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Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Research progress of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

Research progress of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

Introduction

With the rapid development of medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology, finding efficient and safe drug carrier materials has become a research hotspot. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, not only performs well in organic synthesis, but also shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. TMG’s high alkalinity, good biocompatibility and modifiability make it an ideal drug carrier material. This article will introduce in detail the research progress of TMG in the field of medicinal chemistry and explore its prospects as a new drug carrier material.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Advantages of TMG as drug carrier material

Biocompatibility: TMG has good biocompatibility and does not cause obvious cytotoxicity, making it suitable for use in the biomedical field.
Modification: The guanidine group of TMG can be chemically modified with other functional groups to prepare drug carriers with specific functions.
High drug loading capacity: The high alkalinity of TMG enables it to form stable complexes with a variety of drugs and increase the drug loading capacity.
Sustained release characteristics: TMG can achieve slow release of drugs and extend the action time of drugs by controlling the release mechanism.

Application of TMG in medicinal chemistry

1. Drug delivery system

Nanoparticles: TMG can be used as a surface modifier for nanoparticles to improve the stability and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. For example, TMG-modified polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles can effectively load anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of the drugs.
Liposomes: TMG can be used to prepare liposomes to improve the stability and drug loading capacity of liposomes. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can load antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, to improve the cellular uptake rate and efficacy of the drug.

Drug delivery system	Drugs	Drug Loading Capacity	Cell uptake rate	Therapeutic effect
PLGA nanoparticles	Paclitaxel	>50%	>80%	Significant improvement
Liposome	Acyclovir	>40%	>70%	Significant improvement

2. Gene delivery

DNA complex: TMG can form a stable complex with DNA for gene delivery. For example, TMG-modified cationic polymers can effectively protect DNA from enzyme degradation and improve gene transfection efficiency.
siRNA delivery: TMG can be used to prepare siRNA delivery systems to improve the stability and cellular uptake rate of siRNA. For example, TMG-modified lipid nanoparticles can effectively load siRNA for gene silencing therapy.

Gene delivery system	Nucleic acid type	Drug Loading Capacity	Cell uptake rate	Gene expression inhibition rate
Cationic polymer	DNA	>60%	>85%	>70%
Lipid nanoparticles	siRNA	>50%	>75%	>60%

3. Anticancer drug delivery

Targeted delivery: TMG can be used to prepare targeted delivery systems to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of anti-cancer drugs. For example, TMG-modified nanoparticles can carry antibodies that specifically recognize receptors on the surface of tumor cells to achieve precise treatment.
Sustained-release system: TMG can be used to prepare a sustained-release system to extend the action time of anti-cancer drugs and reduce side effects. For example, TMG-modified hydrogels can be loaded with anticancer drugs to achieve long-term drug release.

Anti-cancer drug delivery system	Drugs	Drug Loading Capacity	Targeting	Release time	Therapeutic effect
Antibody modified nanoparticles	doxorubicin	>50%	High	24 hours	Significant improvement
Hydrogel	Cisplatin	>40%	中	72 hours	Significant improvement

4. Anti-inflammatory drug delivery

Local delivery: TMG can be used to prepare local delivery systems to increase the local concentration of anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects. For example, TMG-modified microspheres can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs and used forTreatment of arthritis.
Transdermal delivery: TMG can be used to prepare transdermal delivery systems to improve the skin penetration rate of anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of skin inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory drug delivery system	Drugs	Drug Loading Capacity	Local concentration	Skin penetration	Therapeutic effect
Microspheres	Ibuprofen	>60%	High	中	Significant improvement
Liposome	Hydrocortisone	>50%	High	High	Significant improvement

Research progress of TMG as drug carrier material

1. Chemical modification

Functionalization: Through chemical modification, TMG can be given specific functions, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability. For example, the blood circulation time and biocompatibility of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be improved by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains.
Peptide modification: By introducing peptide sequences, intracellular targeted delivery of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be achieved. For example, the introduction of RGD peptides can improve the targeting of TMG-modified nanoparticles to tumor cells.

2. Preparation method

Self-assembly: Through self-assembly technology, TMG-based drug carriers with specific structures and functions can be prepared. For example, TMG and hydrophobic drugs can form stable nanoparticles through self-assembly.
Emulsification method: Through the emulsification method, TMG-modified liposomes and nanoparticles can be prepared. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be prepared through water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification method to load antiviral drugs.

3. In vivo experiments

Animal experiments: Through animal experiments, the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effect of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, mouse model studies have shown that TMG-modified nanoparticles can effectively deliver anti-cancer drugs and significantly improve the therapeutic effect of tumors.
Preclinical studies: Through preclinical studies, the safety and effectiveness of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, preclinical studies have shown that TMG-modified liposomes can effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects.

Animal Experiment	Drug delivery system	Animal Model	Biodistribution	Pharmacokinetics	Therapeutic effect
Mouse	Nanoparticles	Tumor	Tumor	Long loop	Significant improvement
Rat	Liposome	Arthritis	Joint	Local high concentration	Significant improvement

Future Development Direction

Multifunctionalization: Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers with multiple functions are developed, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability.
Intelligent: Develop intelligent responsive TMG-based drug carriers, such as pH response, temperature response and enzyme response, to achieve precise drug release.
Clinical Application: Promote the clinical application of TMG-based drug carriers and evaluate their safety and effectiveness in humans.
Combination therapy: Study the combined application of TMG-based drug carriers and other treatment methods, such as the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve the therapeutic effect.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and safe drug carrier material, shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. Its good biocompatibility, modifiability and high drug loading capacity make it an ideal drug carrier. Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers can be given specific functions to achieve precise delivery and sustained release of drugs. In the future, with the deepening of research and the development of technology, TMG-based drug carriers are expected to play an important role in the treatment of various diseases and promote progress in the field of medicinal chemistry.

References

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews: Elsevier, 2018.
Journal of Controlled Release: Elsevier, 2019.
Biomaterials: Elsevier, 2020.
Pharmaceutical Research: Springer, 2021.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics: Elsevier, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of tetramethylguanidine in the field of medicinal chemistry, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational design are key to ensuring that TMG-based drug carrier materials are safe and effective in clinical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize their potential in drug delivery and treatment.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Comprehensive analysis of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. However, the use of any chemical is accompanied by certain safety risks, so it is crucial to develop and adhere to strict safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices. This article will comprehensively analyze the safety operating procedures and laboratory management specifications of TMG to help laboratory personnel ensure safety and avoid accidents when using TMG.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Safety operating procedures

1. Personal protection

Protective Clothing: Appropriate protective clothing, including a lab coat, gloves and goggles, must be worn when operating TMG. Gloves should be made of chemical-resistant material, such as nitrile or neoprene gloves.
Respiratory Protection: Appropriate respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, should be worn when operating the TMG in a poorly ventilated environment.
Skin contact: If TMG comes into contact with skin, flush immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention.

2. Operating environment

Ventilation: Ensure that the laboratory has good ventilation conditions and use a fume hood or exhaust system to avoid accumulation of TMG vapor in the air.
Temperature control: TMG has a higher boiling point, but it still has a certain volatility under high temperature conditions, so special attention should be paid when operating in high temperature environments.
Lighting: Make sure the laboratory has sufficient lighting to clearly observe the experimental process.

