Pu catalyst – Page 65

N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyldiaminomethane

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0159
Molecular formula	C5H14N2
Molecular weight	102.18
label	Tetramethylmethanediamine, Bis(dimethylamino)methane, N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyldiaminomethane

Numbering system

CAS number:51-80-9

MDL number:MFCD00008328

EINECS number:200-124-7

RTECS number:PA6700000

BRN number:1731946

PubChem number:24848864

Physical property data

None

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity: mouse abdominal LD50: 220mg/kg; quail oral LD50: >316mg/kg

Ecological data

None

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 32.65

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 125.5

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 282.4

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 25.5

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 12.94

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): 0.4

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 2

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 2

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 6.5

7. Number of heavy atoms: 7

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 35.3

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

None

Storage method

None

Synthesis method

None

Purpose

None

2-Chloroaniline

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0298
Molecular formula	C6H6ClN
Molecular weight	127
label	o-Chloroaniline, o-Aminochlorobenzene, 2-Chloroaniline, 2-Chlorobenzenamine, o-Aminochlorobenzene, Aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds and their derivatives

Numbering system

CAS number:95-51-2

MDL number:MFCD00007656

EINECS number:202-426-4

RTECS number:BX0525000

BRN number:606077

PubChem number:24853944

Physical property data

1. Properties: colorless, transparent to light yellow oily liquid with ammonia odor. ^[1]

2. Melting point (℃): -1.94^[2]

3. Boiling point (℃): 209^[3]

4. Relative density (water = 1): 1.21^[4]

5. Relative vapor Density (air=1): 4.4^[5]

6. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 0.13 (46.3℃)^[6]

7. Critical pressure (MPa): 4.59^[7]

8. Octanol/water partition coefficient: 1.9^[8]

9. Flash point (℃): 97; 103 (CC) ^[9]

10. Ignition temperature (℃): 500 ^[10]

11. Explosion upper limit (%): 8.8^[11]

12. Explosion lower limit (%) : 1.5^[12]

13. Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and most organic solvents. ^[13]

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity: mouse oral LD50: 256g/kg; cat skin contact LD50: 222mg/kg; cat subcutaneous LDLo: 310mg/kg;

2. Other multiple dose toxicity : Inhalation TDLo in rats: 14560mg/kg/13W-I; Oral TDLo in mice: 14560mg/kg/13W-I;

3. It is moderately toxic. Easily absorbed by the skin and has hemolytic effect. Can damage the liver and kidneys and cause bladder cancer. The symptoms of poisoning are similar to those of aniline.

4. Acute toxicity^[14] LD50: 256mg/kg (mouse oral)

5. Irritation No information available

6. Mutagenicity^[15] DNA repair: E. coli 500μg/L. Microbial mutagenicity: Aspergillus nidulans 200mg/L. Mammalian somatic mutation: hamster lung 600μg/L.

Ecological data

1. This substance is harmful to the environment. It is recommended not to let it enter the environment.

2. Ecotoxicity^[16]

LC50: 5.65mg/L (96h ) (fathead minnow, dynamic); 6.3mg/L (48h) (medaka)

EC50: 4.2mg/L (24h), 1.8mg/L (48h) (water flea); 200mg /L (24h) (Tetrahymena pyriformis, static); 90mg/L (48h), 40mg/L (72h), 35mg/L (96h) (Scenedesmus, static)

3. Biodegradability^[17] MITI-I test, initial concentration 100ppm, sludge concentration 30ppm, degradation 2.7% after 2 weeks.

4. Non-biodegradability^[18] In the air, when the hydroxyl radical concentration is 5.00×10⁵pcs/cm³, the degradation half-life is 12h (theoretical).

5. Bioconcentration^[19] BCF: 5.4~9 ( Carp, exposure concentration 0.1ppm, exposure time 8 weeks); <14~32 (carp, exposure concentration 0.01ppm, exposure time 8 weeks).

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 35.38

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 103.6

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 268.9

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 45.3

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 14.02

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 1

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 1

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 26

7. Number of heavy atoms: 8

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 74.9

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. Chemical properties: Due to the chlorine substitution on the aromatic nucleus, the basicity of o-chloroaniline (25℃, pKa=2.636) is much weaker than that of aniline (25℃, pKa=4.595). The chemical properties are similar to aniline and can form salts with inorganic acids, but the acylation reaction and diazotization reaction are slower.

2. This product is highly toxic. Poisoning may occur if swallowed, inhaled vapor or absorbed through skin. It is hemolytic and can cause bladder cancer. During operation, avoid inhaling vapor and prevent contact with skin. Production equipment should be sealed to prevent leakage. The production site should be well ventilated. Operators should wear protective equipment.

3. Stability^[20] Stable

4. Incompatible substances^[21] Acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, chloroform, strong oxidants

5. Conditions to avoid contact ^[22] Heating

6. Polymerization hazard^[23] No polymerization

7. Decomposition products^{[24 ]} Ammonia, chloride

Storage method

Storage Precautions^[25] Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. Keep container tightly sealed. They should be stored separately from oxidants, acids, and food chemicals, and avoid mixed storage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. The storage area should be equipped with emergency release equipment and suitable containment materials.

Synthesis method

1. Obtained from the reduction of o-nitrochlorobenzene: reduce with iron powder in hydrochloric acid medium, reflux for 6-8 hours, and obtain the finished product through steam distillation and vacuum distillation. Iron powder reduction can also be carried out in the presence of formic acid: add 2m3 boiling water to a 10m3 cast iron reduction kettle, then add 100kg o-nitrochlorobenzene, 15kg formic acid, and 1.5t iron powder to perform the reduction reaction. Add 4t o-nitrochlorobenzene in portions within 17-20h. In the meantime, when the reduction reaction proceeds for a quarter of an hour, add 1t of o-nitrochlorobenzene, and at the same time, add 1.5t of iron powder and 15kg of formic acid. If the reaction is slow, add another 1t of iron powder. After the reaction is completed, let it stand to separate the amine layer, let it stand again, let the iron precipitate, and steam the iron slag to distill out the amine. The crude product was distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 3160kg of o-chloroaniline with a yield of 95%. Raw material consumption quota: o-nitrochlorobenzene 1300kg/t, iron powder (90%) 1450kg/t, hydrochloric acid (37%) 380kg/t.

