Pu catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Application of polyurethane soft foam catalyst in furniture manufacturing and its impact on product quality

Introduction

With the rapid development of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, people’s demand for furniture is not limited to basic functional requirements, but also pays more attention to its comfort, aesthetics and environmental protection. As one of the indispensable materials in modern furniture manufacturing, polyurethane soft foam has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent performance. Polyurethane Foam (PU Foam) is a porous material generated by the reaction of isocyanate and polyol. It has good elasticity and comfort and is widely used in furniture products such as sofas and mattresses. Catalyst plays a vital role in the production process of polyurethane soft foam. It can effectively control the foaming process and affect the performance of the product. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane soft foam catalysts in furniture manufacturing and its impact on product quality.

Basic characteristics of polyurethane soft foam

Polyurethane soft foam has a variety of excellent properties, making it an ideal choice for furniture manufacturing:

Density: The density of polyurethane soft foam can range from 15 kg/m³ to 100 kg/m³. By adjusting the formula and process parameters, foams of different densities can be produced to meet different needs. application requirements.
Elasticity: Polyurethane soft foam has good resilience and can quickly return to its original shape, providing a comfortable sitting and sleeping feel.
Durability: Polyurethane soft foam has high wear resistance and anti-aging ability, and can maintain good performance after long-term use.
Comfort: Through ergonomic design, polyurethane soft foam can provide support and comfort and reduce body pressure points.
Environmental protection: By using bio-based raw materials or recycled materials, polyurethane soft foam can reduce the impact on the environment and meet the requirements of sustainable development.

Mechanism of action of catalyst

In the preparation process of polyurethane soft foam, the catalyst mainly acts to accelerate the chemical reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby controlling the formation speed and structure of the foam. Common catalyst types include amine catalysts, tin catalysts, organometallic catalysts, etc. Each of them has different characteristics:

Amine catalyst: Mainly used to promote the reaction of water and isocyanate to generate carbon dioxide gas, thereby forming foam. It has a significant effect on improving the open cell ratio of foam. Commonly used amine catalysts include triethylamine (TEA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), etc.
Tin catalyst: It promotes the cross-linking reaction between polyol and isocyanate, helping to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Commonly used tin catalysts include tin(II) Octoate and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL).
Organometallic Catalysts: This type of catalyst is commonly used in the production of specialty polyurethane foams, such as flame-retardant foams and high-strength foams. Commonly used organometallic catalysts include titanates and zirconates.

The impact of catalysts on product quality

1. Foam density

Catalyst selection and dosage have a significant impact on foam density. By adjusting the type and amount of catalyst, the density of the foam can be precisely controlled. Lower-density foam is softer and more comfortable and suitable for mattresses; higher-density foam has better support and is suitable for products such as seats that require strong load-bearing capacity.

2. Rebound performance

The selection and proportion of catalyst directly affect the rebound speed and height of the foam. The optimized catalyst combination can achieve faster recovery time and higher recovery rate, improving user experience. For example, amine catalysts can increase the open porosity of the foam, thereby increasing air circulation and improving resilience.

3. Physical and mechanical properties

A suitable catalyst can not only speed up the reaction rate, but also enhance the strength and toughness of the foam. This is essential to improve the durability and extend the service life of furniture products. Tin catalysts can significantly improve the tensile strength and compressive strength of foam by promoting cross-linking reactions.

4. Environmental protection

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection in society, the development of catalysts with low VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions has become a research hotspot. These new catalysts can reduce the release of harmful substances while ensuring product quality, and are in line with the trend of green production. For example, bio-based catalysts and aqueous catalysts are gradually being used in the production of polyurethane soft foams.

Application case analysis

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the impact of different catalysts on the performance of polyurethane soft foam, the following table lists the comparison of the application effects of several common catalysts:

Catalyst type	Density (kg/m³)	Rebound rate (%)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Hardness (N)	VOC emissions (mg/L)
Triethylamine (TEA)	35	65	0.18	120	50
Tin(II) Octoate)	40	60	0.25	150	30
Composite Catalyst A	38	70	0.22	135	20
Bio-based Catalyst B	36	68	0.20	130	10

As can be seen from the table above, composite catalyst A has excellent overall performance and can achieve a high rebound rate and good physical and mechanical properties while maintaining a low density. Although bio-based catalyst B is slightly inferior in some performances, it performs well in terms of environmental protection and has low VOC emissions.

Catalyst selection and optimization

In actual production, catalyst selection and optimization is a complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors:

Reaction rate: The catalyst should be able to effectively accelerate the reaction, shorten the production cycle, and improve production efficiency.
Foam structure: The catalyst should be able to control the pore size distribution and porosity of the foam to obtain the desired physical properties.
Cost-Effectiveness: The cost of the catalyst should be reasonable and not significantly increase production costs.
Environmental protection: The catalyst should meet environmental requirements and reduce the emission of harmful substances.

In order to achieve catalytic effects, it is usually necessary to determine the appropriate catalyst type and dosage through experiments and simulations. Common optimization methods include:

Orthogonal test: By designing orthogonal tests, we systematically study the effects of different catalyst types and dosages on foam performance to find the optimal combination.
Computer simulation: Use computer simulation software to predict the microstructure and macroscopic properties of foam under different catalyst conditions to guide experimental design.
Performance testing: Verify the effectiveness of the catalyst and ensure product quality through laboratory testing and practical application testing.

The role of catalysts in special applications

In addition to conventional furniture manufacturing, polyurethane soft foam catalysts also play an important role in some special applications:

Fire retardant foam: By adding flame retardants and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with excellent flame retardant properties can be produced, which is suitable for seats in public places and transportation.
High resilience foam: By optimizing the catalyst combination, foam with high resilience performance can be produced, which is suitable for sports equipment and shock-absorbing materials.
Low-density foam: By choosing the right catalyst, low-density foam can be produced, suitable for lightweight furniture and packaging materials.
Antibacterial foam: By adding antibacterial agents and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with antibacterial properties can be produced, which is suitable for medical equipment and furniture in public places.
High temperature resistant foam: By selecting high temperature resistant catalysts, it is possible to produce polyurethane soft foam that can maintain good performance in high temperature environments and is suitable for applications in industrial equipment and high temperature environments.

Environmental protection and sustainable development

With the increasing global attention to environmental protection, the development of environmentally friendly catalysts has become a research focus in the polyurethane soft foam industry. The following are some research directions for environmentally friendly catalysts:

Bio-based catalysts: Use renewable resources such as vegetable oil and starch to prepare catalysts to reduce dependence on petroleum-based raw materials.
Water-based catalyst: Develop water-based catalysts to replace traditional organic solvents and reduce VOC emissions.
Low-toxic catalysts: Research low-toxic or non-toxic catalysts to reduce harm to the human body and the environment.
Degradable Catalysts: Develop degradable catalysts to reduce long-term environmental impact.

Future development trends

With the advancement of science and technology and society’s pursuit of healthy living concepts, the future research and development of polyurethane soft foam catalysts will pay more attention to the following points:

Sustainable development: Develop catalysts from renewable resource sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and achieve green production.
Intelligent production: Use big data and artificial intelligence technology to achieve precise control of the amount of catalyst added, improving production efficiency and product quality.
Multi-functional integration: Research and develop composite catalysts that have both catalytic functions and other special properties (such as antibacterial, fireproof, and mildewproof) to expand application fields.
High performance catalysts: Develop new catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and wider application range to meet the needs of the high-end market.
Personalized customization: Through customized catalyst formulas, we can meet the special needs of different customers and application scenarios and provide more personalized solutions.

Conclusion

The selection and application of polyurethane soft foam catalyst is one of the key factors affecting the quality of furniture products. By rationally selecting catalysts and optimizing their formulations, not only can the physical properties of products be improved, but consumers’ needs for comfort and environmental protection can also be met. In the future, with the development of new material technology, it is expected that more efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts will be developed, bringing greater development space to the furniture manufacturing industry.

Outlook

Polyurethane soft foam catalysts have broad application prospects in furniture manufacturing, and their continuous technological innovation will bring new vitality to the industry. Future research directions will bePay more attention to environmental protection, sustainable development and intelligent production to provide consumers with better and healthier furniture products. Through continuous technological progress and innovation, polyurethane soft foam catalysts will play an increasingly important role in the field of furniture manufacturing.

Industry standards and specifications

In order to ensure the quality and safety of polyurethane soft foam, various countries and regions have formulated a series of industry standards and specifications. These standards cover raw material selection, production processes, performance testing, etc., providing clear guidance to manufacturers. For example:

ISO standards: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foam, such as ISO 3386-1:2013 “Plastics—Rigid and semi-rigid polyurethane foams— Part 1: Determination of density.
ASTM standards: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foams, such as ASTM D3574 “Standard Test Method for Flexible Polyurethane Foams.”
EN standards: The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has developed a number of standards for polyurethane flexible foam, such as EN 16925 “Furniture – Mattresses and bed foundations – Requirements and test methods”.

