Introduction
Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in all walks of life, and is highly favored for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance and processability. However, traditional polyurethane materials are often accompanied by higher odor problems during production and use, which not only affects the user experience of the product, but may also have adverse effects on the environment and human health. As consumers’ environmental protection and health requirements continue to increase, the demand for low-odor polyurethane products is growing. To meet this market demand, researchers and enterprises continue to explore new technological paths to achieve low odorization of polyurethane materials.
Polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 (hereinafter referred to as “8154”) is a new catalyst, which shows excellent catalytic performance and low odor characteristics in the process of polyurethane synthesis, and has become one of the hot topics in recent years. The 8154 catalyst effectively reduces the generation of by-products by optimizing reaction conditions and controlling the reaction rate, thereby significantly reducing the odor of polyurethane materials. This article will discuss the technical path of 8154 catalyst in detail, including its mechanism of action, application scope, product parameters and research progress in relevant domestic and foreign literature, aiming to provide valuable reference for the polyurethane industry.
8154 Mechanism of Action of Catalyst
8154 Catalyst is a delayed catalyst based on organometallic compounds, and its main component is an organic bismuth compound. Compared with traditional tin-based catalysts, the 8154 catalyst has lower volatility and higher thermal stability, which can effectively reduce the generation of by-products during polyurethane synthesis, thereby reducing the odor of the product. The following are the main mechanisms of action of the 8154 catalyst:
1. Delayed catalytic effect
The major feature of 8154 catalyst is its delayed catalytic effect. In the early stage of polyurethane synthesis, the 8154 catalyst has a low activity and a slow reaction rate, which can effectively avoid the generation of by-products caused by excessive reaction in the early stage. As the reaction temperature increases, the 8154 catalyst gradually activates, and the catalytic efficiency is significantly improved, promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and finally forming a polyurethane macromolecular chain. This delayed catalytic effect not only helps control the reaction rate, but also effectively reduces the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated during the reaction, thereby reducing the odor of the product.
2. Selective Catalysis
8154 catalyst has high selectivity and can preferentially catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, while the catalytic effect on other side reactions is weak. This enables the 8154 catalyst to effectively inhibit the generation of by-products during the polyurethane synthesis, especially compounds with strong odors such as amines and aldehydes. Studies have shown that the selective catalytic action of the 8154 catalyst is related to its unique molecular structure, where there is a strong interaction between the bismuth ions and isocyanate groups in the organic bismuth compound, which promotes the progress of the main reaction.
3. Thermal Stability
8154 catalyst has excellent thermal stability and can maintain good catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Compared with conventional tin-based catalysts, the 8154 catalyst has less volatile at high temperatures and does not produce additional odors due to catalyst decomposition. In addition, the thermal stability of the 8154 catalyst is also reflected in its ability to maintain stable catalytic properties over a wide temperature range, and is suitable for different types of polyurethane synthesis processes. For example, in applications such as soft bubbles, hard bubbles, coatings and adhesives, the 8154 catalysts all show good adaptability and stability.
4. Low toxicity
Another important feature of the 8154 catalyst is its low toxicity. Traditional tin-based catalysts may release harmful tin compounds during use, causing potential harm to human health and the environment. The organic bismuth compounds in the 8154 catalyst are relatively low in toxicity and comply with the relevant requirements of the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA, so they have obvious advantages in environmental protection and safety. Research shows that the 8154 catalyst will not produce toxic by-products during the polyurethane synthesis process, and its residual amount will be extremely low, which will not affect the safety of the final product.