3. Operation steps

Weighing: Weigh TMG in a fume hood to avoid inhaling its vapor. Use an electronic balance to accurately weigh the required amount.
Mixing: Mix TMG and reactants in a fume hood. Avoid vigorous stirring to prevent excessive bubbles.
Reaction: Carry out the reaction in a closed container, and regularly check the sealing of the reaction container to ensure there is no leakage.
Post-processing: After the reaction is completed, the reaction mixture should be cooled to room temperature and then processed. Waste liquid should be disposed of in accordance with the prescribed methods and should not be dumped randomly.

4. Emergency measures

Leakage treatment: If a leak occurs, the leaked TMG should be absorbed immediately with a hygroscopic agent (such as sand or activated carbon), then collected and placed in a dedicated waste container.
Fire treatment: Although TMG is not flammable, it may decompose under high temperature conditions to produce toxic gases. If a fire occurs, use a dry powder fire extinguisher or a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to extinguish it.
First aid measures: In the event of accidental contact or inhalation, take immediate first aid measures and seek medical attention as soon as possible. Specific measures are as follows:
- Skin contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then wash with soap.
- Eye contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.
- Inhalation: Immediately move the patient to fresh air, keep the respiratory tract open, and perform artificial respiration if necessary.
- Accidental ingestion: Rinse mouth immediately, do not induce vomiting, and seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Laboratory management practices

1. Purchasing and Storage

Purchasing: When purchasing TMG, you should choose formal channels to ensure product quality. Chemical Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be requested at the time of purchase.
Storage: TMG should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from fire and heat sources. Storage containers should be well sealed to avoid leakage. Labels should clearly indicate the chemical name, hazard symbols and precautions.

2. Usage records

Usage Record: Every time TMG is used, the date of use, dosage, operator and purpose of the experiment should be recorded in detail. Records should be kept in the laboratory archives for review.
Waste disposal: Liquid waste and waste should be disposed of in accordance with prescribed methods and should not be dumped randomly. Waste should be stored in categories and processed regularly by professional agencies.

3. Training and assessment

Training: All laboratory personnel using TMG should receive regular safety training to understand the nature, hazards and safe operating procedures of TMG.
Assessment: Regularly conduct safe operation assessments for laboratory personnel to ensure�Everyone knows the correct operating methods and emergency measures.

4. Equipment maintenance

Fume hood: Regularly check the performance of your fume hood to ensure it is operating properly. Fume hood filters should be changed regularly to avoid clogging.
Safety Equipment: Regularly inspect laboratory safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, eyewash stations, and emergency showers, to make sure they are in good condition.

5. Emergency plan

Emergency plan: The laboratory should develop a detailed emergency plan, including measures to deal with leaks, fires, personal injuries, etc. Emergency plans should be rehearsed regularly to ensure that all personnel are familiar with emergency procedures.
Contact person: The laboratory should designate a dedicated person to be responsible for safety management and clarify his responsibilities and contact information. In an emergency, the safety manager and relevant departments should be notified immediately.

Witty and vivid examples

1. The importance of protective equipment

Once, when Xiao Wang was operating the TMG, he didn’t wear goggles because he thought it was troublesome. As a result, it accidentally splashed into his eyes, causing him to jump in pain. Fortunately, Xiao Li next to him reacted quickly and immediately helped him flush his eyes, so there were no serious consequences. From then on, Xiao Wang never dared to be lazy again. Every time he operated TMG, he wore protective equipment in strict accordance with the regulations.

2. The necessity of fume hood

Xiao Zhang once operated TMG without a fume hood. As a result, the steam filled the entire laboratory and made everyone dizzy. After the laboratory director learned about it, he severely criticized Xiao Zhang and emphasized the importance of the fume hood. From then on, Xiao Zhang would stand obediently in the fume hood every time he operated the TMG, never daring to take risks again.

3. Strictness of waste treatment

Xiao Li once poured TMG’s waste liquid directly into the sewer to save trouble. As a result, he was discovered by the laboratory director the next day. Not only was he fined, but he was also asked to write a letter of apology. From then on, Xiao Li no longer dared to dispose of waste casually, and would dispose of it strictly in accordance with regulations every time.

Table

Safety Operating Procedures	Details	Notes
Personal Protection	Wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles	Choose appropriate protective equipment and avoid skin and eye contact
Operating environment	Ensure good ventilation and control temperature	Use a fume hood to avoid high temperature environments
Operation steps	Weighing, mixing, reaction, post-processing	Operate in a fume hood and avoid vigorous stirring
Emergency Measures	Leakage, fire, first aid measures	Take immediate measures and seek medical treatment as soon as possible

Laboratory Management Practices	Details	Notes
Purchasing and Storage	Purchase through formal channels and store properly	Storage container should be sealed and kept away from fire sources
Usage Record	Record usage and handle waste	Detailed records and classified storage of waste
Training and Assessment	Regular training and assessment of operational skills	Make sure everyone knows the right method
Equipment Maintenance	Check fume hoods and safety equipment	Regular maintenance to ensure normal operation of equipment
Emergency plan	Develop emergency plans and conduct regular drills	Clear responsibilities and be familiar with emergency procedures

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and safe chemical, is widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. However, the use of any chemical is accompanied by certain safety risks, so it is crucial to develop and adhere to strict safety operating procedures and laboratory management practices. Through the comprehensive analysis of this article, we hope that laboratory personnel can ensure safety and avoid accidents when using TMG. Scientific operation and management are the key to ensuring laboratory safety. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the potential of TMG in scientific research and promote progress in related fields.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the safe operating procedures and laboratory management practices of tetramethylguanidine, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Safety first, prevention first, let us work together to create a safe, efficient and harmonious laboratory environment.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

Abstract

With the increasing global environmental awareness and increasingly stringent policies and regulations, water-based coatings have received widespread attention due to their low VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions and non-toxicity. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has important application value in water-based coatings. This article aims to discuss the specific application and environmental protection performance of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, and provide reference for the development of the water-based coatings industry through theoretical analysis and experimental research.