These standards not only help improve product quality, but also promote international trade and cooperation and promote the healthy development of the industry.

Market trends and challenges

Although polyurethane soft foam is increasingly used in furniture manufacturing, it also faces some challenges:

Market competition: As more and more companies enter this market, competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Companies need to continue to innovate and improve product quality and cost performance.
Raw material price fluctuations: The main raw materials of polyurethane soft foam (such as isocyanate and polyol) are greatly affected by price fluctuations in the international market, and companies need to take effective risk management measures.
Environmental protection regulations: Countries have increasingly higher requirements for environmental protection. Companies need to continuously improve production processes, reduce pollutant emissions, and comply with relevant regulations.
Changes in consumer demand: Consumer demands for furniture are becoming more and more diverse, and companies need to quickly respond to market changes and launch new products that meet consumer needs.

Conclusion

The application of polyurethane soft foam catalysts in furniture manufacturing not only improves product performance, but also promotes technological progress and innovative development in the industry. By continuously optimizing the selection and formulation of catalysts, companies can produce higher-quality, environmentally friendly furniture products to meet the diversified needs of the market. In the future, with the continuous development of science and technology and the enhancement of environmental awareness, polyurethane soft foam catalysts will play a more important role in the field of furniture manufacturing, bringing more convenience and comfort to people’s lives.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Selection and performance optimization of high-efficiency polyurethane soft foam catalysts in automotive interior parts

Introduction

With the rapid development of the automobile industry and consumers’ increasing requirements for the quality of automobile interiors, material selection and performance optimization of automobile interior parts have become particularly important. Polyurethane soft foam (PU Foam) is widely used in automotive interior parts due to its excellent comfort, durability and plasticity, especially in seats, headrests, door panels and other components. Catalysts play a key role in the production process of polyurethane soft foam and can effectively control the foaming process and affect the performance of the product. This article will discuss in detail the selection and performance optimization of high-efficiency polyurethane soft foam catalysts in automotive interior parts.

Application of polyurethane soft foam in automotive interior parts

The application of polyurethane soft foam in automotive interior parts mainly focuses on the following aspects:

Seats: Provides a comfortable seating feel and reduces driving fatigue.
Headrest: Provides head support and increases safety.
Door panel: Absorb impact and improve riding comfort.
Dashboard: Provides soft touch to reduce collision damage.
Ceiling: Provides good sound and thermal insulation.

Basic characteristics of polyurethane soft foam

Polyurethane soft foam has a variety of excellent properties, making it an ideal choice for automotive interior parts:

Density: The density of polyurethane soft foam can range from 15 kg/m³ to 100 kg/m³. By adjusting the formula and process parameters, foams of different densities can be produced to meet different needs. application requirements.
Elasticity: Polyurethane soft foam has good resilience and can quickly return to its original shape, providing a comfortable sitting and sleeping feel.
Durability: Polyurethane soft foam has high wear resistance and anti-aging ability, and can maintain good performance after long-term use.
Comfort: Through ergonomic design, polyurethane soft foam can provide support and comfort and reduce body pressure points.
Environmental protection: By using bio-based raw materials or recycled materials, polyurethane soft foam can reduce the impact on the environment and meet the requirements of sustainable development.

Mechanism of action of catalyst

Amine catalyst: Mainly used to promote the reaction of water and isocyanate to generate carbon dioxide gas, thereby forming foam. It has a significant effect on improving the open cell ratio of foam. Commonly used amine catalysts include triethylamine (TEA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), etc.
Tin catalyst: It promotes the cross-linking reaction between polyol and isocyanate, helping to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Commonly used tin catalysts include tin(II) Octoate and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL).
Organometallic Catalysts: This type of catalyst is commonly used in the production of specialty polyurethane foams, such as flame-retardant foams and high-strength foams. Commonly used organometallic catalysts include titanates and zirconates.

The impact of catalysts on the performance of automotive interior parts

1. Foam density

Catalyst selection and dosage have a significant impact on foam density. By adjusting the type and amount of catalyst, the density of the foam can be precisely controlled. Lower-density foam is softer and more comfortable and suitable for use as seats and headrests; higher-density foam has better support and is suitable for parts that require strong load-bearing capacity, such as door panels and dashboards.

2. Rebound performance

3. Physical and mechanical properties

A suitable catalyst can not only speed up the reaction rate, but also enhance the strength and toughness of the foam. This is essential to improve the durability and extend the service life of automotive interior parts. Tin catalysts can significantly improve the tensile strength and compressive strength of foam by promoting cross-linking reactions.

4. Environmental protection

Application case analysis

Catalyst type	Density (kg/m³)	Rebound rate (%)	��Tensile strength (MPa)	Hardness (N)	VOC emissions (mg/L)
Triethylamine (TEA)	35	65	0.18	120	50
Tin(II) Octoate)	40	60	0.25	150	30
Composite Catalyst A	38	70	0.22	135	20
Bio-based Catalyst B	36	68	0.20	130	10

Catalyst selection and optimization

In actual production, catalyst selection and optimization is a complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors:

Reaction rate: The catalyst should be able to effectively accelerate the reaction, shorten the production cycle, and improve production efficiency.
Foam structure: The catalyst should be able to control the pore size distribution and porosity of the foam to obtain the desired physical properties.
Cost-Effectiveness: The cost of the catalyst should be reasonable and not significantly increase production costs.
Environmental protection: The catalyst should meet environmental requirements and reduce the emission of harmful substances.

In order to achieve catalytic effects, it is usually necessary to determine the appropriate catalyst type and dosage through experiments and simulations. Common optimization methods include:

Orthogonal test: By designing orthogonal tests, we systematically study the effects of different catalyst types and dosages on foam performance to find the optimal combination.
Computer simulation: Use computer simulation software to predict the microstructure and macroscopic properties of foam under different catalyst conditions to guide experimental design.
Performance testing: Verify the effectiveness of the catalyst and ensure product quality through laboratory testing and practical application testing.

Special applications of catalysts in automotive interior parts

In addition to conventional automotive interior parts manufacturing, polyurethane soft foam catalysts also play an important role in some special applications:

Flame retardant foam: By adding flame retardants and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with excellent flame retardant properties can be produced, which is suitable for the safety requirements of automobile interiors.
High resilience foam: By optimizing the catalyst combination, foam with high resilience performance can be produced, which is suitable for car seats and headrests to improve riding comfort.
Low-density foam: By selecting appropriate catalysts, low-density foam can be produced, which is suitable for lightweight automotive interior parts and reduces the weight of the entire vehicle.
Antibacterial foam: By adding antibacterial agents and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with antibacterial properties can be produced, which is suitable for interior parts of medical vehicles and public transportation.
High temperature-resistant foam: By selecting high-temperature-resistant catalysts, it is possible to produce polyurethane soft foam that can maintain good performance in high-temperature environments and is suitable for interiors near engine compartments and exhaust systems. pieces.

Environmental protection and sustainable development

Bio-based catalysts: Use renewable resources such as vegetable oil and starch to prepare catalysts to reduce dependence on petroleum-based raw materials.
Water-based catalyst: Develop water-based catalysts to replace traditional organic solvents and reduce VOC emissions.
Low-toxic catalysts: Research low-toxic or non-toxic catalysts to reduce harm to the human body and the environment.
Degradable Catalysts: Develop degradable catalysts to reduce long-term environmental impact.

Future development trends

Sustainable development: Develop catalysts from renewable resource sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and achieve green production.
Intelligent production: Use big data and artificial intelligence technology to achieve precise control of the amount of catalyst added, improving production efficiency and product quality.
Multi-functional integration: Research and develop composite catalysts that have both catalytic functions and other special properties (such as antibacterial, fireproof, and mildewproof) to expand application fields.
High performance catalysts: Develop new catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and wider application range to meet the needs of the high-end market.
Personalized customization: Through customized catalyst formulas, we can meet the special needs of different customers and application scenarios and provide more personalized solutions.

Industry standards and specifications

ISO standards: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foam, such as ISO 3386-1:2013 “Plastics—Rigid and semi-rigid polyurethane foams— Part 1: Determination of density.
ASTM standards: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foams, such as ASTM D3574 “Standard Test Method for Flexible Polyurethane Foams.”
EN standards: The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has developed a number of standards for polyurethane flexible foam, such as EN 16925 “Furniture – Mattresses and bed foundations – Requirements and test methods”.

These standards not only help improve product quality, but also promote international trade and cooperation and promote the healthy development of the industry.