2. The preparation method is O-chloronitrobenzene, iron filings, dilute hydrochloric acid and water are refluxed for 6 to 8 hours, distilled to obtain a crude product, and then distilled to obtain a finished product.
Or use catalytic hydrogenation, that is, use o-chloronitrobenzene as raw material and hydrogenate it in the presence of a catalyst to obtain the finished product.

Refining method: o-chloroaniline is obtained by reducing o-chloronitrobenzene and then vacuum distillation. If it contains the para-isomer, it can be dissolved with an equal amount of sulfuric acid and then steam distilled. The para-isomer remains in the form of sulfate for separation purposes. It can also be dissolved in 10% hot hydrochloric acid. After cooling, the ortho-isomer will crystallize out as hydrochloride salt.

Purpose

1. Used as dye intermediates, solvents, fungicides and reagents. Used as an intermediate for pesticides, synthetic resins, etc. Used to prepare ice dye color base, that is, yellow base GC. It can also be used as the diazo component of azo dyes (such as acid black and acid blue) to produce Permanent Yellow R, Permanent Red FR, Hansa Yellow HR, etc.

2. Methyldichloroaniline is a cross-linking agent used to prepare medicines, pesticides and polyurethane resins. It can also be used in organic synthesis.

3. Used as dye intermediates, solvents, fungicides and reagents. ^[26]

3-Aminophenol hydrochloride

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0158
Molecular formula	C6H8ClNO
Molecular weight	145.59
label	Meta-aminophenol hydrochloride, 3-aminophenol hydrochloride, 3-Aminophenol hydrochloride, Meta-aminophenol hydrochloride, m-Hydroxyaniline hydrochloride

Numbering system

CAS number:51-81-0

MDL number:None

EINECS number:None

RTECS number:None

BRN number:None

PubChem ID:None

Physical property data

1. Properties: White to light yellow flaky crystals. It gradually changes color when exposed to light or exposed to air.

2. Density (g/mL, 25/4℃): Undetermined

3. Relative vapor density (g/mL, air=1): Undetermined

4. Melting point (ºC): 229

5. Boiling point (ºC, normal pressure): Undetermined

6. Boiling point (ºC, 5.2kPa): Undetermined

7. Refractive index: Undetermined

8. Flash point (ºC): Undetermined

9. Specific rotation (º): Undetermined

10. Autoignition point or ignition temperature (ºC): Undetermined

11. Vapor pressure (kPa, 25ºC): Undetermined

12. Saturated vapor Pressure (kPa, 60ºC): Undetermined

13. Heat of combustion (KJ/mol): Undetermined

14. Critical temperature (ºC): Undetermined

15. Critical pressure (KPa): Undetermined

16. Log value of oil-water (octanol/water) partition coefficient: Undetermined

17. Explosion upper limit (%, V/V): Undetermined

18. Lower explosion limit (%, V/V): Undetermined

19. Solubility: Easily soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in Ether. Its aqueous solution is acidic.

Toxicological data

None

Ecological data

None

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 32.37

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 90.1

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 248.1

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 57.4

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 12.83

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 3

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 2

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: 9

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 46.2

7. Number of heavy atoms: 9

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity:74.9

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determined number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of stereocenters of chemical bonds: 0

14. Uncertain number of stereocenters of chemical bonds: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units :2

Properties and stability

1. Gradually changes color when exposed to light or exposed to air. Its aqueous solution is acidic.

2. Harmful if inhaled, taken orally or in contact with skin.

Storage method

Store sealed and away from light.

Synthesis method

None

Purpose

1. Organic synthesis. Dye intermediates. Pharmaceuticals.

urethane

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0157
Molecular formula	C3H7NO2
Molecular weight	89
label	urethane, Carbamic acid ethyl ester, Ethyl urethane

Numbering system

CAS number:51-79-6

MDL number:MFCD00007966

EINECS number:200-123-1

RTECS number:FA8400000

BRN number:635810

PubChem number:24900632

Physical property data

1. Properties: Colorless and odorless crystals or white crystalline powder with a saltpeter-like smell.

2. Density (g/mL, 48/4℃): 1.045

3. Relative vapor density (g/mL, air=1): 3.07

4. Melting point (ºC): 49

5. Boiling point (ºC, normal pressure): 182～184

6. Refractive index (52ºC): 1.4144

7. Refractive index (50ºC): 14.24

8. Refractive index (70ºC): 13.20

9. Flash point (ºC): 92

10. Heat of formation (KJ/mol): 1.664

11. Vapor pressure (kPa, 103ºC): 7.20

12. Vapor pressure (kPa, 120.7ºC): 14.40

13. Vapor pressure (kPa, 177ºC): 92.93

14. Solubility (%, 15.5ºC, water): 48

15. Solubility: soluble Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, chloroform and glycerin, slightly soluble in olive oil. It can dissolve almost all organic liquids except aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, organic acids, alcohols and ethers.

Toxicological data

None

Ecological data

None

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 21.25

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 85.2

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 205.2

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 33.6

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 8.42

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 1

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 2

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 2

5. Number of tautomers: 2

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 52.3

7. Number of heavy atoms: 6

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 52.8

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. The aqueous solution is neutral. Potentially carcinogenic. It can be hydrolyzed by acid into ethanol, carbon dioxide and ammonium salt, and hydrolyzed by alkali into ethanol and cyanate. Can transesterify with higher carbon alcohols.

2.This product is toxic. The intravenous injection of LD50 into rabbits was 2000mg/kg body weight. The oral LD50 of white mice is 2700mg/kg body weight. Production equipment should be well-sealed to prevent escape, leakage, dripping, and leakage. Storage containers should be marked with toxic labels to prevent accidental ingestion. Operators wear rubber gloves. After skin contact, wash with water and soap; if ingested, seek medical attention promptly.

3. Exist in tobacco leaves and mainstream smoke.

4. LARC carcinogenicity assessment: sufficient evidence, triggering nuclear synergistic carcinogenic activity.

Storage method

Should be stored sealed in a cool, dry place.

This product is packed in cardboard barrels, lined with plastic bags, 25kg per barrel. Store sealed and away from light. Store in a cool, ventilated and dry place, and prevent fire, sun and moisture during transportation. Store and transport according to regulations on toxic chemicals.

Synthesis method

Nitric acid reacts with urea to generate urea nitrate, then ethanol and sodium nitrite are added, and in the presence of sulfuric acid, an esterification reaction is performed to generate urethane and sodium nitrate. The reaction product is filtered to remove sodium nitrate, and then distilled, crystallized, Drying to obtain the finished product.