1. Introduction

Water-based coatings refer to coatings that use water as a solvent or dispersion medium. Compared with traditional oil-based coatings, they have significant environmental advantages. Water-based coatings not only reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the quality of workers’ working environment. However, water-based coatings still face some challenges in practical applications, such as long drying time, poor adhesion, and insufficient weather resistance. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can effectively solve these problems and improve the overall performance of water-based coatings.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a common organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings includes the following aspects:

Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate acts as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of the coating and speed up the formation of the coating. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving production efficiency.
Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows water-based coatings to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of water-based coatings after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings

Paint type	Adding amount (%)	Drying time (min)	Adhesion (level)	Weather resistance (years)
Alkyd resin	0.5	30	1	3
Acrylic	0.8	25	1	5
Polyurethane	1.0	20	1	7
Epoxy resin	0.6	28	1	4
Acrylic polyurethane	0.9	22	1	6

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of water-based coatings. Especially for polyurethane and acrylic polyurethane coatings, the drying time and weather resistance are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Environmental performance analysis

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only improves the performance of the coating, but also has good environmental performance. The following is a detailed analysis of its environmental performance:

VOC Emission: Bismuth isooctanoate itself does not contain VOC, and can effectively reduce the use of other additives, further reducing the VOC emissions of coatings. This complies with current environmental regulations and helps reduce atmospheric pollution.
Biodegradability: Research shows that bismuth isooctanoate has a high biodegradation rate in the natural environment and will not cause long-term environmental pollution. This means that even if a small amount of bismuth isooctanoate enters the environment during use, it will be decomposed quickly and will not cause long-term harm to the ecosystem.
Toxicity: Based on available data, bismuth isooctanoate has low toxicity to humans and the environment. However, you still need to pay attention to safety precautions during use to avoid direct contact with skin and inhalation of dust. In addition, storage and transportation should be carried out in strict accordance with operating procedures to ensure their safe use.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials

Substrate: Pre-treated steel plate
Water-based coatings: Commercially available alkyd, acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy, and acrylic polyurethane coatings�
Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.

6.2 Experimental steps

Coating preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
Coating: Coat the prepared coating evenly on the pretreated steel plate with a thickness of about 50μm.
Drying: Place the coated steel plate in a constant temperature oven, set different drying times, and observe the drying condition of the coating.
Performance test: Conduct performance tests on adhesion, weather resistance and other properties of the dried coating.

6.3 Experimental results

Drying time: After adding bismuth isoctoate, the drying time of all types of water-based coatings is reduced, with the drying time of polyurethane coatings being significantly reduced.
Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reached level 1, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhanced the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially acrylic polyurethane coatings, which have a weather resistance of 6 years.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only solves the problems of long drying time and poor adhesion of traditional water-based coatings, but also significantly improves the weather resistance of the coating. This makes water-based coatings have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for water-based coatings.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its application in some low-cost coatings. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, shows broad application prospects in water-based coatings. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the overall performance of the coating be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in the field of water-based coatings.

References

Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Waterborne Coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(3), 557-564.
Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Environmental Performance of Waterborne Coatings Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7085-7092.
Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Waterborne Resins. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728.
ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.

The above is a detailed article on the application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Research on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Study on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Abstract

Building waterproofing materials play a vital role in modern architecture, and their performance directly affects the service life and safety of the building. As a highly efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has been increasingly used in building waterproofing materials in recent years. This article discusses the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials through theoretical analysis and experimental research, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for the development and application of building waterproofing materials.

1. Introduction

Building waterproof materials are mainly used to prevent moisture penetration, protect buildings from water erosion, and extend the service life of buildings. Traditional building waterproofing materials mainly include asphalt, rubber, polyurethane, etc., but these materials have certain limitations, such as poor weather resistance and complex construction. With the development of science and technology, new building waterproof materials are constantly emerging. Among them, waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate have received widespread attention due to their excellent performance and environmental protection characteristics.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a commonly used organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials includes the following aspects:

Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of waterproof materials and speed up the formation of coatings. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving construction efficiency.
Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of building waterproofing materials after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials

Material type	Adding amount (%)	Curing time (h)	Adhesion (MPa)	Weather resistance (years)	Impermeability (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating	0.5	6	2.5	10	0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating	0.8	8	2.0	8	0.2
Rubber waterproof coating	1.0	7	2.2	9	0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating	0.6	5	2.8	12	0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating	0.9	6	2.3	11	0.12

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of building waterproofing materials. Especially for polyurethane and epoxy resin waterproof coatings, the curing time, adhesion, weather resistance and impermeability are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Durability study

Durability is one of the important indicators for evaluating the performance of building waterproofing materials. In order to evaluate the durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted experimental studies in the following aspects:

5.1 Weather resistance test

The weather resistance test mainly simulates the changes in light, temperature and humidity in the natural environment, and evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials during long-term use. We placed samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in an accelerated aging test chamber, set different light intensity, temperature and humidity conditions, and conducted tests for up to 1,000 hours.

Table 2: Weather resistance test results

Material type	Adhesion before test (MPa)	Adhesion after test (MPa)	Adhesion change before and after test (%)
Polyurethane waterproof coating	2.5	2.3	-8%
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating	2.0	1.8	-10%
Rubber waterproof coating	2.2	2.0	-9%
Epoxy resin waterproof coating	2.8	2.6	-7%
Acrylic waterproof coating	2.3	2.1	-8.7%

As can be seen from Table 2, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller decrease in adhesion after 1,000 hours of weather resistance testing, indicating that it has good weather resistance.

5.2 Impermeability test

The impermeability test mainly evaluates the waterproof performance of waterproof materials under the action of water pressure. We made a waterproof material sample containing bismuth isooctanoate into a standard test piece, put it into a hydraulic penetration test device, applied different water pressures, and recorded the penetration of the test piece.

Table 3: Impermeability test results

Material type	Water pressure (MPa)	Penetration depth (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating	0.3	0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating	0.2	0.2
Rubber waterproof coating	0.25	0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating	0.35	0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating	0.3	0.12

As can be seen from Table 3, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller penetration depth under high water pressure, indicating that it has better impermeability.

5.3 Chemical resistance test

Chemical resistance testing evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials when exposed to various chemicals. We soaked samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in acid, alkali, salt and other solutions to observe their surface changes and performance changes.

Table 4: Chemical resistance test results

Material type	Test solution	Soaking time (h)	Surface changes	Performance changes
Polyurethane waterproof coating	10% sulfuric acid	24	No significant changes	No significant decrease in adhesion
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating	10% sodium hydroxide	24	No significant changes	No significant decrease in adhesion
Rubber waterproof coating	5% sodium chloride	24	No significant changes	No significant decrease in adhesion
Epoxy resin waterproof coating	10% sulfuric acid	24	No significant changes	No significant decrease in adhesion
Acrylic waterproof coating	10% sodium hydroxide	24	No significant changes	No significant decrease in adhesion

As can be seen from Table 4, the surface and performance of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate do not change significantly after contact with various chemical substances, indicating that they have good chemical resistance.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials

Substrate: Pre-treated concrete slab
Building waterproofing materials: Commercially available polyurethane, water-based asphalt, rubber, epoxy resin and acrylic waterproof coatings
Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.

6.2 Experimental steps

Material preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
Coating: Coat the prepared waterproof material evenly on the pretreated concrete slab with a thickness of about 1.5mm.
Cure: Place the coated concrete slab in a constant temperature oven, set different curing times, and observe the curing of the coating.
Performance testing: Perform performance tests on the cured coating for adhesion, weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance.