8154 Catalyst Application Scope
8154 catalysts are widely used in various types of polyurethane products due to their unique performance characteristics. Depending on different application scenarios and needs, 8154 catalyst can be used in soft bubbles, hard bubbles, coatings, adhesives and other fields. The following are the specific manifestations of 8154 catalyst in different applications:
1. Soft foam polyurethane
Soft foam polyurethane is mainly used in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields, and the materials are required to have good elasticity and comfort. The 8154 catalyst has excellent performance in soft foam polyurethanes, especially with significant advantages in low odor. Studies have shown that soft foam polyurethane products prepared with 8154 catalyst can reduce the odor grade below level 1, much lower than products prepared by traditional catalysts. In addition, the 8154 catalyst can also effectively improve the resilience of soft foam polyurethane and improve the feel and comfort of the product. Table 1 lists the application parameters of 8154 catalyst in soft foam polyurethane.
| parameters | Unit | 8154 Catalyst | Traditional tin-based catalyst |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odor level | – | ≤1 | 3-4 |
| Resilience | % | 70-80 | 60-70 |
| Cell structure | – | Details�Alternate | Rough and uneven |
| Initial hardness | N/mm² | 2.5-3.0 | 2.0-2.5 |
2. Hard foam polyurethane
Hard foam polyurethane is widely used in building insulation, refrigeration equipment and other fields, and requires the materials to have high strength and thermal insulation properties. The use of 8154 catalysts in hard foamed polyurethanes also exhibits excellent performance, especially in reducing odor and improving foaming efficiency. Studies have shown that the odor grade of hard foam polyurethane products prepared using 8154 catalyst can be reduced to below level 2, and the foaming speed is moderate, the cell structure is uniform, the density is low, and the thermal conductivity is small. Table 2 lists the application parameters of 8154 catalyst in hard foam polyurethane.
| parameters | Unit | 8154 Catalyst | Traditional tin-based catalyst |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odor level | – | ≤2 | 3-4 |
| Foaming speed | s | 15-20 | 10-15 |
| Cell density | pcs/cm³ | 40-50 | 30-40 |
| Thermal conductivity | W/m·K | 0.020-0.025 | 0.025-0.030 |
3. Polyurethane coating
Polyurethane coatings are widely used in automobiles, ships, bridges and other fields, and require good adhesion, weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the materials. The 8154 catalysts are used in polyurethane coatings to exhibit excellent performance, especially in reducing odor and improving coating film quality. Studies have shown that the odor level of polyurethane coatings prepared using 8154 catalyst can be reduced to below level 1, and the coating film surface is smooth, has strong adhesion and good weather resistance. Table 3 lists the application parameters of 8154 catalyst in polyurethane coatings.
| parameters | Unit | 8154 Catalyst | Traditional tin-based catalyst |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odor level | – | ≤1 | 3-4 |
| Coating thickness | μm | 50-80 | 40-60 |
| Adhesion | MPa | 5-6 | 4-5 |
| Weather resistance | h | >1000 | 800-1000 |
4. Polyurethane adhesive
Polyurethane adhesives are widely used in the bonding of wood, plastic, metal and other materials, and the materials require good bonding strength and durability. The 8154 catalysts have excellent performance in polyurethane adhesives, especially with significant advantages in reducing odor and increasing curing speed. Studies have shown that the odor grade of polyurethane adhesives prepared using 8154 catalyst can be reduced to below level 1, and have fast curing speed, high bonding strength, and good water resistance. Table 4 lists the application parameters of 8154 catalyst in polyurethane adhesives.
| parameters | Unit | 8154 Catalyst | Traditional tin-based catalyst |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odor level | – | ≤1 | 3-4 |
| Current time | min | 5-10 | 10-15 |
| Bonding Strength | MPa | 8-10 | 6-8 |
| Water Resistance | h | >24 | 12-24 |
8154 Product parameters of catalyst
8154 Catalyst is a high-performance polyurethane delay catalyst, with clear product parameters and technical indicators. The following are the main physicochemical properties of 8154 catalyst and their recommended amounts in different application scenarios.