Purpose

This product is used as an intermediate for medicines, pesticides, and spices, and for the production of sleeping pills and sedatives. It is used as an antidote for strychnine and resorcinol, a bactericide, a co-solvent for injections and a colorant for printing and dyeing industries. It can also be used in biochemical research. In addition, urethane itself can be used as a medicine, which has anti-cancer properties and is used to treat multiple myeloma and chronic leukemia.

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0297
Molecular formula	C6H4Cl2
Molecular weight	147.00
label	o-Dichlorobenzene, o-Dichlorobenzene, Aromatic halogen derivatives, Liquid crystal materials and intermediates

Numbering system

CAS number:95-50-1

MDL number:MFCD00000535

EINECS number:202-425-9

RTECS number:CZ4500000

BRN number:606078

PubChem number:24854428

Physical property data

1. Properties: Colorless and volatile liquid with aromatic smell. ^[1]

2. Melting point (℃): -17.5^[2]

3. Boiling point (℃): 180.4^[3]

4. Relative density (water = 1): 1.30^[4]

5. Relative vapor Density (air=1): 5.05^[5]

6. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 0.133 (20℃)^[6]

7. Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): -2725.38^[7]

8. Critical temperature (℃): 417.2^[8]

9. Critical pressure (MPa): 4.03^[9]

10. Octanol/water partition coefficient: 3.43^[10]

11. Flash point (℃): 66 (CC); 68 (OC) ^[11]

12. Ignition temperature (℃): 647^[12]

13. Explosion limit (%): 9.2^[13]

14. Lower explosion limit (%): 2^[14]

15. Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and benzene. ^[15]

16. Viscosity (mPa·s, 25ºC): 1.324

17. Flash point (ºC, closed): 66.1

18. Flash point (ºC, open): 73.9

19. Fire point (ºC): 648

20. Heat of vaporization (KJ/mol, b.p.): 39.69

21. Heat of fusion (KJ/mol): 12.60

22. Heat of formation (KJ/mol): 18.42

23. Heat of combustion (KJ/ mol, 25ºC, liquid): 2964.13

24. Specific heat capacity (KJ/(kg·K), 0ºC, liquid): 1.13

25. Electrical conductivity (S/m, 25ºC ): 3×10^-11

26. Solubility (%, water, 20ºC): 0.0134

27. Volume expansion coefficient (K^-1, 20ºC): 0.00085

28. Relative density (25℃, 4℃): 1.3007

29. Refractive index at room temperature (n²⁵): 1.5278⁷⁰

30. Solubility parameter (J·cm^-3)^0.5: 20.311

31.van der Waals area (cm²·mol^-1): 8.220×10⁹

32. van der Waals volume (cm³·mol^-1): 87.300

33. Liquid phase standard claims heat (enthalpy )( kJ·mol^-1): -17.5

34. Liquid phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 170.9

35. The gas phase standard claims heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): 30.2

36. Gas phase standard entropy (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 341.96

37. Gas phase standard formation free energy (kJ·mol^-1): 83.0

38. Gas phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 113.43

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity:

Mouse oral LC5O: 4386mg/kg; rat oral LD50: 500mg/kg; rabbitOral LD5O of children: 500mg/kg; oral LDLO of guinea pigs: 2000mg/kg; transdermal LD5O of rabbits: >10000mg/kg; inhalation LCLO of guinea pigs: 800ppm/24H; inhalation LDLO of rats: 821ppm/7H;

2. Acute toxicity^[16]

LD50: 500mg/kg (rat oral); >10g/kg (rabbit dermal )

LC50: 8150mg/m³ (rat inhalation, 4h)

3. Irritation ^[17] sup> Rabbit eye: 100mg (30s), slight irritation.

4. Subacute and chronic toxicity ^[18] Rats were orally administered 30~50 mg/kg of o-dichlorobenzene, 5 days a week. For a total of 13 weeks, the results showed that in the 50 mg/kg exposure group, the rats’ weight decreased, urinary porphyrin excretion increased, and the liver/body ratio increased. Pathology shows degeneration and necrosis of the central lobules of the liver and epithelial degeneration of the renal epithelium.

5. Mutagenicity ^[19] Gene transformation and mitotic recombination: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1mmol/L. Sperm morphology: Rats were given 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Micronucleus test: mice were given 187mg/kg intraperitoneally (24h). Microbial mutagenicity: mouse lymphocytes 6500 μg/L. Sister chromatid exchange: hamster ovary 59mg/L

6. Teratogenicity^[20] The lowest inhalation toxicity in rats is 6~15 days after pregnancy. The dose (TCLo) is 200ppm (6h), causing developmental malformation of the musculoskeletal system.

Ecological data

1. Ecotoxicity^[21]

LC50: 9.4~100mg/L (96h) (fish)

IC50: 53~100mg/L (72h) (algae)

2. Biodegradability^[22]

Aerobic biodegradation (h): 672~4320

Anaerobic biodegradation (h): 2880~17280

3. Non-biodegradability^{[23 ]}

Photolysis maximum light absorption wavelength range (nm): 219.5~269

Photooxidation half-life in air (h): 152.8~1528

First-grade hydrolysis half-life (h): >879a

4. Other harmful effects^[24] This substance is harmful to the environment , can cause pollution to water bodies and the atmosphere, and bioaccumulate in food chains important to humans, especially in aquatic organisms.

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 36.04

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 113.3

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 279.0

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 36.7

5. Dielectric constant:

6. Dipole moment (10-24cm3 ):

7. Polarizability: 14.28

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 0

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 0

7. Number of heavy atoms: 8

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 62.9

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. Under the action of moisture and light, trace amounts of highly corrosive hydrogen chloride are released. Highly corrosive to rubber. Alkaline hydrolysis does not occur at room temperature. Using copper or copper salt as catalyst under high temperature and high pressure, alkaline hydrolysis generates o-chlorophenol. It reacts with ammonia to form o-chloroaniline at 200°C. It reacts with chlorine under the catalysis of ferric chloride to produce 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene. It reacts with a mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to produce 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene. Reacts with fuming sulfuric acid to form 3,4-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid.

2. This product is highly irritating and moderately toxic if swallowed and inhaled. Rat oral LD50500mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the air is 50*10-6. The workplace should be well ventilated, the equipment should be sealed, and operators should wear protective equipment.