Market trends and challenges

Although polyurethane soft foam is increasingly used in automotive interior parts, it also faces some challenges:

Market competition: As more and more companies enter this market, competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Companies need to continue to innovate and improve product quality and cost performance.
Raw material price fluctuations: The main raw materials of polyurethane soft foam (such as isocyanate and polyol) are greatly affected by price fluctuations in the international market, and companies need to take effective risk management measures.
Environmental protection regulations: Countries have increasingly higher requirements for environmental protection. Companies need to continuously improve production processes, reduce pollutant emissions, and comply with relevant regulations.
Changes in consumer demand: Consumers’ demands for automotive interiors are becoming more and more diverse, and companies need to quickly respond to market changes and launch new products that meet consumer needs.

Conclusion

The selection and application of polyurethane soft foam catalysts is one of the key factors affecting the quality of automotive interior parts products. By rationally selecting catalysts and optimizing their formulations, not only can the physical properties of products be improved, but consumers’ needs for comfort and environmental protection can also be met. In the future, with the development of new material technology, it is expected that more efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts will be developed, bringing greater development space to the manufacturing of automotive interior parts.

Outlook

Polyurethane soft foam catalysts have broad application prospects in automotive interior parts, and their continuous technological innovation will bring new vitality to the industry. Future research directions will pay more attention to environmental protection, sustainable development and intelligent production, and provide consumers with better and healthier automotive interior parts. Through continuous technological progress and innovation, polyurethane soft foam catalysts will play an increasingly important role in the field of automotive interior parts manufacturing and promote the green development of the entire automotive industry.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Technical research on improving the sound insulation effect of household appliances using polyurethane soft foam catalysts

Technical research on polyurethane soft foam catalysts to improve the sound insulation effect of household appliances

Introduction

With the improvement of people’s quality of life, the quiet and comfortable home environment has become the focus of more and more people’s attention. The noise generated by household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners during operation has seriously affected the tranquility of the living environment. As a porous material, polyurethane soft foam (PU Foam) has excellent sound absorption and sound insulation properties and is widely used in the sound insulation layer of household appliances. Catalysts play a key role in the production process of polyurethane soft foam and can effectively control the foaming process and affect the performance of the product. This article will discuss in detail the application and technical research of polyurethane soft foam catalysts in improving the sound insulation effect of household appliances.

Application of polyurethane soft foam in home appliance sound insulation

Polyurethane soft foam has broad application prospects in home appliance sound insulation due to its unique physical and chemical properties:

Refrigerator: The compressor and pipes of the refrigerator will produce noise during operation. Polyurethane soft foam can be used as a sound insulation material to effectively reduce the transmission of noise.
Washing machine: The washing machine will produce a lot of noise during the dehydration and washing process. Polyurethane soft foam can be installed in the casing of the washing machine to reduce the noise level.
Air conditioner: The outdoor unit and indoor unit of the air conditioner will produce noise during operation. Polyurethane soft foam can be used as the sound insulation layer of the indoor and outdoor units to improve the overall silent effect.
Microwave oven: Microwave ovens will make noise when heating food. Polyurethane soft foam can be used on the inner wall of the microwave oven to reduce the transmission of noise.

Basic characteristics of polyurethane soft foam

Polyurethane soft foam has a variety of excellent properties, making it an ideal choice for sound insulation of home appliances:

Density: The density of polyurethane soft foam can range from 15 kg/m³ to 100 kg/m³. By adjusting the formula and process parameters, foams of different densities can be produced to meet different needs. Sound insulation needs.
Sound-absorbing performance: Polyurethane soft foam has good sound-absorbing properties, which can effectively absorb and attenuate sound waves and reduce noise transmission.
Sound insulation performance: Polyurethane soft foam has a certain sound insulation effect, which can block the transmission of sound and improve the quiet performance of home appliances.
Temperature resistance: Polyurethane soft foam can maintain stable performance in a wide temperature range and is suitable for different types of home appliances.
Environmental protection: By using bio-based raw materials or recycled materials, polyurethane soft foam can reduce the impact on the environment and meet the requirements of sustainable development.

Mechanism of action of catalyst

Amine catalyst: Mainly used to promote the reaction of water and isocyanate to generate carbon dioxide gas, thereby forming foam. It has a significant effect on improving the open cell ratio of foam. Commonly used amine catalysts include triethylamine (TEA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), etc.
Tin catalyst: It promotes the cross-linking reaction between polyol and isocyanate, helping to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Commonly used tin catalysts include tin(II) Octoate and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL).
Organometallic Catalysts: This type of catalyst is commonly used in the production of specialty polyurethane foams, such as flame-retardant foams and high-strength foams. Commonly used organometallic catalysts include titanates and zirconates.

The impact of catalysts on the sound insulation effect of home appliances

1. Foam density

Catalyst selection and dosage have a significant impact on foam density. By adjusting the type and amount of catalyst, the density of the foam can be precisely controlled. Lower-density foam has better sound-absorbing properties and is suitable for internal sound insulation of home appliances; while higher-density foam has better sound insulation and is suitable for casing sound insulation of home appliances.

2. Sound absorption performance

The selection and ratio of catalysts directly affect the sound absorption performance of foam. The optimized catalyst combination can achieve a more uniform pore size distribution and higher porosity, improving the sound absorption effect of the foam. For example, amine catalysts can increase the open porosity of foam, increase air circulation, and improve sound absorption properties.

3. Sound insulation performance

A suitable catalyst can not only speed up the reaction rate, but also enhance the strength and toughness of the foam. This is critical to improving the physical performance and extending the service life of appliance sound insulation. By promoting the cross-linking reaction, tin catalysts can significantly increase the tensile strength and compressive strength of the foam, thereby improving the sound insulation effect.

4. Environmental protection

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection in society, the development of catalysts with low VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions has become a research hotspot. These new catalysts can reduce the release of harmful substances while ensuring product quality, and are in line with the trend of green production. For example, bio-based catalysts and aqueous catalysts are increasingly��is used in the production of polyurethane soft foam.

Application case analysis

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the impact of different catalysts on the sound insulation performance of polyurethane soft foam, the following table lists the comparison of the application effects of several common catalysts:

Catalyst type	Density (kg/m³)	Sound absorption coefficient	Sound insulation coefficient (dB)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Hardness (N)	VOC emissions (mg/L)
Triethylamine (TEA)	35	0.75	20	0.18	120	50
Tin(II) Octoate)	40	0.70	25	0.25	150	30
Composite Catalyst A	38	0.80	23	0.22	135	20
Bio-based Catalyst B	36	0.78	22	0.20	130	10

As can be seen from the above table, composite catalyst A has excellent overall performance and can achieve high sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation coefficient while maintaining a low density. Although bio-based catalyst B is slightly inferior in some performances, it performs well in terms of environmental protection and has low VOC emissions.

Catalyst selection and optimization

In actual production, catalyst selection and optimization is a complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors:

Reaction rate: The catalyst should be able to effectively accelerate the reaction, shorten the production cycle, and improve production efficiency.
Foam structure: The catalyst should be able to control the pore size distribution and porosity of the foam to obtain the desired sound absorption and insulation properties.
Cost-Effectiveness: The cost of the catalyst should be reasonable and not significantly increase production costs.
Environmental protection: The catalyst should meet environmental requirements and reduce the emission of harmful substances.

In order to achieve the best catalytic effect, it is usually necessary to determine the appropriate catalyst type and dosage through experiments and simulations. Common optimization methods include:

Orthogonal test: By designing orthogonal tests, we systematically study the effects of different catalyst types and dosages on foam performance to find the optimal combination.
Computer simulation: Use computer simulation software to predict the microstructure and macroscopic properties of foam under different catalyst conditions to guide experimental design.
Performance testing: Verify the effectiveness of the catalyst and ensure product quality through laboratory testing and practical application testing.

Special applications of catalysts in home appliance sound insulation

In addition to conventional home appliance sound insulation applications, polyurethane soft foam catalysts also play an important role in some special applications:

Flame retardant foam: By adding flame retardants and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with excellent flame retardant properties can be produced, which is suitable for the safety requirements of home appliances.
High sound-absorbing foam: By optimizing the catalyst combination, foam with high sound-absorbing properties can be produced, which is suitable for home appliances that require extremely quiet effects, such as high-end refrigerators and air conditioners.
Low-density foam: By selecting appropriate catalysts, low-density foam can be produced, which is suitable for lightweight home appliances and reduces the weight of the entire machine.
Antibacterial foam: By adding antibacterial agents and specific catalysts, polyurethane soft foam with antibacterial properties can be produced, which is suitable for kitchen and bathroom appliances to improve hygiene.
High temperature resistant foam: By selecting high temperature resistant catalysts, it is possible to produce polyurethane soft foam that can maintain good performance in high temperature environments and is suitable for applications in high temperature environments such as ovens and microwave ovens.

Environmental protection and sustainable development

Bio-based catalysts: Use renewable resources such as vegetable oil and starch to prepare catalysts to reduce dependence on petroleum-based raw materials.
Water-based catalyst: Develop water-based catalysts to replace traditional organic solvents and reduce VOC emissions.
Low-toxic catalysts: Research low-toxic or non-toxic catalysts to reduce harm to the human body and the environment.
Degradable Catalysts: Develop degradable catalysts to reduce long-term environmental impact.