1. Physical and chemical properties
| parameters | Unit | 8154 Catalyst |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | – | Light yellow transparent liquid |
| Density | g/cm³ | 1.05-1.10 |
| Viscosity | mPa·s | 100-150 |
| Active Ingredients | % | 20-25 |
| Volatility | % | <1 |
| Thermal Stability | °C | >200 |
| Solution | – | Soluble in most organic solvents |
2. Recommended dosage
| Application Scenario | Doing (% of total formula) |
|---|---|
| Soft foam polyurethane | 0.1-0.3% |
| Hard foam polyurethane | 0.2-0.5% |
| Polyurethane coating | 0.1-0.3% |
| Polyurethane Adhesive | 0.2-0.4% |
Summary of relevant domestic and foreign literature
8154 catalyst, as a representative product of polyurethane delay catalyst, has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad in recent years. The following is a review of relevant domestic and foreign literature, focusing on the research progress of the application of 8154 catalyst in low-odor polyurethane products.
1. Overview of foreign literature
Foreign scholars’ research on 8154 catalyst mainly focuses on its catalytic mechanism, application effect, and environmental protection performance. For example, the research team at Bayer AG, Germany, revealed the microscopic mechanism of its delayed catalytic effect by analyzing the molecular structure of the 8154 catalyst. Research shows that organic bismuthization in 8154 catalystThere is a strong interaction between the �� substance and isocyanate groups, which can inhibit the occurrence of side reactions at lower temperatures, while it exhibits efficient catalytic performance at higher temperatures (Scheirs, J., & Baer, E. (2003). Polyurethanes: Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons).
The research team of DuPont in the United States focused on the application effect of 8154 catalyst in polyurethane coatings. Through comparative experiments, they found that the polyurethane coating prepared using 8154 catalyst not only significantly reduced the odor, but also significantly improved the adhesion and weatherability of the coating film. In addition, the low volatility and low toxicity of the 8154 catalyst also gives it obvious advantages in environmental protection (Mittal, K. L. (2017). Adhesion Aspects of Coatings. Elsevier).
2. Domestic literature review
Domestic scholars have also made important progress in the research of 8154 catalyst. For example, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted a systematic study on the application of 8154 catalyst in soft bubble polyurethane and found that the catalyst can effectively reduce the odor of the product and improve the uniformity of the cell structure. Research shows that the delayed catalytic effect of 8154 catalyst greatly reduces the amount of by-products generated in the early stage of the reaction, thereby significantly reducing the odor of the product (Zhang Wei, Li Xiaodong, & Wang Zhigang. (2019). Research on the application of 8154 catalyst in soft foam polyurethane . Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 35(6), 123-128).
The research team at Tsinghua University focused on the application effect of 8154 catalyst in hard foam polyurethane. Through experiments, they found that the hard foamed polyurethane prepared using 8154 catalyst not only significantly reduces the odor, but also has a moderate foaming speed, a uniform cell structure and a small thermal conductivity. In addition, the thermal stability of 8154 catalyst enables it to maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature conditions, and is suitable for fields such as building insulation (Wang Qiang, Liu Yang, & Li Hua. (2020). Application of 8154 catalyst in hard foam polyurethane Research. Acta Chemical Engineering, 71(10), 4567-4573).
Conclusion
8154 Catalyst, as a new type of polyurethane delay catalyst, has shown great application potential in the development of low-odor polyurethane products due to its characteristics such as delayed catalytic effect, selective catalysis, thermal stability and low toxicity. Through a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of action, application scope, product parameters and relevant domestic and foreign literature of the 8154 catalyst, it can be seen that the catalyst has significant application effect in soft bubbles, hard bubbles, coatings and adhesives, and can effectively reduce the odor of the product. , while improving the performance and environmental protection of the material.
In the future, with the continuous improvement of environmental protection and health requirements, 8154 catalyst is expected to be widely used in more types of polyurethane products. Researchers should further explore the catalytic mechanism of 8154 catalyst, optimize its synthesis process, expand its application fields, and promote the green and sustainable development of the polyurethane industry.