3. It is more toxic than m-dichlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene. Inhaling high-concentration vapor can cause central nervous system paralysis, mainly damaging the liver and kidneys. It can irritate the skin and mucous membranes and is easily absorbed by the skin. The olfactory threshold concentration is 305mg/m3. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 300 mg/m3 (United States, Japan). The LD50 for intravenous injection into rabbits is 500mg/kg.

4. Stability^[25] Stable

5. Incompatible substances^[26] Strong oxidants, aluminum

6. Conditions to avoid contact^[27] Humid air, heat

7. Polymerization hazard^[28] No polymerization

8. Decomposition products^[29] Hydrogen chloride

Storage method

1. Storage precautions^[30] Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. Keep container tightly sealed. They should be stored separately from oxidants, aluminum, and food chemicals, and avoid mixed storage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. The storage area should be equipped with leakage emergency response equipment and suitable containment materials.

2. Packed in iron drums, 200kg per drum. During storage and transportation, be sure to be shockproof, sunproof, fireproof, moistureproof, and pay attention to safety. Store and transport according to regulations on toxic substances.

Synthesis method

Prepared from chlorobenzene by-product and synthetic method.

1. Recycling of chlorobenzene by-products Whether chlorobenzene is produced using the benzene liquid-phase chlorination method or the benzene gas-phase oxychlorination method, dichlorobenzene is co-produced. According to the actual demand, the production ratio of monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene can be adjusted by changing the chlorination process conditions. According to the current process control conditions and production conditions of chlorobenzene, the ratio of chlorobenzene to dichlorobenzene is 30-35:1. The industrial methods for separating o- and para-dichlorobenzene mainly include distillation and crystallization.

2. From o-chloroaniline via Obtained by diazotization and substitution. Add o-chloroaniline and hydrochloric acid to the reaction pot and mix evenly below 25°C. Cool to 0°C, add sodium nitrite solution dropwise, keep the temperature at 0-5°C, stop adding when the potassium iodide starch solution turns blue, and obtain a diazonium salt solution. Add cuprous chloride to the hydrochloric acid solution at 0 to 5°C, stir and mix thoroughly, raise the temperature to 60 to 70°C, react for 1 hour, cool and let stand for layering, and repeatedly add 5% sodium hydroxide and water to the oil layer. Wash, dehydrate with anhydrous calcium chloride, fractionate, and collect the 177-183°C fraction to obtain the finished product.

Purpose

1. It can be used as a solvent for wax, gum, resin, tar, rubber, oil and asphalt, etc., and is used in the production of dyes Shilin black and Shilin yellow brown, high-grade pigments, the drug chlorhexidine, and polyurethane raw material TDI. The solvent o-dichlorobenzene is used. This product can be used as an insecticide for termites, locusts, and borers. It can be used in the production of triclofenac, thorastrobin, and Xinyanling. It can also be used in the synthesis of catechol, fluorochloroaniline, 3,4 -Dichloroaniline and o-phenylenediamine. As an anti-rust agent and degreaser, it can remove carbon and lead from engine parts, remove coatings on metal surfaces without corroding the metal, and remove sulfur from lighting gases.

2. Can be used as an ingredient in metal polishing agents; in the dye industry, it is also used to make vat blue CLB and vat blue CLG; polymer wet spinning solvent to reduce fiber thermal shrinkage; epoxy resin dilution Agent, coolant, heat exchange medium; pharmaceutical long-acting sulfa, etc.

3. It has strong dissolving ability, good permeability and slow evaporation rate, so it is used as an additive for nitrocellulose spray paint and varnish and a solvent for wax and tar. Also used as a degreasing agent in the metal, leather, automotive, and aircraft industries. A mixture with a small amount of higher alcohol is used as a rust inhibitor. Others are also used as intermediates and organic heat carriers in the manufacture of refrigerants, pesticides, fumigants, preservatives, dyes, medicines, etc.

4. Used in organic synthesis, dye manufacturing, cleaning agents, and solvents. Also used in the preparation of pesticides, cleaning agents and solvents.

5. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative for organic matter and non-ferrous metal oxides, and also as a pesticide. ^[31]

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2-Chlorotoluene

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0296
Molecular formula	C7H7Cl
Molecular weight	126.58
label	o-chlorotoluene, 2-Chloro-1-methylbenzene, 2-Chlorotoluene, 1-Chloro-2-toluene, o-Chlorotoluene, 2-Chloro-1-methylbenzene, rubber solvent, Solvent for synthetic resin, Aromatic halogen derivatives

Numbering system

CAS number:95-49-8

MDL number:MFCD00000562

EINECS number:202-424-3

RTECS number:XS9000000

BRN number:1904175

PubChem number:24856063

Physical property data

1. Properties: Colorless and transparent liquid with an almond-like smell.

2. Boiling point (ºC, 101.3kPa): 159.2

3. Melting point (ºC, purity 99.6% (mol)): -35.59

4. Relative density (g/mL, 20/4ºC): 1.0817

5. Relative density of steam (g/mL, air=1): 4.37

6. Refractive index (n20ºC) : 1.5267

7. Viscosity (mPa·s, 15ºC): 1.037

8. Flash point (ºC, opening): 57.8

9. Heat of evaporation (KJ/kg, 158.07ºC): 304.0

10. Body expansion coefficient (K^-1, 30ºC): 0.00092

11. Solubility: It can be dissolved in benzene, toluene, alcohol, ether, ketone, butyl acetate, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and other organic solvents. The solubility in water at 25℃ is 0.037%; the solubility of water in o-chlorotoluene is 0.014%.

12. Relative density (20℃, 4℃): 1.0726

13. Refractive index at room temperature (n²⁵): 1.5203³⁰

14. Relative density (25℃, 4℃): 1.08728³⁰

15. Liquid phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 198.5

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity: Oral LD50 in rats: 3900mg/kg

Oral LD5O in mice: 2500mg/kg

Inhalation LCLO in rats: 4400ppm

LCLO inhaled by mice: 4400ppm

LCLO inhaled by guinea pigs: 4400ppm

2. The physiological effects are similar to those of chlorobenzene. They are mainly absorbed through the respiratory tract and are harmful to mucous membranes (especially the conjunctiva). Has a stimulating effect. Damage to the central nervous system and internal organs. Skin contact can cause erythema and bullae and even eczema. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 250mg/m3 (US).