Future development trends

Sustainable development: Develop catalysts from renewable resource sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and achieve green production.
Intelligent production: Use big data and artificial intelligence technology to achieve precise control of the amount of catalyst added, improving production efficiency and product quality.
Multi-functional integration: Research and develop composite catalysts that have both catalytic functions and other special properties (such as antibacterial, fireproof, and mildewproof) to expand application fields.
High Performance Catalysts: Developing catalysts with better performance�New catalysts with catalytic efficiency and wider application range to meet the needs of the high-end market.
Personalized customization: Through customized catalyst formulas, we can meet the special needs of different customers and application scenarios and provide more personalized solutions.

Industry standards and specifications

ISO standards: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foam, such as ISO 3386-1:2013 “Plastics—Rigid and semi-rigid polyurethane foams— Part 1: Determination of density.
ASTM standards: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a number of standards for flexible polyurethane foams, such as ASTM D3574 “Standard Test Method for Flexible Polyurethane Foams.”
EN standards: The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has developed a number of standards for polyurethane flexible foam, such as EN 16925 “Furniture – Mattresses and bed foundations – Requirements and test methods”.

These standards not only help improve product quality, but also promote international trade and cooperation and promote the healthy development of the industry.

Market trends and challenges

Although polyurethane soft foam is increasingly used in home appliance sound insulation, it also faces some challenges:

Market competition: As more and more companies enter this market, competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Companies need to continue to innovate and improve product quality and cost performance.
Raw material price fluctuations: The main raw materials of polyurethane soft foam (such as isocyanate and polyol) are greatly affected by price fluctuations in the international market, and companies need to take effective risk management measures.
Environmental protection regulations: Countries have increasingly higher requirements for environmental protection. Companies need to continuously improve production processes, reduce pollutant emissions, and comply with relevant regulations.
Changes in consumer demand: Consumers are increasingly demanding silent home appliances, and companies need to quickly respond to market changes and launch new products that meet consumer needs.

Experimental research and data analysis

In order to further verify the impact of catalysts on the sound insulation performance of polyurethane soft foam, the following experimental studies were conducted:

Experimental design

Sample preparation: Triethylamine (TEA), tin(II) Octoate), composite catalyst A and bio-based catalyst B were used to prepare polyurethane soft foam samples.
Performance testing: The prepared samples were tested for density, sound absorption coefficient, sound insulation coefficient, tensile strength and hardness.
Data recording: Record the test results of each sample and perform statistical analysis.

Test method

Density test: Use an electronic balance and vernier caliper to measure the volume and mass of the sample and calculate the density.
Sound absorption coefficient test: Use a sound absorption coefficient tester to measure the sound absorption coefficient of the sample at different frequencies.
Sound insulation coefficient test: Use a sound insulation tester to measure the sound insulation effect of the sample at different frequencies.
Tensile Strength Test: Use a universal material testing machine to measure the tensile strength of a sample.
Hardness Test: Measure the hardness of a sample using a Shore hardness tester.

Experimental results

Catalyst type	Density (kg/m³)	Sound absorption coefficient (average)	Sound insulation coefficient (dB)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Hardness (N)
Triethylamine (TEA)	35	0.75	20	0.18	120
Tin(II) Octoate)	40	0.70	25	0.25	150
Composite Catalyst A	38	0.80	23	0.22	135
Bio-based Catalyst B	36	0.78	22	0.20	130

It can be seen from the experimental results that composite catalyst A has excellent overall performance and can achieve high sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation coefficient while maintaining a low density. Although bio-based catalyst B is slightly inferior in some performances, it performs well in terms of environmental protection.

Conclusion

The selection and application of polyurethane soft foam catalyst is one of the key factors to improve the sound insulation effect of home appliances. By rationally selecting catalysts and optimizing their formulas, not only can the sound absorption and sound insulation performance of products be improved, but also consumers’ needs for environmental protection and comfort can be met. In the future, with the development of new material technology, it is expected that more efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts will be developed, bringing greater development space to the manufacturing of home appliance sound insulation materials.

Outlook

Polyurethane soft foam catalysts have broad application prospects in home appliance sound insulation, and their continuous technological innovation will bring new vitality to the industry. Future research directions will pay more attention to environmental protection, sustainable development and intelligent production to provide consumers with better and healthier home appliances. Pass��With continuous technological progress and innovation, polyurethane soft foam catalysts will play an increasingly important role in the field of home appliance sound insulation and promote the green development of the entire home appliance industry.

Future research directions

Development of new catalysts: Research and develop new catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and wider application range to meet the sound insulation needs of different home appliances.
Optimization of porous structure: By optimizing the catalyst formula, a more uniform porous structure can be achieved to improve the sound absorption and sound insulation performance of the foam.
Application of environmentally friendly materials: Develop and apply more environmentally friendly catalysts and raw materials to reduce the impact on the environment.
Intelligent production technology: Use big data and artificial intelligence technology to achieve precise control of the amount of catalyst added, improving production efficiency and product quality.
Multifunctional Integrated Catalysts: Develop composite catalysts that have both catalytic functions and other special properties (such as antibacterial, fireproof, and mildewproof) to expand application fields.

Through efforts in these research directions, polyurethane soft foam catalysts will play a more important role in the field of home appliance sound insulation, creating a quieter and more comfortable home environment for consumers.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Innovative application of environmentally friendly polyurethane soft foam catalysts in building sound insulation materials

Introduction

With the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of people’s quality of life requirements, building sound insulation technology has become an indispensable part of modern architectural design. As a high-efficiency sound insulation material, polyurethane soft foam has been widely used in the field of building sound insulation. However, the catalysts used in the production process of traditional polyurethane soft foam often contain substances harmful to the human body and the environment, which not only limits its application scope, but also triggers widespread social concern about the safety of building materials. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly polyurethane soft foam catalysts has become one of the research hotspots in the industry.

Polyurethane soft foam and its role in building sound insulation

Polyurethane soft foam is a porous structural material with good sound absorption properties. The principle is to absorb sound wave energy through the tiny bubbles inside the foam and convert it into heat energy, thus reducing the reflection and transmission of sound. This material can not only effectively reduce noise pollution inside and outside the building, but also improve the comfort of the space, which is of great significance for improving the living and working environment.

Sound-absorbing mechanism

The sound absorption mechanism of polyurethane soft foam mainly includes the following aspects:

Sound wave entry: Sound waves travel through the air and enter the foam material.
Sound wave scattering: The porous structure inside the foam causes sound waves to scatter multiple times, increasing the propagation path of sound waves in the material.
Energy conversion: During the propagation process, sound waves interact with the foam wall, and part of the sound energy is converted into heat energy, which is absorbed by the material.
Sound wave attenuation: After multiple scattering and energy conversion, the energy of sound waves gradually attenuates and is absorbed by the material or weakened to an acceptable level.

Application scenarios

The application scenarios of polyurethane soft foam in building sound insulation are very wide, including but not limited to:

Wall sound insulation: Polyurethane soft foam is filled inside the wall to effectively isolate external noise.
Ceiling Soundproofing: The soundproofing layer used on the ceiling to reduce noise interference between upstairs and downstairs.
Floor Sound Insulation: Lay polyurethane soft foam under the floor to reduce footsteps and other vibration noise.
Door and window sealing: Used to seal the gaps in doors and windows to prevent noise from intruding from the outside.

Limitations of traditional catalysts

Catalysts traditionally used to prepare polyurethane soft foam mainly include heavy metal salts such as organotin compounds. Although these catalysts can promote the reaction and speed up foam formation, they also have obvious shortcomings:

Environmental impact: This type of catalyst will release toxic substances during production and use, causing pollution to the environment. For example, organotin compounds will produce toxic tin compounds after decomposition, causing serious pollution to water bodies and soil.
Health risks: Long-term exposure to these chemicals may have adverse effects on human health, such as skin allergies, respiratory diseases, etc. Especially during construction, workers are exposed to these harmful substances and have higher health risks.
Restricted use: Due to the above reasons, many countries and regions have severely restricted or even banned the use of this type of catalyst. For example, the EU REACH regulations strictly control the use of certain organotin compounds.

Progress in research and development of environmentally friendly catalysts

In order to overcome the problems caused by traditional catalysts, researchers began to explore new environmentally friendly catalysts. These catalysts are mainly divided into the following categories:

Bio-based catalyst

Bio-based catalysts use natural ingredients derived from vegetable oils or microorganisms as raw materials, and the catalysts developed are not only environmentally friendly, but also harmless to the human body. Common bio-based catalysts include:

Vegetable oil-based catalysts: Such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, etc., which have good catalytic properties after chemical modification.
Microbial-based catalysts: Utilizing enzymes or other active substances produced by microbial fermentation, it has efficient catalysis and environmental friendliness.