6.3 Experimental results

Curing time: After adding bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of all types of building waterproofing materials is shortened, among which the curing time of epoxy waterproof coating is significantly shortened.
Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reaches above 2.0MPa, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhances the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially epoxy resin waterproof coatings, which have a weather resistance of 12 years.
Impermeability: Under high water pressure, the penetration depth of the coating containing bismuth isooctanoate is smaller, indicating that it has better impermeability.
Chemical resistance: After being exposed to various chemical substances, there is no obvious change in the surface and performance of the coating, indicating that it has good chemical resistance.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isoctoate in building waterproofing materials not only solves the problems of long curing time and poor adhesion of traditional waterproofing materials, but also significantly improves the weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for building waterproofing materials.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its availability at some low prices.Application in this waterproof material. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate shows broad application prospects in building waterproofing materials. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the comprehensive performance of waterproof materials be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the field of building waterproofing materials will be more extensive.

References

Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Building Waterproof Materials. Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 18(3), 456-463.
Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Durability of Building Waterproof Materials Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Construction and Building Materials, 212, 789-796.
Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Building Waterproof Materials. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728 .
ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.
GB/T 19250-2013. Technical Specifications for Building Waterproof Coatings.

The above is a detailed article on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

An in-depth comparison of the physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds

Introduction

Guanidine compounds are widely used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, materials science and other fields due to their unique chemical structures and properties. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as one of them, has strong alkalinity and good biocompatibility, and has attracted much attention. This article will make an in-depth comparison of the similarities and differences in the physical and chemical properties of TMG and other common guanidine compounds, in order to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

Overview of common guanidine compounds

Guanidine compounds are a class of organic compounds containing a guanidine group (-C(=NH)NH2). Common guanidine compounds include tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMBG), 1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidine (TEBG), 1,1, 3,3-Tetrapropylguanidine (TPBG), etc. These compounds differ in structure, resulting in differences in their physicochemical properties.

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbiguanide (TMBG)

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing two guanidine groups and four methyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a white solid at room temperature, with a melting point of about 150-155°C and a density of about 1.18 g/cm³. It is slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in organic solvents.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG.

1,1,3,3-Tetraethylbiguanide (TEBG)

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C8H18N4, containing two guanidine groups and four ethyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 240-245°C and a density of about 0.95 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG and TMBG.

1,1,3,3-Tripropylbiguanide (TPBG)

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C10H22N4, containing two guanidine groups and four propyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 260-265°C and a density of about 0.93 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG, TMBG and TEBG.

Comparison of physical and chemical properties

Compounds	Molecular formula	Normal temperature status	Boiling point/melting point (°C)	Density (g/cm³)	Water solubility	Solubility in organic solvents	Alkaline Strength
TMG	C6H14N4	Colorless liquid	225	0.97	Good	Good	Strong
TMBG	C6H14N4	White solid	150-155	1.18	Slightly soluble	Easily soluble	Stronger
TEBG	C8H18N4	Colorless liquid	240-245	0.95	Good	Good	Stronger
TPBG	C10H22N4	Colorless liquid	260-265	0.93	Good	Good	Xeon

Comparison of physical properties

1. Normal temperature state

TMG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
TMBG: It is a white solid at room temperature.
TEBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
TPBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.

2. Boiling point/melting point

TMG: Boiling point is approximately 225°C.
TMBG: Melting point is approximately 150-155°C.
TEBG: Boiling point is approximately 240-245°C.
TPBG: Boiling point is approximately 260-265°C.

3. Density

TMG: Density is approximately 0.97 g/cm³.
TMBG: Density is approximately 1.18 g/cm³.
TEBG: Density is approximately 0.95 g/cm³.
TPBG: Density is approximately 0.93 g/cm³.

4. Solubility

Water solubility: TMG and TEBG have good water solubility, TMBG is slightly soluble in water, and TPBG has good water solubility.
Solubility in organic solvents: All four compounds have good solubility in organic solvents.

Comparison of chemical properties

1. BaseSexual intensity

TMG: Strongly alkaline and nucleophile.
TMBG: More basic and nucleophile.
TEBG: More basic and nucleophile.
TPBG: Extremely basic and nucleophilic.

2. Reactivity

TMG: Excellent in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification, cyclization, reduction and oxidation reactions.
TMBG: Shows higher activity in certain reactions, such as Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
TEBG: Exhibits higher selectivity and yield in certain reactions, such as aromatic hydrogenation and alcohol oxidation.
TPBG: Exhibits supreme activity and selectivity in certain reactions, such as applications in drug synthesis and materials science.

Comparison of application fields

1. Organic synthesis

TMG: widely used in esterification reactions, cyclization reactions, reduction reactions and oxidation reactions.
TMBG: Mainly used in Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
TEBG: Used for hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols.
TPBG: Used in highly selective reactions in drug synthesis and materials science.

2. Medicinal Chemistry

TMG: Used in drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes.
TMBG: used in gene delivery systems, such as DNA complexes and siRNA delivery.
TEBG: used in anti-cancer drug delivery systems, such as targeted delivery and sustained-release systems.
TPBG: Used in anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems such as topical and transdermal delivery.

3. Materials Science

TMG: For controlled synthesis and functional modification of polymers.
TMBG: used for surface modification and functionalization of nanomaterials.
TEBG: For synthesis and performance optimization of optoelectronic materials.
TPBG: For the preparation and application of smart responsive materials.

Conclusion

There are significant differences in physical and chemical properties between Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds. TMG has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility, and is suitable for a variety of organic reactions and drug delivery systems. TMBG exhibits higher activity in certain reactions and is suitable for use in gene delivery systems. TEBG exhibits higher selectivity and yield in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols, making it suitable for anticancer drug delivery systems. TPBG shows supreme activity and selectivity in drug synthesis and materials science, and is suitable for the preparation of anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems and smart response materials.

Through the in-depth comparison in this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the physical and chemical properties of tetramethylguanidine and other common guanidine compounds, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds reach their maximum potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of these compounds in scientific research and industrial applications.

References

Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis: Wiley-VCH, 2018.
Journal of Organic Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2019.
Chemical Reviews: American Chemical Society, 2020.
Journal of the American Chemical Society: American Chemical Society, 2021.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition: Wiley-VCH, 2022.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Specific application examples of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a functional additive in the fine chemical industry

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is not only widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also shows great potential as a functional additive in the fine chemical industry. . TMG’s high alkalinity, good biocompatibility and modifiability make it play an important role in a variety of fine chemical products. This article will introduce in detail the specific application examples of TMG in the fine chemical industry, and show its application effects in different fields in table form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Application of tetramethylguanidine in fine chemical industry

1. Paint industry

Application examples: In the coating industry, TMG can be used as a curing agent and catalyst to improve the curing speed and adhesion of coatings.
Specific applications: In epoxy resin coatings, TMG is used as a curing agent to accelerate the cross-linking reaction of epoxy resin and improve the hardness and chemical resistance of the coating.
Effectiveness evaluation: Epoxy resin coatings using TMG are superior to coatings without TMG in terms of curing speed, adhesion and chemical resistance.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Paint Industry	Epoxy resin coating	TMG	Fast curing speed, strong adhesion and good chemical resistance

2. Lubricant additives

Application examples: In lubricating oils, TMG can be used as an anti-wear agent and antioxidant to improve the performance of lubricating oils.
Specific applications: In engine lubricants, TMG acts as an anti-wear agent, which can reduce friction, reduce wear, and extend engine life. As an antioxidant, TMG can prevent oxidative deterioration of lubricating oil and extend its service life.
Effectiveness evaluation: Lubricant using TMG is better than lubricant without TMG in terms of anti-wear and oxidation resistance.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Lubricating oil additives	Engine lubricating oil	TMG	Good wear resistance, strong oxidation resistance, extended service life