Ecological data

This substance is harmful to the environment and it is recommended not to let it enter the environment. Special attention should be paid to the pollution of water bodies.

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 35.97

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 117.6

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 280.7

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 32.4

5. Dielectric constant:

6. Dipole moment (10-24cm3 ):

7. Polarizability: 14.26

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 0

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 0

7. Number of heavy atoms: 8

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 70.8

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. Avoid contact with oxides. Dry o-chlorotoluene is non-corrosive to metals, but copper containers are not suitable. Under the influence of heat and moisture, highly corrosive hydrogen chloride is gradually released. Chemical properties: When heated to 260°C with air in sodium hydroxide solution under pressure, o-chlorobenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzaldehyde and a small amount of formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid are generated. In the presence of copper, it is heated to 350~360°C with sodium hydroxide solution under pressure to generate o-cresol and m-cresol. It reacts with ammonia under pressure and in the presence of a catalyst to form o-toluidine. Use ferric chloride, antimony chloride, and aluminum amalgam as catalysts to perform chlorination reaction to generate dichlorotoluene and trichlorotoluene. Chlorination is carried out under the catalysis of light or phosphorus pentachloride, and a chlorine substitution reaction occurs on the side chain to generate o-chlorobenzyl chloride, o-chlorodichlorobenzyl and trichlorobenzyl. When heated with aluminum trichloride and hydrogen chloride, part of the isomerization occurs and is converted into m-chlorotoluene and p-chlorotoluene. Sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid produces 4-chloro-3-methylbenzenesulfonic acid. 2.This product is toxic; it can evaporate together with water vapor. The operation site should be well ventilated, the equipment should be sealed, and the operators should wear protective equipment. See parachlorotoluene.
　

Storage method

Stored sealed in a cool, dry place. Make sure the workspace has good ventilation. Keep sealed. Keep away from fire sources, anti-static and anti-explosion. Store away from oxidizing agents.

Stored in a cool, ventilated warehouse, away from heat sources and fires, and stored separately from oxidants and food additives. Pack and unload with care during transportation to prevent packaging damage. Iron drum packaging. 200kg per barrel. Store and transport according to regulations on toxic chemicals.

Synthesis method

Originated from o-toluidine through diazotization and substitution. Add o-toluidine, hydrochloric acid and water to the reaction pot, stir and heat to 50°C, keep for 0.5h, cool to 0-5°C, add sodium nitrite solution dropwise until the potassium iodide starch test paper turns blue to obtain a diazonium salt solution. In addition, stir water, copper sulfate and sodium chloride evenly, heat to 80°C to dissolve, cool to 40°C, add sodium sulfite solution dropwise, stir for 0.5h, cool and let stand. Separate the upper wastewater. Dissolve the precipitated cuprous chloride with hydrochloric acid, slowly add the above diazonium salt solution, the temperature does not exceed 25°C, stir for 0.5h, leave to separate, discard the water layer, and wash the crude o-chlorotoluene with acid and alkali. Distill under normal pressure and collect the 157-160°C fraction to obtain the finished product. In addition, toluene can also be obtained by aromatic ring chlorination and separation.

Purpose

Used as intermediates for dyes, medicines, organic synthesis, and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins.

4-Aminophenol hydrochloride

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0156
Molecular formula	C6H8ClNO
Molecular weight	145.59
label	Para-aminophenol hydrochloride, paraaminophenol hydrochloride, 4-aminophenol hydrochloride, Paraaminophenol hydrochloride, 4-Hydroxyaniline hydrochloride, p-Aminophenol hydrochloride, p-Hydroxyaniline hydrochloride

Numbering system

CAS number:51-78-5

MDL number:MFCD00012996

EINECS number:200-122-6

RTECS number:SJ6070000

BRN number:3911747

PubChem number:24891061

Physical property data

1. Properties: White crystalline powder. The light gradually turns black.

2. Density (g/mL, 25/4℃): 1.5113. Relative vapor density (g/mL, air=1): Undetermined

4. Melting point (ºC): 306 (decomposition)

5. Boiling point (ºC, normal pressure): Undetermined

6. Boiling point (ºC, 5.2kPa): Undetermined

7. Refractive index: Undetermined Determined

8. Flash point (ºC): Undetermined

9. Specific rotation (º): Undetermined

10. Autoignition point or ignition Temperature (ºC): Undetermined

11. Vapor pressure (kPa, 25ºC): Undetermined

12. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa, 60ºC): Undetermined

13. Heat of combustion (KJ/mol): Undetermined

14. Critical temperature (ºC): Undetermined

15. Critical pressure (KPa): Undetermined

16. The logarithmic value of the oil-water (octanol/water) partition coefficient: Undetermined

17. The upper limit of explosion (%, V/V): Undetermined

18. Lower explosion limit (%, V/V): Undetermined

19. Solubility: Easily soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in ether.

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity: Mouse abdominal cavity LD50: 750mg/kg 2. Mutagenicity: Specific trajectory test: Insect-Drosophila Oral: 20mmol/L

Ecological data

None

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 32.37

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 90.1

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 248.1

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 57.4

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 12.83

Compute chemical data

1. Hydrophobic parameter calculation reference value (XlogP):��

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 3

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 2

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: 4

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 46.2

7. Number of heavy atoms: 9

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 66.9

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters :0

12. Uncertain number of stereocenters of atoms: 0

13. Determined number of stereocenters of chemical bonds: 0

14. Uncertain number of stereocenters of chemical bonds Number of structural centers: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 2

Properties and stability

1. Harmful if inhaled, taken orally or in contact with skin.

Storage method

1. Store sealed and protected from light.

Synthesis method

The product is prepared by reducing p-nitrophenol with iron powder (or sodium sulfide), filtering, acid precipitation, dehydration and drying. The product is required to be brown to tan powder, the color is not similar to the standard product, the strength is 100±3 (minutes) of the standard product, and the content is 70±2%. Dyeing fastness: no sun exposure and friction when dyeing with mordant or iron coal. The fastness is all level 4; when copper mordanting, the sun exposure level is 5-6, and the rubbing level is 4; when chromium mordanting, the sun exposure level is 6, and the rubbing level is 4-5.