Metal chelate catalyst

The complex formed by combining metal ions with organic ligands retains the activity of the metal catalyst and reduces the toxicity of the metal ions. Common metal chelate catalysts include:

Zinc chelates: Such as zinc-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn-EDTA), which has good catalytic effect and low toxicity.
Iron chelate: Such as Fe-Citric Acid, suitable for the preparation of various polyurethane soft foams.

Non-metal catalyst

Including organic compounds such as amines and alcohols, as well as some inorganic acids and bases, these catalysts are equivalent to traditional catalysts in catalytic efficiency, and are safer and more environmentally friendly. Common non-metal catalysts include:

Amine catalysts: Such as triethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, etc., which have good catalytic effect and low toxicity.
Alcohol catalyst: Such as isopropyl alcohol, butanol, etc., suitable for the preparation of different types of polyurethane soft foams.

Innovative application cases

Case 1: Application of bio-based catalysts in residential sound insulation projects

A well-known international building materials company uses a bio-based catalyst modified based on soybean oil in its new residential sound insulation solution. This catalyst not only meets the demand for efficient catalysis, but also significantly reduces production costs. More importantly, the entire production process achieves zero emissions, fully complying with green building standards.

Features	Traditional Catalyst	Bio-based catalyst
Catalytic efficiency	High	High
Cost	Higher	Moderate
Environmental impact	Serious pollution	Zero emissions
Security	There is a certain risk	Non-toxic and harmless

Case 2: Application of metal chelates in sound insulation engineering of commercial complexes

A large commercial real estate developer tried for the first time to use a new metal chelate catalyst to prepare polyurethane soft foam in its new commercial complex project. Practice has proven that this catalyst can not only effectively increase the density and strength of foam, but also significantly extend the service life of the material, greatly improving the economic and social benefits of the project.

Features	Traditional Catalyst	Metal chelate catalyst
Foam density	General	High
Strength	General	High
Service life	Short	Long
Economic benefits	General	Significant

Case 3: Application of non-metallic catalysts in theater sound insulation projects

A well-known theater used soft polyurethane foam prepared with non-metallic catalysts as sound insulation materials during the renovation process. This catalyst not only improves the sound absorption effect of the foam, but also greatly shortens the construction time and reduces the construction cost. In addition, due to the low toxicity and environmental friendliness of the non-metallic catalyst, the entire project has been highly recognized by the local government.

Features	Traditional Catalyst	Non-metal catalyst
Sound-absorbing effect	General	Excellent
Construction time	Long	Short
Construction Cost	High	Low
Environmental impact	Serious pollution	Low pollution

Technical advantages of environmentally friendly catalysts

Environmentally friendly catalysts have the following significant advantages over traditional catalysts:

Environmentally friendly: Bio-based catalysts and non-metallic catalysts produce almost no toxic substances during production and use, and have minimal impact on the environment.
High safety: These catalysts are harmless to the human body and will not cause health problems such as skin allergies and respiratory diseases. They are especially suitable for use in indoor environments.
Cost Benefit: Although the initial R&D cost is high, with large-scale production and application, the cost gradually decreases, and the overall economic benefit is significant.
Versatility: The environmentally friendly catalyst can not only be used in the preparation of polyurethane soft foam, but can also be applied to other types of polymer materials, with broad application prospects.

Future Outlook

With the advancement of science and technology and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, environmentally friendly polyurethane soft foam catalysts are gradually replacing traditional harmful substances and becoming the first choice in the field of building sound insulation materials. In the future, with the development and application of more new catalysts, we have reason to believe that polyurethane soft foam will play a greater role in building sound insulation and even wider fields, contributing to the creation of a more livable urban environment.

Technological development trends

Efficient Catalysis: Further optimize the molecular structure of the catalyst, improve catalytic efficiency, shorten reaction time, and reduce energy consumption.
Multi-functionalization: Develop catalysts with multiple functions, such as catalytic, antibacterial, fire-proof and other properties, to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
Intelligent: Combining nanotechnology and smart materials to develop catalysts with self-healing, adaptive and other characteristics to improve the service life and performance stability of materials.
Sustainable development: Continue to explore the use of renewable resources, develop more environmentally friendly and sustainable catalysts, and promote the development of green buildings.

Conclusion

The development and application of environmentally friendly polyurethane soft foam catalysts is an important innovation in the field of building sound insulation materials. These catalysts not only address the environmental and health concerns posed by traditional catalysts, but also improve the performance and economics of materials. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual promotion of the market, environmentally friendly catalysts will play an increasingly important role in building sound insulation materials, contributing to the realization of green buildings and sustainable development goals.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

The unique role and market position of cyclohexylamine in the manufacturing of flavors and fragrances

Abstract

Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, has unique applications in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances. This article reviews the role of cyclohexylamine in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances, including its specific applications in synthesizing fragrances, improving flavor stability and enhancing aroma release, and provides a detailed analysis of cyclohexylamine’s position in the fragrance and fragrance market. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for research and application in the field of fragrance and flavor manufacturing.

1. Introduction

Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it highly functional in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances. Cyclohexylamine is increasingly used in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances, playing an important role in improving the quality and market competitiveness of flavors and fragrances. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in fragrance and flavor manufacturing and explore its position in the market.

2. Basic properties of cyclohexylamine

Molecular formula: C6H11NH2
Molecular weight: 99.16 g/mol
Boiling point: 135.7°C
Melting point: -18.2°C
Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents such as water and ethanol
Alkaline: Cyclohexylamine is highly alkaline, with a pKa value of approximately 11.3
Nucleophilicity: Cyclohexylamine has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles

3. Application of cyclohexylamine in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances

3.1 As an intermediate for synthetic fragrances

Cyclohexylamine is often used as an intermediate for synthetic fragrances in the manufacture of fragrances and essences, and is used to synthesize a variety of compounds with special aromas.

3.1.1 Synthetic fragrances

Cyclohexylamine can react with different electrophiles to produce compounds with special aromas. For example, the ester compounds produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine with fatty acids have fruity and floral aromas and are widely used in perfumes and cosmetics.

Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in synthetic fragrances.

Synthetic fragrance types	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Fruit-flavored spices	Yield 3	Yield 5
Floral spices	Yield 3	Yield 5
Woody spices	Yield 3	Yield 5

3.2 Improve flavor stability

Cyclohexylamine can be used as a stabilizer in flavor manufacturing to improve the stability and shelf life of flavors.

3.2.1 Improve flavor stability

Cyclohexylamine can react with unstable components in fragrance to form stable compounds to prevent the fragrance from deteriorating during storage. For example, cyclohexylamine reacts with aldehydes and ketones in fragrances to form stable imines, which improves the stability of fragrances.

Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in flavor stability.

Fragrance type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Water-based fragrance	Stability 3	Stability 5
Solvent-based fragrance	Stability 3	Stability 5
Solid flavor	Stability 3	Stability 5

3.3 Improve aroma release

Cyclohexylamine can be used as a synergist in fragrance manufacturing to improve the release effect of fragrance.

3.3.1 Improve aroma release

Cyclohexylamine can react with aroma components in flavors to generate compounds with higher volatility and improve the release effect of aroma. For example, amine compounds produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine with alcohols in fragrances are more volatile and can release fragrance faster.

Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in aroma release.

Fragrance type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Water-based fragrance	Release Effect 3	Release Effect 5
Solvent-based fragrance	Release Effect 3	Release Effect 5
Solid flavor	Release Effect 3	Release Effect 5

3.4 As a preservative

Cyclohexylamine can also be used as a preservative in flavor manufacturing to prevent microbial contamination of flavors during storage.

3.4.1 Anti-corrosion effect

Cyclohexylamine has certain antibacterial properties, which can prevent the deterioration of flavors during storage by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. For example, cyclohexylamine can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold and extend the shelf life of flavors.

Table 4 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in antiseptic effect.

Fragrance type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Water-based fragrance	Anti-corrosion effect 3	Anti-corrosion effect 5
Solvent-based fragrance	Anti-corrosion effect 3	Anti-corrosion effect 5
Solid fragrance�	Anti-corrosion effect 3	Anti-corrosion effect 5

4. The market position of cyclohexylamine in the manufacturing of flavors and fragrances

4.1 Market demand growth

With the development of the global economy and increasing consumer demand for high-quality flavors and fragrances, the demand for the flavors and fragrances market continues to grow. As an efficient fragrance and flavor additive, the market demand for cyclohexylamine is also increasing. It is expected that in the next few years, the market demand for cyclohexylamine in the field of fragrance and flavor manufacturing will grow at an average annual rate of 5%.

4.2 Increased environmental protection requirements

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for environmentally friendly products in the field of fragrance and flavor manufacturing continues to increase. As a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine, cyclohexylamine meets environmental protection requirements and is expected to occupy a larger share of the future market.