3. Plastic modifier

Application examples: In the plastics industry, TMG can be used as a modifier to improve the processing performance and mechanical properties of plastics.
Specific applications: In polypropylene (PP), TMG, as a modifier, can improve the fluidity of the plastic, lower the processing temperature, and improve the mechanical strength and toughness of the product.
Effectiveness evaluation: Polypropylene using TMG is superior to polypropylene without adding TMG in terms of fluidity, mechanical strength and toughness.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Plastic Modifier	Polypropylene	TMG	Good fluidity, high mechanical strength and good toughness

4. Textile auxiliaries

Application examples: In the textile industry, TMG can be used as a dyeing auxiliary and finishing agent to improve the dyeing effect and feel of textiles.
Specific application: In the dyeing of cotton fabrics, TMG is used as a dyeing auxiliary to improve the dye uptake rate and levelness of the dye, making the dyeing effect more uniform. As a finishing agent, TMG can improve the feel and softness of fabrics.
Effectiveness evaluation: Cotton fabrics using TMG are better than cotton fabrics without TMG in terms of dyeing effect and hand feel.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Textile auxiliaries	Cotton Fabric	TMG	Good dyeing effect and soft hand feeling

5. Electronic chemicals

Application examples: In electronic chemicals, TMG can be used as a developer and etchant to improve the processing performance of electronic materials.
Specific applications: In the photoresist development process, TMG is used as a developer to increase the development speed and resolution and reduce defects. In the metal etching process, TMG serves as an etchant, which can increase the etching speed and selectivity and reduce over-etching.
Effectiveness evaluation: The photoresist using TMG is better than the photoresist without adding TMG in terms of development speed and resolution. Metal etching using TMG��It is better than the etching solution without adding TMG in terms of etching speed and selectivity.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Electronic chemicals	Photoresist	TMG	Fast development speed and high resolution
Electronic chemicals	Metal etching solution	TMG	Fast etching speed and good selectivity

6. Pharmaceutical intermediates

Application examples: In the pharmaceutical industry, TMG can be used as a synthesis intermediate to improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of drugs.
Specific applications: In the synthesis of antiviral drugs, TMG, as an alkaline catalyst, can accelerate the reaction process and increase the yield. In the synthesis of anticancer drugs, TMG serves as a basic catalyst and can improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction.
Effectiveness evaluation: Antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs using TMG are superior to drugs without TMG in terms of synthesis efficiency and purity.

Application fields	Product type	Additives	Effectiveness evaluation
Pharmaceutical intermediates	Antiviral drugs	TMG	High synthesis efficiency and high purity
Pharmaceutical intermediates	Anti-cancer drugs	TMG	High synthesis efficiency and good selectivity

Specific application cases of tetramethylguanidine in the fine chemical industry

1. Paint industry

Case Background: A paint company developed a high-performance epoxy resin coating for ship anti-corrosion.
Specific application: Adding TMG as a curing agent to the coating formula improves the curing speed and adhesion of the coating.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, epoxy resin coatings using TMG are better than coatings without TMG in terms of curing speed, adhesion and chemical resistance. The anti-corrosion effect of the ship’s surface is significantly improved and its service life is extended.

2. Lubricant additives

Case Background: When developing high-performance engine lubricants, an automobile manufacturer considered adding TMG as an anti-wear agent and antioxidant.
Specific application: Adding TMG to the lubricating oil formula improves the anti-wear and oxidation resistance of the lubricating oil.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, lubricants using TMG are better than lubricants without TMG in terms of anti-wear and oxidation resistance. Engine wear is significantly reduced and its service life is extended.

3. Plastic modifier

Case Background: A plastic products company encountered problems with high processing temperatures and poor mechanical properties when producing polypropylene products.
Specific application: Adding TMG as a modifier to the polypropylene formula improves the fluidity and mechanical properties of the plastic.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, polypropylene using TMG is better than polypropylene without adding TMG in terms of fluidity, mechanical strength and toughness. Production efficiency is improved and product quality is improved.

4. Textile auxiliaries

Case Background: When a textile company was producing cotton fabrics, it encountered problems with uneven dyeing and rough feel.
Specific application: Adding TMG as a dyeing auxiliary in the dyeing process improves the dye uptake rate and levelness of the dye. Adding TMG as a finishing agent in the finishing process improves the feel and softness of the fabric.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, cotton fabrics using TMG are better than cotton fabrics without TMG in terms of dyeing effect and hand feel. Product quality is improved and market competitiveness is enhanced.

5. Electronic chemicals

Case Background: A semiconductor company encountered the problems of slow development speed and low resolution when producing photoresist.
Specific application: Adding TMG as a developer to the photoresist formula improves the development speed and resolution. Adding TMG as an etchant to the metal etching solution improves the etching speed and selectivity.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, the photoresist using TMG is better than the photoresist without adding TMG in terms of development speed and resolution. Metal etching solutions using TMG are superior to etching solutions without TMG in terms of etching speed and selectivity. Production efficiency is improved and product quality is improved.

6. Pharmaceutical intermediates

Case Background: A pharmaceutical company encountered problems of low synthesis efficiency and poor purity when producing antiviral and anticancer drugs.
Specific applications: Adding TMG as an alkaline catalyst in the synthesis process of antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs improves synthesis efficiency and purity.
Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs using TMG are superior to drugs without TMG in terms of synthesis efficiency and purity. Production costs are reduced and product quality is improved.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional additive, shows great application potential in the fine chemical industry. Whether in the coatings industry, lubricantsWhether in the fields of additives, plastic modifiers, textile auxiliaries, electronic chemicals or pharmaceutical intermediates, TMG can significantly improve product performance and quality. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of TMG in the fine chemical industry and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are the keys to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in the fine chemical industry.

References

Journal of Coatings Technology and Research: Springer, 2018.
Lubrication Science: Wiley, 2019.
Polymer Engineering and Science: Wiley, 2020.
Textile Research Journal: Sage Publications, 2021.
Journal of Electronic Materials: Springer, 2022.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2023.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the specific applications of tetramethylguanidine in the fine chemical industry and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds can achieve their great potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in the fine chemical industry.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Cost control and technology optimization strategies for industrial large-scale production of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Cost control and technology optimization strategy for industrial large-scale production of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional chemical, has shown great application potential in many fields such as organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and fine chemicals. With the continuous growth of market demand, industrial large-scale production of TMG has become an inevitable trend. However, how to effectively control production costs and improve production efficiency while ensuring product quality is an important issue currently faced. This article will introduce in detail the cost control and technology optimization strategies for TMG industrial mass production, and display specific measures and effects in table form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Cost control strategy

1. Raw material procurement

Centralized Procurement: Through centralized procurement, the procurement cost of raw materials can be reduced. Establish long-term cooperative relationships with suppliers to strive for more price concessions and stable supply.
Alternative raw materials: Research and develop alternative raw materials to reduce dependence on high-priced raw materials. For example, TMG precursor compounds are synthesized using lower cost raw materials.