Purpose

1. Organic synthesis. Take photos. Mainly used for dyeing fur brown, and can also be used as sulfur dyes and pharmaceutical intermediates.

o-cresol

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0295
Molecular formula	C7H8O
Molecular weight	108.14
label	o-cresol, O-steamed lignooleic acid, 2-Cresol, 2-methylphenol, 2-Cresol, 2-Methylphenol, o-Methylphenol, o-Hydroxy-toluene, Aromatic halogen derivatives

Numbering system

CAS number:95-48-7

MDL number:MFCD00002226

EINECS number:202-423-8

RTECS number:GO6300000

BRN number:506917

PubChem number:24867813

Physical property data

1. Characteristics: white crystal with aromatic odor. ^[1]

2. Melting point (℃): 29.8~31^[2]

3. Boiling point (℃) ：191~192^[3]

4. Relative density (water=1): 1.05^[4]

5 .Relative vapor density (air=1): 3.72^[5]

6. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 0.133 (38.2℃)^[6]

7. Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): -3689.8^[7]

8. Critical temperature (℃): 424.5^[8]

9. Critical pressure (MPa): 5.01^[9]

10. Octanol/water partition coefficient: 1.95 ^[10]

11. Flash point (℃): 81 (CC) ^[11]

12. Ignition Temperature (℃): 598^[12]

13. Explosion limit (%): 7.6^[13]

14 .Lower explosion limit (%): 1.4 (148℃)^[14]

15. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, etc. ^[15]

16. Viscosity (mPa·s, 20ºC): 9.56

17. Heat of evaporation (KJ/mol, b.p.): 415.0

18. Specific heat capacity (KJ/(kg·K), constant pressure): 2.09

19. Electrical conductivity (S/m, 25ºC): 0.127×10^-8

20. Solubility (%, 25ºC, water): 2.2

21. Refractive index at room temperature (n²⁵): 1.5399 p>

22. Relative density (25℃, 4℃): 1.035³⁵

23. Eccentricity factor: 0.434

24. Gas phase standard Heat of combustion (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): -3769.32

25. Gas phase standard claims heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): -128.57

26. Gas phase standard entropy (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 352.70

27. Gas phase standard formation free energy (kJ·mol^-1): -34.3

28. Gas phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 127.30

29. Crystal phase standard combustion heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): -3693.30

30. Crystal phase standard claim heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): -204.60

31. Crystal phase standard entropy (J· mol^-1·K^-1): 165.44

32. Crystal phase standard formation free energy (kJ·mol^-1): -55.69

33. Crystal phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 154.56

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity: Rat oral LD50: 121mg/kg; Mouse oral LC50: 344mg/kg; Rat inhalation LDL0: 940mg/kg; Rabbit transdermal LD50: 890mg/kg; Rat transdermal LD50: 620mg/kg; Rat inhalation LD50: >1220mg/kg m3/1H;

2. It has strong irritating and corrosive effects on skin and mucous membranes. The olfactory threshold concentration is 7.956×10^-4mg/m3, and the maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 22mg/m3 (USA).

3. Acute toxicity^[16]

LD50: 121mg/kg (rat Oral); 890mg/kg (rabbit transdermal)

LC50: 29mg/m³ (rat inhalation)

4. Irritation Sex^[17]

Rabbit transdermal: 524mg (24h), severe irritation.

Rabbit eye: 105mg, severe irritation.

5. Subacute and chronic toxicity^[18] Feeding animals cresol can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, Corrosive effects can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, renal tubular damage, focal pneumonia, pulmonary congestion and liver cell necrosis.

6. Mutagenicity^[19] Sister chromatid exchange: human fibroblasts 8mmol/L

Ecological data

1. Ecotoxicity^[20]

LC50: 18~20.8mg/L (96h) ( Fish)

IC50: 6.8~33mg/L (72h) (algae)

2. Biodegradability^[21]

Aerobic biodegradation (h): 24~168

Anaerobic biodegradation (h): 96~672

3. Non-biodegradability^[22]

Aqueous phase photolysis half-life (h): 214~ 282

Photooxidation half-life in water (h): 66~3480

Photooxidation half-life in air (h): 1.6~16

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 32.95

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 104.1

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 259.9

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 38.8

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 13.06

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 1

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 1

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: 3

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 20.2

7. Number of heavy atoms: 8

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 70.8

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. It may cause combustion when exposed to open flame, high heat or oxidants. It is slightly acidic and reacts with sodium hydroxide to form soluble sodium salt, but does not react with sodium carbonate. Sodium o-cresol reacts with an alkylating agent such as dimethyl sulfate to form phenol ether. Reacts with aldehydes to obtain synthetic resin. Catalytic hydrogenation produces methylcyclohexanol. Under mild conditions, o-cresol can undergo nitration, halogenation, alkylation and sulfonation reactions. O-cresol is easily oxidized and becomes darker when exposed to light and air, producing quinones and other complex compounds.

2. Toxic. It mainly affects the central nervous system and can even be fatal in severe cases. Cresol vapor or smoke can damage the skin and, when inhaled, can cause chronic nephritis and neurological disorders. The maximum allowable concentration in the air in the workplace is 5*10-6. Rat oral LD501350mg/kg. Production equipment should be sealed and operators should be equipped with protective equipment.

3. Stability^[23] Stable

4. Incompatible substances^[24] Strong oxidants, alkalis

5. Conditions to avoid contact^[25] Light

6. Aggregation hazards^[26] No aggregation

Storage method

Storage Precautions^[27] Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. The packaging must be sealed and must not come into contact with air. They should be stored separately from oxidants, alkalis, and food chemicals, and avoid mixed storage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. Suitable materials should be available in the storage area to contain spills.

Synthesis method

The cresol fraction cut from the phenolic oil obtained by coal coking contains 6% o-cresol, 49.4% m-cresol, 32.1% p-cresol, xylenol and a small amount of phenol. The boiling point of o-cresol is 10°C lower than that of m- and p-cresol, and it is possible to separate it using a general distillation tower. The o-cresol fraction extracted from crude phenol distillation is distilled in a distillation column with no less than 40 theoretical plates. The reflux ratio is 14-15:1, and the distillation range is 188-192°C. The refined o-cresol obtained The melting point is about 29°C and the purity is greater than 97%. The synthesis methods mainly include the following:

1. Phenol alkylation method uses phenol and methanol as raw materials, and is obtained by methylation under a gauge pressure of about 4.14MPa and in the presence of an aluminum oxide catalyst. .

2. The o-toluidine method The method is used in reagent production and is obtained by diazotization and hydrolysis of o-toluidine.

3. Toluene hydroxylation method

4. Add o-toluidine to the sulfuric acid solution, stir and cool to obtain o-toluidine Toluidine sulfate, add ice cubes to cool down to 0~5℃, maintain this temperature range, slowly add saturated sodium nitrite solution while stirring until the starch-potassium iodide test paper does not fade, which is the reaction end point. Add the obtained diazonium salt to concentrated sulfuric acid and stir thoroughly. Stop stirring. After the reactants react violently, add steam and heat until complete hydrolysis. Let stand and separate into layers, remove the oily layer, add 5% sodium hydroxide, filter out insoluble impurities, and then neutralize with 25% sulfuric acid until the pH value is 0. Leave to stand for layering, take the oil layer, and wash it twice with water. The crude product obtained is distilled under reduced pressure, and the 74-75.5°C fraction is collected at 1333 Pa to obtain the finished product. The process reaction formula is:

Purpose

1. Mainly used as synthetic resin. It can also be used to make pesticides, dimethyl tetrachloride herbicides, pharmaceutical disinfectants, spices, chemical reagents and antioxidants. Its downstream products mainly include synthetic resin o-cresol phenolic Resin, o-methyl salicylic acid, p-chloro-o-cresol, o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-methyl-5-isopropylphenol and antioxidants, etc. In addition, it can also be used as diluent, disinfectant and plasticizer in the production of sebacic acid. It can also be used as important fine chemical intermediates such as synthetic pesticides, dyes, plastic antioxidants, polymerization inhibitors and spices.

2. Used as analytical reagents and in organic synthesis. ^[28]

histamine phosphate

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0155
Molecular formula	C5H9N3·2H3PO4
Molecular weight	307.13
label	Histamine diphosphate, histamine phosphate, Histamine diphosphate, Histamine diphosphate

Numbering system

CAS number:51-74-1

MDL number:MFCD00150816

EINECS number:24877940

RTECS number:NI5425000

BRN number:3744619

PubChem ID:None

Physical property data

1. Character: Colorless prismatic crystal Or white crystalline powder. Odorless.

2. Density (g/mL,25/4℃): Undetermined

3. Relative vapor density (g/mL,AIR=1): Undetermined

4. Melting point (ºC): 140

5. Boiling point (ºC,Normal pressure): Undetermined

6. Boiling point (ºC,5.2kPa): Undetermined

7. Refractive index : Undetermined

8. Flashpoint (ºC): Undetermined

9. Specific optical rotation (º):Undetermined

10. Autoignition point or ignition temperature (ºC): Undetermined

11. Vapor pressure (kPa,25ºC): Undetermined

12. Saturation vapor pressure (kPa,60ºC): Undetermined

13. Heat of combustion (KJ/mol): Undetermined

14. Critical temperature (ºC): Undetermined

15. Critical pressure (KPa): Undetermined

16. Oil and water (octanol/Logarithmic value of partition coefficient (water): undetermined

17. Explosion limit (%,V/V): Undetermined

18. Lower explosion limit (%,V/V): Undetermined

19. Solubility: Soluble in4Part of water, slightly soluble in ethanol, almost insoluble in ether. Aqueous solutions are acidic to litmus.

Toxicological data

1, acute toxicity: rat abdominal cavity LD50: 1781 mg/kg; rat intravenous LDLo: 900 mg/kg; mouse intravenous Oral LD50: 807mg/kg; mouse abdominal cavity LD50: 913 mg/kg;
Mouse vein LD50: 333mg/kg; Rabbit vein LD50: 2763ug/kg; rabbit parenteral LDLo: 1 mg /kg; Guinea pig vein LD50: 608ug/kg;
Guinea pig parenteral LD50: 746ug/kg;
2, Reproductive toxicity: parenteral in female miceTDLo: 62500ug/kg, 8 days after conception

Ecological data

None

Molecular structure data

None

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP):

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 8

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 10

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 2

5. Number of tautomers: 2

6. Topological molecular polar surface area (TPSA): 210

7. Number of heavy atoms: 18

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 115

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. The number of uncertain atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of stereocenters of chemical bonds: 0

14. Uncertain number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 3

Properties and stability

Hygroscopic. Stable in air, but deteriorated by light. Aqueous solutions are acidic to litmus.

Storage method

Should be sealed Store in a dry and dark place.

Synthesis method

None

Purpose

Biochemical studies, determination of substrates for histaminase.

O-xylene

Structural formula

Physical competition number	0294
Molecular formula	C8H10
Molecular weight	106
label	1,2-Dimethylbenzene, 1,2-Dimethylbenzene, aromatic compounds

Numbering system

CAS number:95-47-6

MDL number:MFCD00008519

EINECS number:202-422-2

RTECS number:ZE2450000

BRN number:1815558

PubChem number:24890181

Physical property data

1. Properties: Colorless transparent liquid with an odor similar to toluene. ^[1]

2. Melting point (℃): -25^[2]

3. Boiling point (℃): 144.4^[3]

4. Relative density (water = 1): 0.88^[4]

5. Relative vapor Density (air=1): 3.66^[5]

6. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 1.33 (32℃)^[6]

7. Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): -4845.3^[7]

8. Critical temperature (℃): 359^[8]

9. Critical pressure (MPa): 3.7^[9]

10. Octanol/water partition coefficient: 3.12^[10]

11. Flash point (℃): 16 (CC) ^[11]

12. Ignition temperature (℃) ): 463^[12]

13. Explosion upper limit (%): 7^[13]

14. Explosion lower limit (%): 0.9^[14]

15. Solubility: Insoluble in water, miscible in most organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform. ^[15]

16. Viscosity (mPa·s, 25ºC): 0.754

17. Flash point (ºC): 495.5

18. Heat of evaporation (KJ/mol, 101.3kPa): 36.84

19. Heat of evaporation (KJ/mol, 0.889kPa): 43.463

20. Heat of fusion (KJ/ mol, 101.3kPa): 13.607

21. Heat of formation (KJ/mol, 25ºC, gas): 19.008

22. Heat of formation (KJ/mol, 25ºC, liquid): -24.455

23. Heat of combustion (KJ/mol, 25ºC, gas): 4599.36

24. Heat of combustion (KJ/mol, 25ºC, liquid): 4555.90

25. Specific heat capacity (KJ/(kg·K), 25ºC, constant pressure): 1.26

26. Thermal conductivity (×10^-4W/(m ·K),16<t<91ºC): (0.1320~1.6979)×10^-4t

27. Relative density (20℃, 4℃): 0.8801

28. Refractive index at room temperature (n²⁰): 1.5055

29. Critical density (g·cm^-3): 0.287

30. Critical volume (cm³·mol^-1): 370

31. Critical compression factor: 0.263

32. Eccentricity factor: 0.303

33. Lennard-Jones parameter (A): 15.06

34. Lennard-Jones parameter (K): 169.9

35. Solubility parameter (J·cm^-3)^0.5: 18.453

36. van der Waals area (cm²·mol^-1): 8.840×10⁹

37. van der Waals volume (cm³·mol^-1): 70.660

38. Gas phase standard combustion heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): – 4596.29

39. Gas phase standard claimed heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): 19.08

40. Gas phase standard entropy (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 353.94

41. Gas phase standard free energy of formation (kJ·mol^-1) : 122.1

42. Gas phase standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 132.31

43. Liquid phase standard combustion heat (enthalpy) (kJ·mol^-1): -4552.86

44. Liquid phase standard claimed heat (enthalpy) )( kJ·mol^-1): -24.35

45. Liquid phase standard entropy (J·mol^-1·K^{– 1}): 246.61

46. Liquid phase standard formation free energy (kJ·mol^-1): 110.46

47. Liquid phase Standard hot melt (J·mol^-1·K^-1): 187.65

Toxicological data

1. Acute toxicity^[16]

LD50: 4300mg/kg (rat oral); 1364mg/kg (mouse intravenous )

LC50: xylene, 5000ppm (rat inhalation, 4h)

2. Irritation ^[17]

Rabbit transdermal: xylene, 500mg (24h), moderate irritation.

Rabbit eye: xylene, 87mg, mild irritation: 5mg (24h), severe irritation.

Human eye: xylene, 200ppm, irritating.

3. Subacute and chronic toxicity ^[18] Rat and rabbit inhalation concentration 3000mg/m³, daily 8 hours, 6 days a week for a total of 130 days, mild leukopenia occurred, with no change in red blood cells and platelets.

4. Teratogenicity^[19] The lowest toxic dose of inhalation (TCLo) in rats 7~14 days after pregnancy is 3000mg/m³ (24h), causing developmental malformations of the musculoskeletal system.

5. Carcinogenicity ^[20] IARC Carcinogenicity Comment: G3, insufficient evidence of carcinogenicity to humans and animals.

6. Others^[21]

The lowest toxic concentration for inhalation in rats (TCLo) : 1500mg/m³ (24h) (administered on 7th to 14th day of pregnancy), has embryotoxicity.

Xylene, human oral LCLo: 50mg/kg; human inhalation TCLo: 200ppm; LCLo: 10000ppm (human inhalation, 6h)

Ecological data

1. Ecotoxicity^[22]

LC50: 13mg/L (24h), 16.9ppm/96h (goldfish); 42mg/ L (96h) (fathead minnow, static); 13mg/L (96h) (rainbow trout); 100~1000mg/L (24h) (water flea)

EC50: 97mg/L (5min) (Photoluminous bacteria, Microtox toxicity test)

2. Biodegradability^[23]

Aerobic biodegradation (h ): 168~672

Anaerobic biodegradation (h): 4320~8640

3. Non-biodegradability ^[24]

Photolysis maximum light absorption wavelength range (nm): 262~269.5

Photooxidation half-life in water (h): 3.90×10⁵ ~2.70×10⁸

Half-life of photooxidation in air (h): 4.4~44

4. Other harmful effects^{[ 25]} Its environmental pollution behavior is mainly reflected in drinking water and the atmosphere. The residue and accumulation are not serious. It can be biodegraded and chemically degraded in the environment, but this process is faster than the volatilization process. At a much lower rate, xylene volatilized into the atmosphere may also be photolyzed.

Molecular structure data

1. Molar refractive index: 35.90

2. Molar volume (cm³/mol): 121.9

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K ): 282.5

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): 28.7

5. Polarizability (10-24cm3): 14.23

Compute chemical data

1. Reference value for hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

3. Number of hydrogen bond acceptors: 0

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecule polar surface area 0

7. Number of heavy atoms: 8

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 56.4

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic stereocenters: 0

12. Uncertain number of atomic stereocenters: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters: 0

14. Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Properties and stability

1. Oxidation of dilute nitric acid produces o-toluic acid. Oxidation of potassium permanganate yields phthalic acid and o-toluic acid. Using vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst, vapor phase oxidation occurs at 480°C to generate phthalic anhydride. Xylene is boiled under photocatalysis and chlorine gas is introduced to generate chlorinated xylene (CH3C6H4CH2Cl); when chlorine is continued to be introduced, the hydrogens on both sides of the chain can be replaced by chlorine in turn.

2. Stability^[26] Stable

3. Incompatible substances^[27] Strong oxidants, halogens

4. Polymerization hazard^[28] No polymerization

Storage method

Storage Precautions^[29]Stored in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. The storage temperature should not exceed 37℃. Keep container tightly sealed. should be kept away from oxidizer, do not store together. Use explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. It is prohibited to use mechanical equipment and tools that are prone to sparks. The storage area should be equipped with emergency release equipment and suitable containment materials.

Synthesis method

1. Super distillation is used industrially to separate o-xylene from mixed xylene. The boiling points of o-xylene and other components in mixed xylene differ by more than 5°C. Distillation requires about 150 plates and a reflux ratio of 5-8, which requires a lot of energy. From the light oil part of fractionated coal tar or catalytically reformed light oil through fractionation,��It is produced by disproportionation of toluene.

2. Use industrial o-xylene as raw material, first wash with industrial concentrated sulfuric acid until the acid layer is colorless, then wash with 10% sodium hydroxide solution and water in sequence until it is qualified, separate the water layer and use The calcium chloride hydrate is dried and then distilled. After the distillate is clear, the middle fraction is collected, which is the pure product.

Purpose

1. Mainly used as chemical raw materials and solvents. It can be used to produce phthalic anhydride; dyes; pesticides and drugs, such as vitamins, etc. It can also be used as aviation gasoline additive.

2. In addition to being used as a solvent, it is also used as a raw material for the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, phthalonitrile, xylenol and xyluidine, and as an additive for aviation gasoline.

3. Mainly used as solvent and for synthetic paints and coatings. ^[30]