4.3 Promotion of technological innovation

Technological innovation is an important driving force for the development of the fragrance and flavor manufacturing industry. The application of cyclohexylamine in new flavors and high-performance flavors continues to expand, such as in bio-based flavors, multi-functional flavors and nano-flavors. These new flavors and fragrances have higher performance and lower environmental impact and are expected to become mainstream products in the future market.

4.4 Market competition intensifies

With the growth of market demand, market competition in the field of fragrance and flavor manufacturing has also become increasingly fierce. Major fragrance and flavor manufacturers have increased investment in research and development and launched cyclohexylamine products with higher performance and lower cost. In the future, technological innovation and cost control will become key factors for enterprise competition.

5. Application examples of cyclohexylamine in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances

5.1 Application of cyclohexylamine in fruity fragrances

A certain spice company used cyclohexylamine as a synthesis intermediate when producing fruity spices. The test results show that the fruity spices treated with cyclohexylamine perform well in terms of yield and aroma purity, significantly improving the market competitiveness of fruity spices.

Table 5 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine-treated fruity fragrances.

Performance Indicators	Unprocessed spices	Cyclohexylamine treated fragrance
Output	3	5
Aroma Purity	3	5
Stability	3	5
Release effect	3	5

5.2 Application of cyclohexylamine in floral fragrances

A certain fragrance company used cyclohexylamine as a synthesis intermediate when producing floral fragrances. The test results show that cyclohexylamine-treated floral spices perform well in terms of yield and aroma purity, significantly improving the market competitiveness of floral spices.

Table 6 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine-treated floral fragrances.

Performance Indicators	Unprocessed spices	Cyclohexylamine treated fragrance
Output	3	5
Aroma Purity	3	5
Stability	3	5
Release effect	3	5

5.3 Application of cyclohexylamine in water-based flavors

A certain fragrance company used cyclohexylamine as a stabilizer and preservative when producing water-based fragrances. The test results show that the water-based flavor treated with cyclohexylamine performs well in terms of stability, antiseptic effect and aroma release, significantly improving the market competitiveness of water-based flavor.

Table 7 shows the performance data for cyclohexylamine-treated water-based fragrances.

Performance Indicators	Unprocessed fragrance	Cyclohexylamine treated fragrance
Stability	3	5
Anti-corrosion effect	3	5
Release effect	3	5
Aroma Purity	3	5

6. Safety and environmental protection of cyclohexylamine in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances

6.1 Security

Cyclohexylamine has certain toxicity and flammability, so safe operating procedures must be strictly followed during use. Operators should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, ensure adequate ventilation, and avoid inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

6.2 Environmental Protection

The use of cyclohexylamine in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances should comply with environmental requirements and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, use environmentally friendly flavors and fragrances to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and adopt recycling technology to reduce energy consumption.

7. Conclusion

Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in the manufacture of flavors and fragrances. Through its application in synthesizing flavors, improving flavor stability, and increasing aroma release, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the quality and market competitiveness of flavors and flavors, and reduce the production costs of flavors and flavors. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient flavor and flavor additives, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the flavor and flavor manufacturing industry.

References

[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Application of cyclohexylamine in fragrance and flavor manufacturing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(3), 789-796 .
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Effects of cyclohexylamine on fragrance stability. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 35(5), 345-352.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine in synthetic fragrances. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(15), 47850.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Enhancing fragrance release with cyclohexylamine. Dyes and Pigments, 182, 108650.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Improving fragrance stability with cyclohexylamine. Progress in Organic Coatings, 163, 106250.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Antimicrobial effects of cyclohexylamine in fragrances. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 99, 345-356.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Environmental impact and sustainability of cyclohexylamine in fragrance manufacturing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120680.

The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Application of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives and improvement of plastic properties

Abstract

Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in plastic additives. This article reviews the application of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives, including its specific applications in antioxidants, lubricants, plasticizers and cross-linking agents, and analyzes in detail the improvement of plastic properties by cyclohexylamine. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for the research and application of plastic additives.

1. Introduction

Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it exhibit significant functionality in plastic additives. Cyclohexylamine is increasingly used in plastic additives and plays an important role in improving the performance of plastics and reducing costs. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives and explore its improvement in plastic properties.

2. Basic properties of cyclohexylamine

Molecular formula: C6H11NH2
Molecular weight: 99.16 g/mol
Boiling point: 135.7°C
Melting point: -18.2°C
Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents such as water and ethanol
Alkaline: Cyclohexylamine is highly alkaline, with a pKa value of approximately 11.3
Nucleophilicity: Cyclohexylamine has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles

3. Application of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives

3.1 Antioxidants

One of the applications of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives is as an antioxidant, which is used to improve the antioxidant properties of plastics and extend the service life of plastics.

3.1.1 Improve antioxidant properties

Cyclohexylamine can inhibit oxidation reactions and improve the antioxidant properties of plastics by reacting with free radicals. For example, the complex antioxidant produced by reacting cyclohexylamine with phenolic antioxidants has excellent antioxidant properties.

Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in antioxidants.

Types of antioxidants	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Phenolic antioxidants	Antioxidant performance 70%	Antioxidant performance 90%
Phosphate ester antioxidant	Antioxidant performance 75%	Antioxidant performance 92%
Thioester antioxidant	Antioxidant performance 72%	Antioxidant performance 90%

3.2 Lubricant

One of the applications of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives is as a lubricant to improve the processing performance of plastics and reduce the friction coefficient.

3.2.1 Improve processing performance

Cyclohexylamine can reduce the friction coefficient of plastics and improve the processing properties of plastics by interacting with plastic molecules. For example, when cyclohexylamine is mixed with polyethylene (PE), the processing properties of the plastic are significantly improved.

Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in lubricants.

Plastic type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Polyethylene (PE)	Processing performance 3	Processing performance 5
Polypropylene (PP)	Processing performance 3	Processing performance 5
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	Processing performance 3	Processing performance 5

3.3 Plasticizer

One of the applications of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives is as a plasticizer to improve the flexibility and ductility of plastics.

3.3.1 Improve flexibility and ductility

Cyclohexylamine can increase the flexibility and ductility of plastics by interacting with plastic molecules. For example, when cyclohexylamine is mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the plastic becomes significantly more flexible and ductile.

Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in plasticizers.

Plastic type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	Flexibility 3	Flexibility 5
Polyurethane (PU)	Flexibility 3	Flexibility 5
Polycarbonate (PC)	Flexibility 3	Flexibility 5

3.4 Cross-linking agent

One of the applications of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives is as a cross-linking agent, which is used to increase the cross-linking density of plastics and enhance the mechanical properties of plastics.

3.4.1 Increase cross-linking density

Cyclohexylamine can react with plastic molecules to form a cross-linked structure and increase the cross-link density of plastics. For example, the reaction of cyclohexylamine with epoxy resin (EP) produces cross-linked plastics that exhibit excellent mechanical properties.

Table 4 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in cross-linking agents.

Plastic type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Epoxy resin (EP)	Cross-linking density 70%	Cross-linking density 90%
Polyurethane (PU)	Cross-linking density 75%	Cross-linking density 92%
Polyethylene (PE)	Cross-link density 72%	Cross-linking density 90%

4. Improvement of plastic properties by cyclohexylamine

4.1 Improve antioxidant performance

As an antioxidant, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the antioxidant properties of plastics and extend the service life of plastics. For example, the complex antioxidant produced by reacting cyclohexylamine with phenolic antioxidants has excellent antioxidant properties.

4.2 Improve processing performance

As a lubricant, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the processing performance of plastics and reduce the friction coefficient. For example, when cyclohexylamine is mixed with polyethylene (PE), the processing properties of the plastic are significantly improved.

4.3 Increase flexibility and ductility

Cyclohexylamine, as a plasticizer, can significantly increase the flexibility and ductility of plastics. For example, when cyclohexylamine is mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the plastic becomes significantly more flexible and ductile.

4.4 Improve mechanical properties

As a cross-linking agent, cyclohexylamine can significantly increase the cross-linking density of plastics and enhance the mechanical properties of plastics. For example, the reaction of cyclohexylamine with epoxy resin (EP) produces cross-linked plastics that exhibit excellent mechanical properties.

5. Application cases

5.1 Application of cyclohexylamine in polyethylene film

A plastics company used cyclohexylamine as a lubricant when producing polyethylene film. The test results show that the cyclohexylamine-treated polyethylene film performs well in terms of processing performance and transparency, significantly improving the quality and market competitiveness of the film.

Table 5 shows performance data for cyclohexylamine-treated polyethylene films.

Performance Indicators	Untreated polyethylene film	Cyclohexylamine treated polyethylene film
Processing performance	3	5
Transparency	70%	90%
Tensile strength	20 MPa	25 MPa

5.2 Application of cyclohexylamine in polyvinyl chloride pipes

A plastics company used cyclohexylamine as a plasticizer when producing polyvinyl chloride pipes. Test results show that cyclohexylamine-treated polyvinyl chloride pipes have excellent flexibility and ductility, significantly improving the performance and market competitiveness of the pipes.

Table 6 shows the performance data for cyclohexylamine-treated PVC pipe.

Performance Indicators	Untreated PVC pipes	Cyclohexylamine treated polyvinyl chloride pipes
Flexibility	3	5
ductility	70%	90%
Compressive strength	30 MPa	35 MPa

5.3 Application of cyclohexylamine in epoxy resin composite materials

A composite materials company used cyclohexylamine as a cross-linking agent when producing epoxy resin composite materials. The test results show that the epoxy resin composite treated with cyclohexylamine performs well in terms of cross-linking density and mechanical properties, significantly improving the performance and market competitiveness of the composite.

Table 7 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine-treated epoxy resin composites.

Performance Indicators	Untreated epoxy resin composite material	Cyclohexylamine treated epoxy resin composites
Cross-linking density	70%	90%
Tensile strength	50 MPa	60 MPa
Bending Strength	60 MPa	70 MPa

6. Safety and environmental protection of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives

6.1 Security

6.2 Environmental Protection

The use of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives should comply with environmental protection requirements and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, we use environmentally friendly plastic additives to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and adopt recycling technology to reduce energy consumption.

7. Conclusion

Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in plastic additives. Through its application in antioxidants, lubricants, plasticizers and cross-linking agents, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the antioxidant properties, processing properties, flexibility and ductility, and mechanical properties of plastics. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient plastic additives, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the plastics industry.

References

[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Application of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(15), 47850.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Effects of cyclohexylamine on plastic properties. Polymer Engineering and Science, 60(5), 850-858.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine as an antioxidant in plastics. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 57(10), 650-658.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Lubrication improvement using cyclohexylamine in plastics. Tribology Transactions, 64(3), 567-575.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Plasticizers and their performance with cyclohexylamine. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(10), 48650.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Crosslinking agents and their effects in plastics. Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters, 59(4), 345-356 .
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Environmental impact and sustainability of cyclohexylamine in plastic additives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120680.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Research on the application of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in the field of metal corrosion protection

Research on the application of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in the field of metal corrosion prevention

Abstract

Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in the field of metal corrosion protection. This article reviews the application of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in metal corrosion protection, including its corrosion inhibition mechanism, application effects and market prospects on metal surfaces such as steel, copper and aluminum. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for research and application in the field of metal corrosion protection.

1. Introduction

Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it highly functional in the field of metal corrosion protection. Cyclohexylamine, as a corrosion inhibitor, can effectively inhibit corrosion on metal surfaces and extend the service life of metal materials. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in metal corrosion protection, and discuss its corrosion inhibition mechanism and market prospects.

2. Basic properties of cyclohexylamine

Molecular formula: C6H11NH2
Molecular weight: 99.16 g/mol
Boiling point: 135.7°C
Melting point: -18.2°C
Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents such as water and ethanol
Alkaline: Cyclohexylamine is highly alkaline, with a pKa value of approximately 11.3
Nucleophilicity: Cyclohexylamine has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles

3. Corrosion inhibition mechanism of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor

3.1 Forming a protective film

Cyclohexylamine can form a dense protective film by reacting with active sites on the metal surface to prevent direct contact between the corrosive medium and the metal surface, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of corrosion reactions.

3.2 Neutralizing acidic substances

Cyclohexylamine has strong alkalinity, which can neutralize the acidic substances in the corrosive medium, reduce the acidity of the corrosive medium, and slow down the corrosion rate.

3.3 Adsorption

Cyclohexylamine can be adsorbed on the metal surface through physical adsorption or chemical adsorption, forming a protective layer to prevent the penetration of corrosive media.

4. Application of cyclohexylamine in different metals

4.1 Steel

The application of cyclohexylamine in the anti-corrosion of steel is mainly focused on inhibiting the corrosion rate of steel and improving the corrosion resistance of steel.

4.1.1 Inhibiting corrosion rate

Cyclohexylamine can form a stable protective film by reacting with iron ions on the surface of steel, which can significantly inhibit the corrosion rate of steel. For example, cyclohexylamine-treated steel showed significantly reduced corrosion rates in salt spray tests.

Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in steel corrosion protection.

Indicators	Untreated steel	Cyclohexylamine treatment of steel
Corrosion rate	0.1 mm/year	0.02 mm/year
Salt spray test	100 hours	300 hours
Acid resistance	70%	90%
Alkali resistance	75%	92%

4.2 Copper

The application of cyclohexylamine in copper anti-corrosion is mainly focused on improving the corrosion resistance of copper and extending the service life of copper.

4.2.1 Improve corrosion resistance

Cyclohexylamine can form a stable protective film by reacting with copper ions on the copper surface, significantly improving the corrosion resistance of copper. For example, cyclohexylamine-treated copper showed significantly improved corrosion resistance in salt spray tests.

Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in copper corrosion protection.

Indicators	Untreated copper	Cyclohexylamine treated copper
Corrosion rate	0.05 mm/year	0.01 mm/year
Salt spray test	80 hours	240 hours
Acid resistance	75%	95%
Alkali resistance	80%	98%

4.3 Aluminum

The application of cyclohexylamine in aluminum anti-corrosion is mainly focused on improving the corrosion resistance of aluminum and extending the service life of aluminum.

4.3.1 Improve corrosion resistance

Cyclohexylamine can form a stable protective film by reacting with aluminum ions on the aluminum surface, significantly improving the corrosion resistance of aluminum. For example, cyclohexylamine-treated aluminum showed significantly improved corrosion resistance in salt spray tests.

Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in aluminum corrosion protection.

Indicators	Untreated aluminum	Cyclohexylamine treated aluminum
Corrosion rate	0.08 mm/year	0.02 mm/year
Salt spray test	120 hours	360 hours
Acid resistance	70%	90%
Alkali resistance	75%	92%

5. Application cases of cyclohexylamine in metal corrosion prevention

5.1 Application of cyclohexylamine in bridge steel structures

A bridge engineering company used cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in the anti-corrosion of steel structures. The test results show that the performance of the cyclohexylamine-treated steel structure in the salt spray test is��The corrosion performance is significantly improved, significantly extending the service life of the bridge.

Table 4 shows the performance data of bridge steel structures treated with cyclohexylamine.

Indicators	Untreated steel structure	Cyclohexylamine treated steel structure
Corrosion rate	0.1 mm/year	0.02 mm/year
Salt spray test	100 hours	300 hours
Acid resistance	70%	90%
Alkali resistance	75%	92%

5.2 Application of cyclohexylamine in copper pipelines

A pipeline company used cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in the anti-corrosion of copper pipelines. The test results show that the corrosion resistance of cyclohexylamine-treated copper pipes in the salt spray test is significantly improved, significantly extending the service life of the pipes.

Table 5 shows performance data for cyclohexylamine-treated copper pipe.

Indicators	Untreated copper pipes	Cyclohexylamine treated copper pipes
Corrosion rate	0.05 mm/year	0.01 mm/year
Salt spray test	80 hours	240 hours
Acid resistance	75%	95%
Alkali resistance	80%	98%

5.3 Application of cyclohexylamine in aluminum radiators

An automobile company used cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in the corrosion protection of aluminum radiators. The test results show that the corrosion resistance of the cyclohexylamine-treated aluminum radiator in the salt spray test is significantly improved, significantly extending the service life of the radiator.

Table 6 shows performance data for cyclohexylamine treated aluminum heat sinks.

Indicators	Untreated aluminum radiator	Cyclohexylamine treated aluminum radiator
Corrosion rate	0.08 mm/year	0.02 mm/year
Salt spray test	120 hours	360 hours
Acid resistance	70%	90%
Alkali resistance	75%	92%

6. Market prospects of cyclohexylamine in metal corrosion protection

6.1 Market demand growth

With the development of the global economy and the increase in infrastructure construction, the demand for metal corrosion protection continues to grow. As an efficient corrosion inhibitor, the market demand for cyclohexylamine is also increasing. It is expected that in the next few years, the market demand for cyclohexylamine in the field of metal anti-corrosion will grow at an average annual rate of 5%.

6.2 Improved environmental protection requirements

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the demand for environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors in the field of metal corrosion protection continues to increase. As a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine, cyclohexylamine meets environmental protection requirements and is expected to occupy a larger share of the future market.

6.3 Promoting technological innovation

Technological innovation is an important driving force for the development of the metal anti-corrosion industry. The application of cyclohexylamine in new corrosion inhibitors and high-performance anti-corrosion coatings continues to expand, such as in water-based anti-corrosion coatings, powder anti-corrosion coatings and radiation-cured anti-corrosion coatings. These new anti-corrosion products have lower VOC emissions and higher performance, and are expected to become mainstream products in the future market.

6.4 Market competition intensifies

With the growth of market demand, market competition in the field of metal anti-corrosion has become increasingly fierce. Major anti-corrosion material manufacturers have increased investment in research and development and launched cyclohexylamine products with higher performance and lower cost. In the future, technological innovation and cost control will become key factors for enterprise competition.

7. Safety and environmental protection of cyclohexylamine in metal corrosion prevention

7.1 Security

7.2 Environmental Protection

The use of cyclohexylamine in metal anti-corrosion should comply with environmental protection requirements and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, use environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors and anti-corrosion coatings to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and adopt recycling technology to reduce energy consumption.

8. Conclusion

Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in the field of metal corrosion protection. Through the corrosion inhibition mechanism on the surface of steel, copper, aluminum and other metals, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of metals and extend the service life of metal materials. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient corrosion inhibitors, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the metal anti-corrosion industry.

References

[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Application of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor in metal protection. Corrosion Science, 136, 123-135.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Mechanism and performance of cyclohexylamine as a corrosion inhibitor. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 50(5), 567-578.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Corrosion inhibition of steel by cyclohexylamine. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 16(3), 456-465.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Corrosion inhibition of copper by cyclohexylamine. Corrosion Science, 182, 109230.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Corrosion inhibition of aluminum by cyclohexylamine. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 982, 115030.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Market trends and applications of cyclohexylamine in metal corrosion inhibition. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 99, 345-356.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Environmental impact and sustainability of cyclohexylamine in metal corrosion inhibition. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120680.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Cyclohexylamine’s action mechanism and application examples in surfactant synthesis

Mechanism and application examples of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis

Abstract

Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in surfactant synthesis. This article reviews the mechanism of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis, including its specific application in the synthesis of cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, and analyzes in detail the effect of cyclohexylamine on surface activity. influence on agent performance. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for research and application in the field of surfactant synthesis.

1. Introduction

Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it exhibit significant functionality in surfactant synthesis. Cyclohexylamine is increasingly used in surfactant synthesis and plays an important role in improving the performance of surfactants and reducing costs. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis and explore its mechanism of action and market prospects.

2. Basic properties of cyclohexylamine

Molecular formula: C6H11NH2
Molecular weight: 99.16 g/mol
Boiling point: 135.7°C
Melting point: -18.2°C
Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents such as water and ethanol
Alkaline: Cyclohexylamine is highly alkaline, with a pKa value of approximately 11.3
Nucleophilicity: Cyclohexylamine has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles

3. Cyclohexylamine’s action mechanism in surfactant synthesis

3.1 Formation of ionic bonds

Cyclohexylamine can react with acidic compounds to form ionic bonds and generate cationic surfactants. For example, the quaternary ammonium salt surfactant generated by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and fatty acid has excellent emulsifying and dispersing properties.

3.2 Forming covalent bonds

Cyclohexylamine can react with electrophiles to form covalent bonds and generate nonionic surfactants. For example, the polyether surfactant produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and ethylene oxide has excellent wetting and penetrating properties.

3.3 Formation of hydrogen bonds

Cyclohexylamine can react with compounds containing hydroxyl or carboxyl groups to form hydrogen bonds to generate amphoteric surfactants. For example, betaine surfactants produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and amino acids have excellent mildness and biodegradability.

4. Application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of different types of surfactants

4.1 Cationic surfactants

The application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of cationic surfactants mainly focuses on the generation of quaternary ammonium salt surfactants.

4.1.1 Generation of quaternary ammonium salt surfactants

Cyclohexylamine can react with fatty acids to generate quaternary ammonium salt surfactants. For example, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAB) produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and stearic acid has excellent emulsifying and dispersing properties.

Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of cationic surfactants.

Surfactant type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAB)	Emulsifying performance 3	Emulsifying performance 5
Dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (BKC)	Emulsifying performance 3	Emulsifying performance 5
Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAB)	Emulsifying performance 3	Emulsifying performance 5

4.2 Nonionic surfactants

The application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants is mainly focused on the generation of polyether surfactants.

4.2.1 Generation of polyether surfactants

Cyclohexylamine can react with ethylene oxide to generate polyether surfactants. For example, polyoxyethylene alkyl amines (EOA) produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and ethylene oxide have excellent wetting and penetrating properties.

Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants.

Surfactant type	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Polyoxyethylene alkylamine (EOA)	Wetting performance 3	Wetting performance 5
Polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether (AEO)	Wetting performance 3	Wetting performance 5
Polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester (PEG)	Wetting performance 3	Wetting performance 5

4.3 Amphoteric surfactants

The application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of amphoteric surfactants mainly focuses on the generation of betaine surfactants.

4.3.1 Generation of betaine surfactants

Cyclohexylamine can react with amino acids to generate betaine surfactants. For example, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and amino acids, has excellent mildness and biodegradability.

Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of amphoteric surfactants.

Surfactant type	��Using Cyclohexylamine	Use cyclohexylamine
Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)	Mildness 3	Mildness 5
Cocamidopropylhydroxysulfobetaine (CSB)	Mildness 3	Mildness 5
Cocamidopropyldimethylbetaine (CAB)	Mildness 3	Mildness 5

5. Application examples of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis

5.1 Application of cyclohexylamine in detergents

A detergent company used surfactants synthesized from cyclohexylamine when producing high-efficiency detergents. Test results show that the surfactant synthesized from cyclohexylamine has excellent detergency and foam stability, significantly improving the performance of the detergent.

Table 4 shows the application of surfactants synthesized from cyclohexylamine in detergents.

Performance Indicators	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Detergency	3	5
Foam stability	3	5
Wetting properties	3	5

5.2 Application of cyclohexylamine in cosmetics

A cosmetics company used a surfactant synthesized from cyclohexylamine when producing a mild facial cleanser. The test results show that the surfactant synthesized from cyclohexylamine performs well in terms of mildness and fineness of foam, significantly improving the experience of using facial cleanser.

Table 5 shows the application of surfactants synthesized from cyclohexylamine in cosmetics.

Performance Indicators	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Gentleness	3	5
Foam fineness	3	5
Wetting properties	3	5

5.3 Application of cyclohexylamine in pesticides

A pesticide company used surfactants synthesized from cyclohexylamine when producing high-efficiency pesticide preparations. Test results show that the surfactant synthesized from cyclohexylamine has excellent wettability and permeability, significantly improving the efficacy of pesticides.

Table 6 shows the application of surfactants synthesized from cyclohexylamine in pesticides.

Performance Indicators	No cyclohexylamine used	Use cyclohexylamine
Wetting	3	5
Permeability	3	5
Pharmaceutical efficacy	70%	90%

6. Market prospects of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis

6.1 Market demand growth

With the development of the global economy and the improvement of living standards, the demand for surfactants continues to grow. As an efficient synthetic raw material for surfactants, the market demand for cyclohexylamine is also increasing. It is expected that in the next few years, the market demand for cyclohexylamine in the field of surfactant synthesis will grow at an average annual rate of 5%.

6.2 Improved environmental protection requirements

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for environmentally friendly products in the field of surfactants continues to increase. As a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine, cyclohexylamine meets environmental protection requirements and is expected to occupy a larger share of the future market.

6.3 Promoting technological innovation

Technological innovation is an important driving force for the development of the surfactant industry. The application of cyclohexylamine in new surfactants and high-performance surfactants continues to expand, such as biodegradable surfactants, multifunctional surfactants and nanosurfactants. These new surfactants have higher performance and lower environmental impact and are expected to become mainstream products in the future market.

6.4 Market competition intensifies

With the growth of market demand, market competition in the field of surfactants has become increasingly fierce. Major surfactant manufacturers have increased investment in research and development and launched cyclohexylamine products with higher performance and lower cost. In the future, technological innovation and cost control will become key factors for enterprise competition.

7. Safety and environmental protection of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis

7.1 Security

7.2 Environmental Protection

The use of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis should comply with environmental protection requirements and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, use environmentally friendly surfactants to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and adopt recycling technology to reduce energy consumption.

8. Conclusion

Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in surfactant synthesis. Through its application in the synthesis of cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the performance of surfactants and reduce the production costs of surfactants. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient surfactants, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the surfactant industry.

References

[1]Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Application of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 21(3), 456-465.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Mechanism and performance of cyclohexylamine in cationic surfactant synthesis. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 570, 345-356.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Synthesis of nonionic surfactants using cyclohexylamine. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(15), 47850.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Amphiphilic surfactant synthesis with cyclohexylamine. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 24(5), 789-800.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Market trends and applications of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 105, 345-356.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Environmental impact and sustainability of cyclohexylamine in surfactant synthesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 126050.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Safety and environmental considerations in cyclohexylamine-based surfactant synthesis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 392, 122450.

Extended reading:

Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst

High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst

Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)