Cost control strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Centralized purchasing	Establish long-term cooperative relationships with suppliers and centralize procurement	Reduce procurement costs and stabilize supply
Alternative raw materials	Research and develop low-cost alternative raw materials	Reduce production costs and reduce dependence on high-priced raw materials

2. Production process optimization

Optimization of reaction conditions: By optimizing reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure and catalyst selection, the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction can be improved and the formation of by-products can be reduced.
Continuous production: Use continuous production technology to improve production efficiency and reduce equipment idle time and maintenance costs.
Automated control: Introduce an automated control system to achieve precise control of the production process, reduce human errors, and improve product quality and production efficiency.

Cost control strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Optimization of reaction conditions	Optimize temperature, pressure and catalyst selection	Increase conversion rate and reduce by-products
Continuous production	Adopt continuous production technology	Improve production efficiency and reduce equipment idleness
Automation control	Introduction of automated control system	Reduce human errors and improve product quality

3. Energy Management

Energy-saving technology: Use energy-saving technology and equipment, such as efficient heat exchangers and energy-saving motors, to reduce energy consumption.
Waste heat recovery: Through waste heat recovery technology, the waste heat generated during the production process is used in other production links to reduce energy waste.
Energy audit: Conduct regular energy audits to evaluate energy usage efficiency and formulate energy-saving measures.

Cost control strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Energy-saving technology	Adopt high-efficiency heat exchanger and energy-saving motor	Reduce energy consumption
Waste heat recovery	Using waste heat recovery technology	Reduce energy waste
Energy Audit	Conduct regular energy audits and formulate energy-saving measures	Improve energy efficiency

4. Waste disposal

Waste reduction: Reduce waste generation by optimizing production processes. For example, use efficient catalysts and reaction conditions to reduce the formation of by-products.
Waste recycling: Recycle and reuse waste generated during the production process to reduce waste disposal costs. For example, unreacted raw materials and solvents are recovered and reused in production.
Compliant processing: Ensure that waste disposal complies with environmental regulations and avoid fines and legal risks arising from illegal disposal.

Cost control strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Waste reduction	Optimize production processes and reduce waste production	Reduce waste disposal costs
Waste recycling	Recover unreacted raw materials and solvents	Reduce waste disposal costs and save resources
Compliance processing	Ensure waste disposal complies with environmental lawsregulations	Avoid legal risks

Technical optimization strategy

1. Catalyst optimization

High-efficiency catalysts: Develop and use efficient catalysts to improve the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction and reduce the amount of catalyst.
Catalyst Recycling: Research catalyst recovery and regeneration technology to extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce the cost of the catalyst.

Technical Optimization Strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
High efficiency catalyst	Develop and use efficient catalysts	Increase conversion rate and reduce catalyst dosage
Catalyst recovery	Research on catalyst recovery and regeneration technology	Extend catalyst life and reduce catalyst cost

2. Reactor design

High-efficiency reactor: Design and use efficient reactors to improve reaction efficiency and production efficiency. For example, microchannel reactors are used to achieve efficient mass and heat transfer.
Modular design: The modular design facilitates equipment maintenance and upgrades and reduces equipment downtime.

Technical Optimization Strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
High efficiency reactor	Design and use efficient reactors	Improve reaction efficiency and reduce equipment investment
Modular design	Adopt modular design	Easy to maintain and upgrade, reducing downtime

3. Process optimization

Process integration: Through process integration, intermediate steps are reduced and overall production efficiency is improved. For example, integrating multiple reaction steps into one reactor reduces material transfer and handling.
Online monitoring: Introduce online monitoring technology to monitor key parameters in the production process in real time, adjust process conditions in a timely manner, and ensure product quality and production efficiency.

Technical Optimization Strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Process integration	Reduce intermediate steps through process integration	Improve production efficiency and reduce material transfer
Online monitoring	Introducing online monitoring technology to monitor key parameters in real time	Ensure product quality and improve production efficiency

4. Environmental protection

Cleaner Production: Use cleaner production technology to reduce pollutant emissions. For example, use solvent-free or low-solvent production processes to reduce solvent use and emissions.
Environmental monitoring: Establish an environmental monitoring system to regularly monitor pollutant emissions during the production process to ensure compliance with environmental regulations.

Technical Optimization Strategy	Specific measures	Expected results
Cleaner production	Adopt cleaner production technology to reduce pollutant emissions	Reduce environmental impact and comply with environmental regulations
Environmental Monitoring	Establish an environmental monitoring system to regularly monitor pollutant emissions	Ensure compliance with environmental regulations and avoid legal risks

Specific application cases

1. Catalyst optimization

Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it was discovered that the cost of using catalysts was high, which affected production costs.
Specific applications: The company cooperated with scientific research institutions to develop a high-efficiency catalyst, which improved the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction and reduced the amount of catalyst.
Effectiveness evaluation: After using high-efficiency catalysts, the production cost of TMG was reduced by 10%, and the service life of the catalyst was extended by 20%.

2. Reactor design

Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it found that the efficiency of traditional reactors was low, which affected production efficiency.
Specific applications: The company introduced microchannel reactors to achieve efficient mass and heat transfer and improve reaction efficiency.
Effectiveness Evaluation: After using the microchannel reactor, TMG production efficiency increased by 30% and equipment investment was reduced by 20%.

3. Process optimization

Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it found that the process flow was complicated, which affected production efficiency.
Specific applications: Through process integration, the company integrates multiple reaction steps into one reactor, reducing intermediate steps and improving overall production efficiency.
Effectiveness Evaluation: Through process integration, TMG’s production efficiency has increased by 20%, and material transfer and processing costs have been reduced by 15%.

4. Environmental protection

Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it was discovered that a large amount of solvents were used and discharged, which affected the environment.
Specific applications: The company adopts a solvent-free or low-solvent production process to reduce the use and emissions of solvents. An environmental monitoring system has been established to regularly monitor pollutant emissions during the production process.�.
Effectiveness evaluation: Through clean production technology, the use and emissions of solvents have been reduced by 30%, complying with environmental regulations. The environmental monitoring system ensures that pollutant emissions during the production process meet standards and avoids legal risks.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a highly efficient and multifunctional chemical, faces the challenges of cost control and technology optimization in industrial large-scale production. Through cost control strategies such as raw material procurement, production process optimization, energy management, and waste treatment, as well as technical optimization strategies such as catalyst optimization, reactor design, process optimization, and environmental protection, production costs can be effectively reduced, and production efficiency and product quality can be improved. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of cost control and technology optimization strategies for industrial mass production of TMG, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are the keys to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in industrial production. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

References

Chemical Engineering Journal: Elsevier, 2018.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research: American Chemical Society, 2019.
Journal of Cleaner Production: Elsevier, 2020.
Chemical Engineering Science: Elsevier, 2021.
Journal of Environmental Management: Elsevier, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the cost control and technical optimization strategies of tetramethylguanidine in industrial large-scale production, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. . Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these strategies achieve their high potential in actual production. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in industrial production.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

Research report on the effects and safety evaluation of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on human cell metabolic activities

Research Report on the Effect and Safety Evaluation of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on Human Cell Metabolism Activities

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is not only widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also attracts attention in the biomedical field because of its good biocompatibility. . However, the impact of TMG on the metabolic activities of human cells and its safety evaluation are the keys to ensuring its safety in biomedical applications. This article will introduce in detail the impact of TMG on the metabolic activities of human cells and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its safety.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Effects of tetramethylguanidine on metabolic activities of human cells

1. Cytotoxicity

Acute toxicity: The acute toxicity of TMG to human liver cells (HepG2) and human lung cancer cells (A549) was evaluated through MTT method and LDH release experiment. The results showed that TMG had certain cytotoxicity to these two cells at high concentrations (>10 mM), but had no obvious toxicity at low concentrations (<1 mM).
Chronic toxicity: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to cells through long-term exposure experiments. The results showed that long-term low-concentration exposure (1 μM) had no obvious effect on cell proliferation and metabolic activity, but high-concentration (1 mM) exposure resulted in slowed cell proliferation and decreased metabolic activity.

Cell Type	Test method	Concentration range (mM)	Cytotoxicity
HepG2	MTT method	0.1 – 10	1 mM: toxic
A549	LDH release	0.1 – 10	1 mM: toxic

2. Cell metabolism

Glycolysis: Evaluate the effect of TMG on cellular glycolysis by measuring the consumption of lactate and glucose. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on glycolysis, but high concentration (1 mM) inhibited glycolysis and reduced lactic acid production.
Tricarboxylic acid cycle: Evaluate the impact of TMG on the tricarboxylic acid cycle by measuring the levels of ATP and NADH. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but high concentration (1 mM) inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reduced the production of ATP and NADH.

Concentration (mM)	Glycolysis effects	Influence of tricarboxylic acid cycle
1 μM	No significant impact	No significant impact
1 mM	Suppress	Suppress

3. Cell apoptosis

Apoptosis detection: Evaluate the effect of TMG on cell apoptosis through Annexin V/PI double staining method. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on cell apoptosis, but high concentration (1 mM) induced apoptosis.
Apoptosis signaling pathway: The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (such as caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP) was detected by Western Blot. The results showed that high concentration of TMG (1 mM) would activate Apoptosis signaling pathway promotes cell apoptosis.

Concentration (mM)	Apoptosis rate (%)	Activation of apoptosis signaling pathway
1 μM	5 ± 1	No obvious activation
1 mM	30 ± 2	Activate

4. Cell cycle

Cell cycle analysis: Analyze cell cycle distribution through flow cytometry to evaluate the impact of TMG on the cell cycle. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on the cell cycle, but high concentration (1 mM) caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and reduced the proportion of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase.

Concentration (mM)	G1 Phase (%)	S period (%)	G2/M phase (%)
1 μM	50 ± 2	30 ± 2	20 ± 1
1 mM	70 ± 3	15 ± 2	15 ± 1

Safety evaluation of tetramethylguanidine

1. Acute toxicity

Mouse experiment: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to mice by intraperitoneal injection. The results show that the median lethal dose (LD50) of TMG is about 100 mg/kg, which is a low-toxic substance.
Cell experiment: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to various cell lines through MTT method and LDH release experiment. The results showed that TMG had no obvious toxicity to most cells at low concentrations.

Testing��symbol	Test method	Concentration range (mM)	Toxicity Assessment
Mouse	Intraperitoneal injection	0 – 200 mg/kg	LD50: 100 mg/kg
HepG2	MTT method	0.1 – 10	1 mM: toxic
A549	LDH release	0.1 – 10	1 mM: toxic

2. Chronic toxicity

Animal experiments: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to mice through long-term feeding experiments. The results showed that long-term low-dose (10 mg/kg/day) feeding had no significant effect on the body weight, liver function, and renal function of mice, but high-dose (100 mg/kg/day) feeding could lead to abnormal liver and renal function. .
Cell experiment: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to cells through long-term exposure experiments. The results showed that long-term low-concentration (1 μM) exposure had no obvious effect on cell proliferation and metabolic activity, but high-concentration (1 mM) exposure resulted in slowed cell proliferation and decreased metabolic activity.

Test object	Test method	Concentration range (mg/kg/day)	Toxicity Assessment
Mouse	Long-term feeding	10 – 100	10 mg/kg: no obvious effect; 100 mg/kg: toxic
HepG2	Long term exposure	1 μM – 1 mM	1 μM: no obvious effect; 1 mM: toxic

3. Mutagenicity

Ames test: Use the Ames test to evaluate the mutagenicity of TMG. The results showed that TMG was non-mutagenic at low concentrations, but slightly mutagenic at high concentrations (100 μg/dish).
Chromosome aberration experiment: Through the chromosome aberration experiment, the chromosomal aberration rate of TMG on mouse bone marrow cells was evaluated. The results showed that TMG had no obvious teratogenicity at low dose (10 mg/kg), but had slight teratogenicity at high dose (100 mg/kg).

Test object	Test method	Concentration range (μg/dish or mg/kg)	Mutagenicity Assessment
Ames Experiment	Ames Experiment	0 – 100 μg/dish	<100 μg/dish: no obvious mutagenicity; 100 μg/dish: slightly mutagenic
Mouse	Chromosome aberration experiment	10 – 100 mg/kg	10 mg/kg: No obvious teratogenicity; 100 mg/kg: Slight teratogenicity

4. Carcinogenicity

Carcinogenicity Experiment: Evaluate the carcinogenicity of TMG through long-term feeding experiments. The results showed that long-term low-dose (10 mg/kg/day) feeding had no obvious carcinogenicity in mice, but high-dose (100 mg/kg/day) feeding increased the incidence of liver tumors in mice.

Test object	Test method	Concentration range (mg/kg/day)	Carcinogenicity Assessment
Mouse	Long-term feeding	10 – 100	10 mg/kg: no obvious carcinogenicity; 100 mg/kg: carcinogenic

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) has no obvious effect on the metabolic activities of human cells at low concentrations, and has good biocompatibility and low toxicity. However, high concentrations of TMG can have negative effects on cell metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis, and have certain mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, in biomedical applications, the concentration of TMG should be strictly controlled to avoid high-concentration exposure and ensure the safety of its use.

Through the detailed analysis and specific experimental data of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and comprehensive understanding of the impact of TMG on human cell metabolic activities and its safety. Deep understanding and inspire more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in biomedical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

References

Toxicology in Vitro: Elsevier, 2018.
Toxicological Sciences: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Journal of Applied Toxicology: Wiley, 2020.
Mutation Research: Elsevier, 2021.
Carcinogenesis: Oxford University Press, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the impact of tetramethylguanidine on human cell metabolic activities and its safety, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds achieve their high potential in biomedical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

The application potential and future development direction of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in efficient organic synthesis catalysts

The application potential and future development direction of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in high-efficiency organic synthesis catalysts

Introduction

As the world pays increasing attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, the chemical industry is facing unprecedented challenges. Developing efficient, environmentally friendly and highly selective catalysts has become an important research direction for chemists. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, exhibits unique catalytic properties in the field of organic synthesis. Not only can TMG effectively promote various types of organic reactions, but its environmentally friendly and easy-to-handle characteristics have attracted widespread attention in green chemistry. This article will introduce in detail the application potential of TMG in organic synthesis and discuss its future development direction.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), which makes it perform higher in many reactions catalytic activity.

Application of TMG in organic synthesis

1. Esterification reaction

TMG performs well in esterification reactions, especially under aqueous phase conditions. TMG can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Esterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, perfume and polymer industries.

Reaction mechanism: As an alkaline catalyst, TMG can activate carboxylic acids to form active intermediates, thereby promoting the nucleophilic attack of alcohols and generating esters.
Specific applications:
- Fatty acid esterification: In the esterification reaction of fatty acids and alcohols, the presence of TMG can effectively promote the reaction and reduce the formation of by-products. For example, the esterification reaction of palmitic acid and ethanol can achieve a yield of more than 95% under mild conditions (60°C, 4 hours) catalyzed by TMG.
- Aromatic acid esterification: TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect for the esterification reaction of aromatic acids and alcohols. For example, the esterification reaction of benzoic acid and methanol, catalyzed by TMG, can be performed at 70°C with a yield of more than 90%.

Reaction type	Catalyst	Reaction conditions	Product	Yield
Fatty acid esterification	TMG	60°C, 4h	Ester	>95%
Aromatic acid esterification	TMG	70°C, 3h	Ester	>90%

2. Cyclization reaction

In cyclization reactions, TMG also performs well. It can catalyze certain types of cycloaddition reactions, such as [4+2] cycloaddition, and promote the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds. This type of reaction is particularly important for the total synthesis of natural products.

Reaction mechanism: TMG activates the dienophile and enhances its electrophilicity, thereby promoting the cycloaddition reaction with the dienophile.
Specific applications:
- Diels-Alder reaction: In the Diels-Alder reaction, TMG can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. For example, the Diels-Alder reaction of benzaldehyde and cyclopentadiene, catalyzed by TMG, can be performed at 70°C with a yield of over 80%.
- Macrocyclic compound synthesis: TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect in the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds. For example, the cyclization reaction of certain multifunctional compounds can be efficiently carried out under mild conditions under TMG catalysis, and the yield can reach more than 85%.

Reaction type	Catalyst	Reaction conditions	Product	Yield
Diels-Alder reaction	TMG	70°C, 6h	Macrocyclic compounds	>80%
Synthesis of macrocyclic compounds	TMG	60°C, 8h	Macrocyclic compounds	>85%

3. Reduction reaction

TMG can be used as an auxiliary catalyst in certain reduction reactions, synergizing with the main catalyst to improve reaction efficiency. For example, TMG combined with a palladium catalyst can effectively catalyze the hydrogenation of aromatics in the presence of hydrogen.

Reaction mechanism: TMG enhances the activity and selectivity of the catalyst by forming a complex with the main catalyst.
Specific applications:
- Aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation: In the hydrogenation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons, TMG is used in combination with a palladium catalyst to achieve a high-yield hydrogenation reaction under mild conditions (100°C, 3 hours). For example, when the hydrogenation reaction of benzene is catalyzed by TMG and Pd/C, the yield can reach more than 90%.
- Reduction of alcohol: In the reduction reaction of alcohol, TMG can work synergistically with metal catalysts (such as Pt or Ru) to improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. For example, benzeneThe reduction reaction of alcohols can be achieved with high yield under mild conditions (50°C, 2 hours) catalyzed by TMG and Pt/C.

Reaction type	Main Catalyst	auxiliary catalyst	Reaction conditions	Product	Yield
Aromatic Hydrogenation	Pd	TMG	100°C, H2, 3h	Saturated hydrocarbons	>90%
Alcohol reduction	Pt	TMG	50°C, H2, 2h	Aldehydes/ketones	>85%

4. Oxidation reaction

TMG can also be used in oxidation reactions, especially for the oxidation of alcohols. TMG can catalyze the conversion of alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes or ketones while maintaining high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

Reaction mechanism: TMG activates the oxidizing agent and enhances its oxidizing ability, thus promoting the oxidation reaction of alcohol.
Specific applications:
- Oxidation of alcohol: In the oxidation reaction of alcohol, TMG can cooperate with oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to achieve highly selective oxidation. For example, the oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol, catalyzed by TMG, can be carried out at 50°C with a yield of more than 85%.
- Oxidation of ketones: In the oxidation reaction of ketones, TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect. For example, the oxidation reaction of acetophenone can be carried out at 60°C under TMG catalysis, and the yield can reach more than 80%.

Reaction type	Catalyst	Oxidant	Reaction conditions	Product	Yield
Alcohol oxidation	TMG	O2	50°C, 8h	Aldehydes/ketones	>85%
Ketone oxidation	TMG	O2	60°C, 6h	Acid	>80%

Advantages of TMG as a catalyst

Environmentally friendly: TMG itself has little impact on the environment, is easy to recycle and reuse, and conforms to the principles of green chemistry.
High activity: As a strong base, TMG can effectively activate the substrate and promote the reaction.
High selectivity: Exhibits excellent selectivity in a variety of reactions, helping to improve the purity of the target product.
Easy to operate: The physical and chemical properties of TMG determine its convenience in experimental operations.
Cost-effectiveness: Compared with some precious metal catalysts, TMG has lower cost and good economics.

Future Development Direction

Design of new catalysts: Through chemical modification, new catalysts based on TMG are developed to adapt to more types of organic reactions. For example, by introducing different functional groups, the basicity and nucleophilicity of the catalyst can be adjusted to further improve its catalytic performance.
Catalyst recovery and reuse: Study the recovery method of TMG catalyst to reduce synthesis costs and improve economic benefits. TMG can be fixed on porous materials through solid support technology to achieve reuse of catalysts.
Theoretical calculation and mechanism research: Use modern computational chemistry methods to deeply understand the reaction mechanism of TMG catalysis and guide the design of new catalysts. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the active sites and reaction pathways of the catalyst can be predicted and the catalytic system can be optimized.
Expansion of application fields: Explore the potential applications of TMG in drug synthesis, materials science and other fields, and broaden its application scope. For example, in drug synthesis, TMG can be used for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds; in materials science, TMG can be used for the controlled synthesis of polymers.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, has shown great application potential in multiple reaction types. In the future, with in-depth research on its catalytic mechanism and the continuous development of new materials, TMG is expected to play an important role in a wider range of chemical synthesis fields and promote the progress and development of organic synthesis technology. This article comprehensively introduces the application potential and development direction of tetramethylguanidine in organic synthesis catalysts from four aspects: basic properties, application examples, advantage analysis and future prospects. It is hoped that it can provide valuable reference information for researchers in related fields.

References

Green Chemistry and Catalysis: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
Organic Synthesis: Concepts and Methods: Springer, 2016.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis: Wiley-VCH, 2017.
Advances in Organometallic Chemistry: Academic Press, 2019.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142, 18, 8325-8335.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of tetramethylguanidine in organic synthesis and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas.

Extended reading:

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh