pollution.
  • Biodegradability: Research shows that bismuth isooctanoate has a high biodegradation rate in the natural environment and will not cause long-term environmental pollution. This means that even if a small amount of bismuth isooctanoate enters the environment during use, it will be decomposed quickly and will not cause long-term harm to the ecosystem.
  • Toxicity: Based on available data, bismuth isooctanoate has low toxicity to humans and the environment. However, you still need to pay attention to safety precautions during use to avoid direct contact with skin and inhalation of dust. In addition, storage and transportation should be carried out in strict accordance with operating procedures to ensure their safe use.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials
  • Substrate: Pre-treated steel plate
  • Water-based coatings: Commercially available alkyd, acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy, and acrylic polyurethane coatings�
  • Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
  • Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.
6.2 Experimental steps
  1. Coating preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
  2. Coating: Coat the prepared coating evenly on the pretreated steel plate with a thickness of about 50μm.
  3. Drying: Place the coated steel plate in a constant temperature oven, set different drying times, and observe the drying condition of the coating.
  4. Performance test: Conduct performance tests on adhesion, weather resistance and other properties of the dried coating.
6.3 Experimental results
  • Drying time: After adding bismuth isoctoate, the drying time of all types of water-based coatings is reduced, with the drying time of polyurethane coatings being significantly reduced.
  • Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reached level 1, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhanced the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
  • Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially acrylic polyurethane coatings, which have a weather resistance of 6 years.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only solves the problems of long drying time and poor adhesion of traditional water-based coatings, but also significantly improves the weather resistance of the coating. This makes water-based coatings have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for water-based coatings.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its application in some low-cost coatings. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, shows broad application prospects in water-based coatings. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the overall performance of the coating be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in the field of water-based coatings.

References

  1. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Waterborne Coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(3), 557-564.
  2. Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Environmental Performance of Waterborne Coatings Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7085-7092.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Waterborne Resins. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728.
  4. ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
  5. ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.

The above is a detailed article on the application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Research on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Study on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Abstract

Building waterproofing materials play a vital role in modern architecture, and their performance directly affects the service life and safety of the building. As a highly efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has been increasingly used in building waterproofing materials in recent years. This article discusses the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials through theoretical analysis and experimental research, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for the development and application of building waterproofing materials.

1. Introduction

Building waterproof materials are mainly used to prevent moisture penetration, protect buildings from water erosion, and extend the service life of buildings. Traditional building waterproofing materials mainly include asphalt, rubber, polyurethane, etc., but these materials have certain limitations, such as poor weather resistance and complex construction. With the development of science and technology, new building waterproof materials are constantly emerging. Among them, waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate have received widespread attention due to their excellent performance and environmental protection characteristics.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a commonly used organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
  • Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
  • Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials includes the following aspects:

  • Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of waterproof materials and speed up the formation of coatings. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving construction efficiency.
  • Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
  • Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of building waterproofing materials after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials

Material type Adding amount (%) Curing time (h) Adhesion (MPa) Weather resistance (years) Impermeability (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 0.5 6 2.5 10 0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 0.8 8 2.0 8 0.2
Rubber waterproof coating 1.0 7 2.2 9 0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 0.6 5 2.8 12 0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating 0.9 6 2.3 11 0.12

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of building waterproofing materials. Especially for polyurethane and epoxy resin waterproof coatings, the curing time, adhesion, weather resistance and impermeability are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Durability study

Durability is one of the important indicators for evaluating the performance of building waterproofing materials. In order to evaluate the durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted experimental studies in the following aspects:

5.1 Weather resistance test

The weather resistance test mainly simulates the changes in light, temperature and humidity in the natural environment, and evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials during long-term use. We placed samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in an accelerated aging test chamber, set different light intensity, temperature and humidity conditions, and conducted tests for up to 1,000 hours.

Table 2: Weather resistance test results

Material type Adhesion before test (MPa) Adhesion after test (MPa) Adhesion change before and after test (%)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 2.5 2.3 -8%
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 2.0 1.8 -10%
Rubber waterproof coating 2.2 2.0 -9%
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 2.8 2.6 -7%
Acrylic waterproof coating 2.3 2.1 -8.7%

As can be seen from Table 2, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller decrease in adhesion after 1,000 hours of weather resistance testing, indicating that it has good weather resistance.

5.2 Impermeability test

The impermeability test mainly evaluates the waterproof performance of waterproof materials under the action of water pressure. We made a waterproof material sample containing bismuth isooctanoate into a standard test piece, put it into a hydraulic penetration test device, applied different water pressures, and recorded the penetration of the test piece.

Table 3: Impermeability test results

Material type Water pressure (MPa) Penetration depth (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 0.3 0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 0.2 0.2
Rubber waterproof coating 0.25 0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 0.35 0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating 0.3 0.12

As can be seen from Table 3, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller penetration depth under high water pressure, indicating that it has better impermeability.

5.3 Chemical resistance test

Chemical resistance testing evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials when exposed to various chemicals. We soaked samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in acid, alkali, salt and other solutions to observe their surface changes and performance changes.

Table 4: Chemical resistance test results

Material type Test solution Soaking time (h) Surface changes Performance changes
Polyurethane waterproof coating 10% sulfuric acid 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 10% sodium hydroxide 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Rubber waterproof coating 5% sodium chloride 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 10% sulfuric acid 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Acrylic waterproof coating 10% sodium hydroxide 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion

As can be seen from Table 4, the surface and performance of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate do not change significantly after contact with various chemical substances, indicating that they have good chemical resistance.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials
  • Substrate: Pre-treated concrete slab
  • Building waterproofing materials: Commercially available polyurethane, water-based asphalt, rubber, epoxy resin and acrylic waterproof coatings
  • Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
  • Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.
6.2 Experimental steps
  1. Material preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
  2. Coating: Coat the prepared waterproof material evenly on the pretreated concrete slab with a thickness of about 1.5mm.
  3. Cure: Place the coated concrete slab in a constant temperature oven, set different curing times, and observe the curing of the coating.
  4. Performance testing: Perform performance tests on the cured coating for adhesion, weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance.
6.3 Experimental results
  • Curing time: After adding bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of all types of building waterproofing materials is shortened, among which the curing time of epoxy waterproof coating is significantly shortened.
  • Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reaches above 2.0MPa, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhances the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
  • Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially epoxy resin waterproof coatings, which have a weather resistance of 12 years.
  • Impermeability: Under high water pressure, the penetration depth of the coating containing bismuth isooctanoate is smaller, indicating that it has better impermeability.
  • Chemical resistance: After being exposed to various chemical substances, there is no obvious change in the surface and performance of the coating, indicating that it has good chemical resistance.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isoctoate in building waterproofing materials not only solves the problems of long curing time and poor adhesion of traditional waterproofing materials, but also significantly improves the weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for building waterproofing materials.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its availability at some low prices.Application in this waterproof material. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate shows broad application prospects in building waterproofing materials. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the comprehensive performance of waterproof materials be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the field of building waterproofing materials will be more extensive.

References

  1. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Building Waterproof Materials. Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 18(3), 456-463.
  2. Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Durability of Building Waterproof Materials Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Construction and Building Materials, 212, 789-796.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Building Waterproof Materials. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728 .
  4. ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
  5. ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.
  6. GB/T 19250-2013. Technical Specifications for Building Waterproof Coatings.

The above is a detailed article on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

An in-depth comparison of the physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds

An in-depth comparison of the physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds

Introduction

Guanidine compounds are widely used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, materials science and other fields due to their unique chemical structures and properties. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as one of them, has strong alkalinity and good biocompatibility, and has attracted much attention. This article will make an in-depth comparison of the similarities and differences in the physical and chemical properties of TMG and other common guanidine compounds, in order to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

Overview of common guanidine compounds

Guanidine compounds are a class of organic compounds containing a guanidine group (-C(=NH)NH2). Common guanidine compounds include tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMBG), 1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidine (TEBG), 1,1, 3,3-Tetrapropylguanidine (TPBG), etc. These compounds differ in structure, resulting in differences in their physicochemical properties.

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbiguanide (TMBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing two guanidine groups and four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a white solid at room temperature, with a melting point of about 150-155°C and a density of about 1.18 g/cm³. It is slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG.

1,1,3,3-Tetraethylbiguanide (TEBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C8H18N4, containing two guanidine groups and four ethyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 240-245°C and a density of about 0.95 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG and TMBG.

1,1,3,3-Tripropylbiguanide (TPBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C10H22N4, containing two guanidine groups and four propyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 260-265°C and a density of about 0.93 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG, TMBG and TEBG.

Comparison of physical and chemical properties

Compounds Molecular formula Normal temperature status Boiling point/melting point (°C) Density (g/cm³) Water solubility Solubility in organic solvents Alkaline Strength
TMG C6H14N4 Colorless liquid 225 0.97 Good Good Strong
TMBG C6H14N4 White solid 150-155 1.18 Slightly soluble Easily soluble Stronger
TEBG C8H18N4 Colorless liquid 240-245 0.95 Good Good Stronger
TPBG C10H22N4 Colorless liquid 260-265 0.93 Good Good Xeon

Comparison of physical properties

1. Normal temperature state
  • TMG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
  • TMBG: It is a white solid at room temperature.
  • TEBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
  • TPBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
2. Boiling point/melting point
  • TMG: Boiling point is approximately 225°C.
  • TMBG: Melting point is approximately 150-155°C.
  • TEBG: Boiling point is approximately 240-245°C.
  • TPBG: Boiling point is approximately 260-265°C.
3. Density
  • TMG: Density is approximately 0.97 g/cm³.
  • TMBG: Density is approximately 1.18 g/cm³.
  • TEBG: Density is approximately 0.95 g/cm³.
  • TPBG: Density is approximately 0.93 g/cm³.
4. Solubility
  • Water solubility: TMG and TEBG have good water solubility, TMBG is slightly soluble in water, and TPBG has good water solubility.
  • Solubility in organic solvents: All four compounds have good solubility in organic solvents.

Comparison of chemical properties

1. BaseSexual intensity
  • TMG: Strongly alkaline and nucleophile.
  • TMBG: More basic and nucleophile.
  • TEBG: More basic and nucleophile.
  • TPBG: Extremely basic and nucleophilic.
2. Reactivity
  • TMG: Excellent in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification, cyclization, reduction and oxidation reactions.
  • TMBG: Shows higher activity in certain reactions, such as Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
  • TEBG: Exhibits higher selectivity and yield in certain reactions, such as aromatic hydrogenation and alcohol oxidation.
  • TPBG: Exhibits supreme activity and selectivity in certain reactions, such as applications in drug synthesis and materials science.

Comparison of application fields

1. Organic synthesis
  • TMG: widely used in esterification reactions, cyclization reactions, reduction reactions and oxidation reactions.
  • TMBG: Mainly used in Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
  • TEBG: Used for hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols.
  • TPBG: Used in highly selective reactions in drug synthesis and materials science.
2. Medicinal Chemistry
  • TMG: Used in drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes.
  • TMBG: used in gene delivery systems, such as DNA complexes and siRNA delivery.
  • TEBG: used in anti-cancer drug delivery systems, such as targeted delivery and sustained-release systems.
  • TPBG: Used in anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems such as topical and transdermal delivery.
3. Materials Science
  • TMG: For controlled synthesis and functional modification of polymers.
  • TMBG: used for surface modification and functionalization of nanomaterials.
  • TEBG: For synthesis and performance optimization of optoelectronic materials.
  • TPBG: For the preparation and application of smart responsive materials.

Conclusion

There are significant differences in physical and chemical properties between Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds. TMG has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility, and is suitable for a variety of organic reactions and drug delivery systems. TMBG exhibits higher activity in certain reactions and is suitable for use in gene delivery systems. TEBG exhibits higher selectivity and yield in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols, making it suitable for anticancer drug delivery systems. TPBG shows supreme activity and selectivity in drug synthesis and materials science, and is suitable for the preparation of anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems and smart response materials.

Through the in-depth comparison in this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the physical and chemical properties of tetramethylguanidine and other common guanidine compounds, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds reach their maximum potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of these compounds in scientific research and industrial applications.

References

  1. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis: Wiley-VCH, 2018.
  2. Journal of Organic Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2019.
  3. Chemical Reviews: American Chemical Society, 2020.
  4. Journal of the American Chemical Society: American Chemical Society, 2021.
  5. Angewandte Chemie International Edition: Wiley-VCH, 2022.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh