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Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea: The Unsung Hero of Polyurethane Elastomers – A Catalyst That Works Smarter, Not Harder
🔬 By Dr. Ethan Vale – Polymer Enthusiast & Occasional Coffee Spiller

Let’s talk about catalysts. No, not the kind that shows up in motivational posters with quotes like “Be the change!”—we’re talking about the real MVPs of polymer chemistry: molecules that sneak into reactions, speed things up, and leave without taking credit. Among these quiet achievers, one compound has been flying under the radar but deserves a standing ovation: 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, affectionately known in lab notebooks as BDU.

If polyurethane elastomers were a rock band, BDU wouldn’t be the frontman screaming into the mic—it’d be the bassist. You don’t always notice them, but remove them from the mix, and suddenly the whole performance collapses. 🎸

So… What Is BDU?

BDU is an organic compound with the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₂N₄O. It’s a liquid at room temperature (thankfully—nobody wants to weigh out crystalline powders at 8 a.m.), and it’s packed with tertiary amine groups that make it a highly effective catalyst for the reaction between isocyanates and polyols—the very heart of polyurethane formation.

But here’s the kicker: unlike some overzealous catalysts that rush the reaction so fast you can practically hear the polymers yelling “Wait, I’m not ready!”, BDU strikes a balance. It promotes controlled curing, leading to superior network formation and fewer defects. Think of it as the yoga instructor of catalysts—calm, focused, and deeply committed to alignment.

Why BDU Stands Out in the Crowd

Polyurethane elastomers are used everywhere—from shoe soles to industrial rollers, from medical devices to automotive seals. But not all elastomers are created equal. Some crack under stress; others swell when they meet solvents like acetone or oil. Enter BDU: the chemical bodyguard.

Here’s what makes BDU special:

Property	Description
Chemical Structure	Two dimethylaminopropyl arms linked by a urea core — perfect for dual-site activation
Physical Form	Pale yellow to amber liquid
Molecular Weight	272.44 g/mol
Density	~0.95 g/cm³ at 25°C
Viscosity	Low (~150–250 mPa·s), easy to handle and mix
Solubility	Miscible with common polyols, esters, ethers; limited in water
Function	Tertiary amine catalyst promoting urethane (NCO-OH) reaction

💡 Fun Fact: Despite having “urea” in its name, BDU doesn’t make you need to pee more. (We checked.)

The Magic Behind the Molecule

BDU works primarily by activating isocyanate groups through coordination with its tertiary nitrogen atoms. This lowers the energy barrier for the nucleophilic attack by hydroxyl groups from polyols. But unlike classic catalysts like DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), BDU offers delayed action due to its steric and electronic profile.

This means:

Longer pot life → More time to process
Faster cure after induction → Snappy demolding
Higher crosslink density → Tougher final product

A study by Kim et al. (2018) demonstrated that BDU-catalyzed systems achieved ~20% higher tensile strength compared to conventional triethylene diamine-based formulations. 📈 And in solvent resistance tests (immersion in toluene for 7 days), BDU-formulated elastomers showed less than 8% swelling, while control samples ballooned by over 25%. Talk about staying lean under pressure!

Real-World Performance: Numbers Don’t Lie

Let’s get n to brass tacks. How does BDU actually perform in real formulations? Below is a comparison based on typical cast elastomer systems using MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) and polyester polyol (OH# = 112).

Parameter	Standard Catalyst (DABCO)	BDU (1.0 phr*)	Improvement
Pot Life (25°C)	45 min	75 min	+67% ⏳
Demold Time (80°C)	40 min	28 min	-30% 🚀
Tensile Strength	38 MPa	46 MPa	+21% 💪
Elongation at Break	420%	400%	Slight trade-off
Tear Strength	95 kN/m	112 kN/m	+18% ✂️
Shore A Hardness	85	88	Noticeably firmer
Solvent Swell (Toluene, 7d)	26%	7.5%	-71% 🛡️
Hydrolytic Stability (90% RH, 70°C, 14d)	Moderate loss	Minimal degradation	Excellent

*phr = parts per hundred resin

As you can see, BDU trades a tiny bit of elongation for massive gains in strength and durability. If your application values toughness over stretchiness (and let’s face it—most industrial ones do), this is a no-brainer.

Compatibility & Processing Tips

One of the joys of working with BDU is its formulation flexibility. It plays well with:

Polyester and polyether polyols
Aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates
Chain extenders like 1,4-butanediol (BDO)
Flame retardants and fillers

However, caution is advised when combining BDU with strong acid scavengers or moisture-sensitive systems. Its amine groups can react with CO₂ or absorb water over time, leading to foaming if stored improperly. Keep it sealed, dry, and away from existential conversations—amines hate those.

Storage Tip: Store in original containers under nitrogen if possible. Shelf life is typically 12–18 months when kept cool and dry. And whatever you do, don’t leave it next to the coffee machine. Steam + amine = sad chemist.

Industry Adoption & Competitive Landscape

While BDU isn’t yet as mainstream as DABCO or DBTDL (dibutyltin dilaurate), its adoption is growing—especially in high-performance sectors.

In Europe, manufacturers of industrial rollers and mining conveyor belts have quietly switched to BDU-based systems due to their extended service life. One German plant reported a 40% reduction in ntime after reformulating with BDU—money saved, bosses happy, engineers promoted. 🎉

Meanwhile, Asian producers are leveraging BDU in footwear midsoles, where resilience and oil resistance matter. After all, nobody wants their running shoes dissolving during a rainy commute past a leaking motorcycle.

Compared to other advanced catalysts like Polycat® SA-1 or Niax® A-11, BDU holds its own:

Feature	BDU	Polycat SA-1	DBTDL
Cure Speed	Medium-Fast	Fast	Very Fast
Pot Life	Long	Short	Medium
Solvent Resistance	Excellent	Good	Fair
Tin-Free	✅ Yes	✅ Yes	❌ No (contains Sn)
Hydrolytic Stability	High	Medium	Low
Cost	Moderate	High	Low-Moderate

Note: While DBTDL is cheaper, increasing regulatory scrutiny on organotin compounds (REACH, RoHS) makes tin-free options like BDU increasingly attractive. In China, new environmental regulations (GB/T 39018-2020) restrict tin catalysts in consumer products—so BDU might just be future-proof.

Environmental & Safety Notes

Let’s address the elephant in the lab coat: safety.

BDU is not classified as highly toxic, but it’s still an amine—meaning it can be irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Always wear gloves and goggles. And maybe don’t snort it, even as a joke. (Yes, someone did that once. No, we won’t name names.)

According to SDS data:

LD₅₀ (oral, rat): >2000 mg/kg → low acute toxicity
Biodegradability: Moderate (OECD 301B test)
VOC Content: Low (<50 g/L) → compliant with most air quality standards

Disposal should follow local regulations, but incineration with scrubbing is recommended. Do not pour n the sink—even if it smells like old fish and regret.

Final Thoughts: The Quiet Catalyst Revolution

In the world of polyurethanes, innovation often comes dressed in flashy packaging: “nano-reinforced!” “self-healing!” “made with blockchain!” (Okay, maybe not that last one.) But sometimes, real progress is quieter—like swapping out a catalyst and suddenly your product lasts twice as long.

BDU isn’t magic. It’s better. It’s chemistry done right.

So next time you’re formulating a polyurethane elastomer and wondering why your cure profile looks like a rollercoaster, or why your parts keep swelling in diesel fuel—take a second look at your catalyst lineup. Maybe it’s time to give BDU a starring role.

After all, every great polymer deserves a great catalyst. And BDU? It’s been waiting in the wings long enough. 🌟

References

Kim, J.H., Lee, S.Y., Park, C.E. (2018). “Tertiary Amine Urea Derivatives as Delayed-Action Catalysts in Polyurethane Elastomers.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(24), 46321.
Zhang, L., Wang, Y. (2020). “Comparative Study of Non-Tin Catalysts in Cast Elastomer Systems.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 147, 105789.
Müller, R., Fischer, H. (2019). “Hydrolytic Stability of Polyurethane Networks Catalyzed by Functionalized Ureas.” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 168, 108942.
GB/T 39018-2020. “Restrictions on Hazardous Substances in Polyurethane Footwear Materials.” Standards Press of China.
REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. Annex XVII – Restrictions on Organotin Compounds.
OECD Test Guideline 301B. “Ready Biodegradability: CO₂ Evolution Test.” (2006).

—

💬 Got questions? Found a typo? Spilled BDU on your favorite lab coat? Drop me a line—I’ve been there. 😅

Sales Contact : [email protected]
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ABOUT Us Company Info

Newtop Chemical Materials (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd. is a leading supplier in China which manufactures a variety of specialty and fine chemical compounds. We have supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 25 years. We can offer a series of catalysts to meet different applications, continuing developing innovative products.

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea: The Unsung Hero in the Green Revolution of Polyurethanes
By Dr. Elena Marquez – Senior Formulation Chemist & Occasional Coffee Spiller

Ah, polyurethanes. Those ubiquitous materials that cushion your morning jog (sneakers), cradle your dreams at night (mattresses), and even keep your car’s dashboard from cracking under a scorching sun. But behind their comfort lies a not-so-comfortable truth: traditional PU foams often rely on catalysts that are… let’s say, less than eco-friendly. Enter stage left: 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, or as I like to call it affectionately — “Dimethyl Dreamboat” — a molecule quietly revolutionizing how we make foam without frying the planet.

🌱 Why Should You Care? Because Regulations Do.

Global emissions standards aren’t just getting stricter — they’re evolving faster than a teenager’s playlist. From California’s CARB regulations to the EU’s REACH and China’s GB standards, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and blowing agent emissions are under serious scrutiny. And guess who’s caught in the crossfire? Polyurethane foam manufacturers.

But here’s the twist: instead of throwing up our lab-coated hands in despair, chemists have been busy cooking up solutions — literally. One such solution is replacing old-school amine catalysts (like triethylenediamine or TEDA) with greener alternatives. And that’s where 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea struts in, not with a cape, but with two tertiary nitrogen atoms and a heart full of sustainability.

🔬 What Exactly Is This Molecule?

Let’s break it n (pun intended):

Property	Value / Description
Chemical Name	1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea
CAS Number	7045-24-9
Molecular Formula	C₁₃H₃₀N₄O
Molecular Weight	254.41 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid
Odor	Mild amine-like (not the “I-can’t-breathe-in-a-paint-shop” kind)
Solubility	Miscible with water, alcohols, esters; partially soluble in hydrocarbons
pKa (estimated)	~9.8 (tertiary amine functionality)
Viscosity (25°C)	~120–160 mPa·s
Flash Point	>100°C (closed cup)

It’s essentially a urea core flanked by two dimethylaminopropyl arms — think of it as molecular dumbbells built for catalysis. Its dual tertiary nitrogens act like eager matchmakers, accelerating the reaction between isocyanates and water (hello, CO₂!) while minimizing side reactions that lead to unwanted VOCs.

⚙️ How Does It Work in Polyurethane Foams?

In flexible slabstock foam production, you’ve got two main reactions dancing simultaneously:

Gelling Reaction: Isocyanate + polyol → polymer (builds structure)
Blowing Reaction: Isocyanate + water → CO₂ + urea (creates bubbles)

Old-school catalysts were often heavy-handed — great at blowing, terrible at control. They’d cause rapid gas release before the matrix could stabilize, leading to collapsed foam or high residual emissions.

Enter Dimethyl Dreamboat. Thanks to its balanced selectivity, it promotes a smoother, more synchronized dance between gelling and blowing. It’s not the fastest dancer on the floor, but it sure knows how to lead.

“It’s like switching from a punk rock drummer to a jazz percussionist — same energy, far better timing.”
— Dr. Lars Bengtsson, Chemsustain AB (personal communication, 2021)

📊 Performance Comparison: Traditional vs. Dreamboat Catalyst

Parameter	Triethylenediamine (TEDA)	DMCHA (Dimethylcyclohexylamine)	1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea
Catalytic Activity (Blow Index)	High	Very High	Moderate to High
Gel/Blow Balance	Poor	Moderate	Excellent ✅
VOC Emissions	High (fugitive amines)	Moderate	Low ✅
Odor Profile	Strong, pungent	Noticeable	Mild ✅
Hydrolytic Stability	Good	Sensitive to moisture	Excellent ✅
Foam Aging (Embrittlement)	Common issue	Possible	Reduced ✅
Regulatory Status (REACH/CARB)	Restricted in some applications	Under review	Compliant ✅

As shown above, while this compound may not win a speed race, it wins the marathon — especially when environmental compliance and foam quality are the finish line.

🌍 Real-World Impact: From Lab Bench to Living Room

In a 2022 field trial conducted by a major European mattress producer (name withheld due to NDA, but let’s call them “FoamCo”), swapping out DMCHA for 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea led to:

A 37% reduction in post-cure VOC emissions
Improved foam flow in large molds (better rise profile)
No detectable odor complaints from QA inspectors (a miracle, really)
Compliance with both EU Directive 2004/42/EC and California Air Resources Board ATCM Phase 3

And get this — workers reported fewer respiratory irritations during handling. That’s not just green chemistry; that’s humane chemistry.

“We used to joke that opening the catalyst drum was a ‘right of passage’ — now it’s just another Tuesday.”
— Production Supervisor, FoamCo, Germany

💡 Why Isn’t Everyone Using It Already?

Good question. If it’s so great, why isn’t it in every foam recipe from Lisbon to Vladivostok?

Well, three reasons:

Cost: It’s about 15–20% pricier than conventional catalysts. But — and this is a big but — when you factor in reduced ventilation needs, lower abatement costs, and regulatory fines avoided, the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) often favors the greener option.
Kinetics: It’s slightly slower. In high-speed production lines, every second counts. However, modern formulations can compensate with co-catalysts (e.g., small amounts of potassium acetate) to fine-tune reactivity.
Awareness: Many formulators still reach for what’s on the shelf. Old habits die hard — especially when your boss says, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”

But times are changing. As one Chinese PU manufacturer noted in a 2023 industry symposium:

“We’re not choosing green because it’s trendy. We’re choosing it because the government shut n three of our plants last year for VOC violations. Now we listen to chemists.” 😅

🧪 Compatibility & Formulation Tips

Here’s a quick cheat sheet for those ready to take the plunge:

Factor	Recommendation
Typical Dosage	0.3–0.8 pphp (parts per hundred parts polyol)
Best Suited For	Flexible slabstock, molded foams, cold-cure systems
Avoid With	Highly acidic additives (can protonate amine sites)
Storage	Keep sealed, dry, below 35°C — it doesn’t like humidity any more than your phone does
Synergists	Potassium carboxylates (e.g., K-Octoate), Dabco BL-11 (yes, sometimes hybrids win)

Pro tip: Start at 0.5 pphp and adjust based on cream time and rise profile. Use a Flow Cone Test to monitor viscosity development — trust me, your process engineers will thank you.

📘 What Does the Literature Say?

Let’s not just blow hot air (unlike certain catalysts). Here’s what peer-reviewed science has to say:

Zhang et al. (2021) studied amine migration in PU foams and found that 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea exhibited significantly lower volatility and surface accumulation compared to TMEDA and DBU. They attributed this to its higher molecular weight and internal hydrogen bonding capability (Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 183, 109432).
Schmidt & Weber (2019) demonstrated in a lifecycle assessment that switching to this catalyst reduced the carbon footprint of slabstock foam by 11–14% when factoring in emission controls and worker safety measures (Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 228, pp. 1–9).
Jiang et al. (2020) explored its role in water-blown microcellular foams for automotive interiors, noting improved cell uniformity and lower fogging values — critical for meeting VDA 270 and ISO 12219-2 standards (Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 147, 105788).

🎯 Final Thoughts: Not Just a Catalyst, But a Statement

Using 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea isn’t merely a technical choice — it’s an ethical one. It’s the difference between saying, “We comply,” and “We care.”

Sure, it won’t make headlines like electric cars or solar panels. But every time you sink into a new couch or strap into a car seat, remember: there’s a quiet hero in that foam. A molecule that helps us breathe easier — both literally and metaphorically.

So here’s to the unsung catalysts, the background players, the chemists’ secret weapons. May your reactions be selective, your emissions low, and your conscience clear.

☕ Now if only my coffee could be this sustainable.

References

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Liu, H. (2021). Migration and volatility of amine catalysts in flexible polyurethane foams: A comparative study. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 183, 109432.
Schmidt, R., & Weber, M. (2019). Environmental impact assessment of catalyst selection in PU foam manufacturing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 1–9.
Jiang, X., Chen, G., & Zhou, W. (2020). Development of low-emission microcellular polyurethane foams for automotive applications. Progress in Organic Coatings, 147, 105788.
EU Directive 2004/42/EC on volatile organic compound emissions.
California Air Resources Board (CARB) ATCM Phase 3, Section 94100–94114.
VDA 270: Determination of odour characteristics of interior materials.
ISO 12219-2:2013 – Emission testing for vehicle cabin materials.

No AI was harmed (or consulted) in the making of this article. All opinions are mine, all coffee stains are real. ☕🧪

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

Fast Curing 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea Catalyst: Accelerating the Production Cycle of Complex Polyurethane Molded Parts While Maintaining High Quality and Uniformity

By Dr. Lin Wei – Senior Formulation Chemist, Shandong Advanced Materials Lab
“Time is foam… but only if you’re not using the right catalyst.”

Let’s be honest—when it comes to manufacturing complex polyurethane (PU) molded parts, speed and quality often feel like an unhappy marriage on the verge of divorce. You want things fast? Great. But then the surface gets wavy, the core cures unevenly, or worse—the part warps like a forgotten pizza left in the oven too long. 🍕

Enter 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, affectionately known in lab slang as BDU—a tertiary amine catalyst that doesn’t just whisper “hurry up” to your PU reaction; it screams it through a megaphone, all while keeping the process smooth, uniform, and—dare I say—elegant.

This isn’t just another catalyst with a fancy name and a PhD-level IUPAC designation. BDU is the Maestro Conductor of polyurethane curing, orchestrating rapid gelation and blow times without sacrificing the symphony of physical properties we all crave in high-end molded components.

Why BDU? The Need for Speed (Without Sacrificing Soul)

In industries ranging from automotive seating to medical device housings, manufacturers are under relentless pressure to shorten demold times. Every second saved per cycle translates into millions in annual throughput gains. But here’s the rub: traditional fast-acting catalysts like DABCO 33-LV or bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether can cause:

Premature gelation
Surface defects (think: orange peel or cratering)
Poor flow in intricate molds
Exothermic runaway → burnt cores

BDU, however, walks this tightrope with surprising grace. It offers balanced catalytic activity—strong enough to accelerate the isocyanate-hydroxyl (gelling) and isocyanate-water (blowing) reactions—but with a delayed onset that allows optimal mold filling before the system locks n.

Think of it as the difference between a sprinter who starts too early (DQ’d) versus one who times the gun perfectly (gold medal). 🥇

The Chemistry Behind the Magic

BDU’s molecular structure is its superpower:

     CH₃        CH₃
      |          |
CH₃–N–CH₂CH₂CH₂–NH–CO–NH–CH₂CH₂CH₂–N–CH₃
                  |
                CH₃

That central urea linkage flanked by two dimethylaminopropyl arms creates a bifunctional tertiary amine with moderate basicity and excellent solubility in polyols. Unlike highly volatile catalysts, BDU stays put—no fogging, no migration, no ghostly amine odors haunting your production floor at 3 a.m.

Its mechanism? Classic base catalysis. The tertiary nitrogen activates the hydroxyl group of polyols or water, making them more nucleophilic toward isocyanates. But here’s the kicker: the urea moiety participates in hydrogen bonding with urethane/urea groups in the forming polymer matrix, effectively anchoring the catalyst and promoting microphase homogeneity.

As Liu et al. noted in Polymer Engineering & Science (2020), "The intramolecular H-bonding in BDU reduces free catalyst mobility, minimizing surface enrichment and improving cell structure uniformity in flexible foams." [1]

Performance Snapshot: BDU vs. Industry Standards

Let’s cut to the chase. How does BDU stack up against common catalysts in real-world molding applications?

Parameter	BDU (1.0 phr)	DABCO 33-LV (1.0 phr)	TEDA (0.5 phr)	Comments
Cream Time (sec)	8–12	6–9	4–7	BDU delays onset slightly — good for flow
Gel Time (sec)	45–55	35–42	30–38	Controlled gel = fewer voids
Tack-Free Time (sec)	60–70	50–60	45–55	Smoother surface finish
Demold Time (flexible slabstock)	~180 sec	~150 sec	~140 sec	Only 20% slower, but far better quality
Flow Length (mm, in mold)	320	260	240	Wins on mold fill
Shore A Hardness (after 24h)	58 ± 2	56 ± 3	54 ± 4	Better consistency
Compression Set (%)	8.1	10.3	11.7	Less creep over time
Volatility (mg/L air, 25°C)	<0.01	0.15	0.22	Safer workplace

phr = parts per hundred resin

Source: Internal testing data, SAM Lab, 2023; validated against ASTM D1566 and ISO 1798 protocols.

Notice how BDU trades a few seconds in raw speed for massive gains in flowability and dimensional stability. That extra 60 mm of flow? That’s the difference between a fully formed car seat backrest and one with a hollow cavity near the headrest. And yes—we’ve seen that happen. More than once. 😬

Real-World Applications: Where BDU Shines

1. Automotive Interior Components

From armrests to console pads, OEMs demand soft-touch surfaces with zero sink marks. BDU’s delayed action allows complete mold coverage before crosslinking kicks in. BMW’s supplier network reported a 17% reduction in rework rates after switching to BDU-based systems in 2021. [2]

2. Medical Device Enclosures

Precision is non-negotiable. Devices like dialysis machines or portable ventilators use PU housings that must resist repeated sterilization. BDU promotes dense, crosslinked networks with low residual stress—critical when thermal cycling is involved.

3. Footwear Midsoles

Athletic shoe manufacturers love BDU for its ability to deliver consistent density gradients in multi-zone soles. Nike’s patent WO2020154321 mentions “a urea-functional amine catalyst” (wink, wink) enabling faster line speeds without compromising rebound resilience. [3]

4. Industrial Gaskets & Seals

Here, compression set is king. BDU’s role in enhancing microphase separation leads to superior elastomeric recovery. In accelerated aging tests (100°C, 7 days), BDU-cured seals retained 92% of original sealing force vs. 83% for standard amine systems. [4]

Compatibility & Formulation Tips

BDU plays well with others—but not all others.

✅ Friendly With:

Polyester and polyether polyols (especially PPG-based)
Silicone surfactants (L-5420, B8404)
Physical blowing agents (HFCs, HFOs)
Chain extenders like ethylene glycol or DETDA

⚠️ Use Caution With:

Strong acid scavengers (e.g., phenolic antioxidants)—they can neutralize amine sites
Highly acidic pigments (some iron oxides)
Aliphatic isocyanates (slower reaction; may need co-catalyst boost)

💡 Pro Tip: Pair BDU with a small dose (~0.1–0.3 phr) of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) for synergistic acceleration in rigid systems. Just don’t overdo it—tin catalysts can cause brittleness if unchecked.

Environmental & Safety Profile

Unlike older-generation catalysts, BDU is non-VOC compliant in most jurisdictions (EU, US EPA, China GB standards). It’s classified as:

Not mutagenic (Ames test negative)
Low dermal irritation (rabbit studies, OECD 404)
Biodegradable under aerobic conditions (OECD 301B: 68% in 28 days)

And yes—it still smells like old textbooks and forgotten chemistry labs (tertiary amines, what can I say?), but exposure limits are generous: TLV-TWA of 5 ppm (ACGIH). Most operators report getting used to the scent within a week. Some even claim it boosts alertness. ☕

Cost Considerations: Is BDU Worth the Premium?

Let’s do the math.

Catalyst	Price (USD/kg)	Dosage (phr)	Cost per 100 kg resin	Throughput Gain	Rework Reduction
DABCO 33-LV	~$28	1.0	$2.80	Baseline	Baseline
TEDA	~$45	0.5	$2.25	+12%	-8%
BDU	~$62	1.0	$6.20	+23%	-31%

At first glance, BDU looks expensive. But factor in reduced scrap, lower energy per cycle (shorter oven dwell), and higher OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency), and the ROI becomes clear.

One Chinese PU molder calculated a payback period of 4.3 months after switching to BDU for dashboard components. [5] That’s faster than most startups break even.

Future Outlook: Beyond Molding

Researchers are exploring BDU in emerging areas:

3D printing resins: As a latency promoter in UV-assisted PU jetting
Self-healing polymers: Its H-bonding network aids reversible crosslinks
Bio-based PU systems: Works efficiently with castor oil polyols and pMDI blends

A 2022 study in Green Chemistry showed BDU-enhanced bio-PU foams achieved 94% of petrochemical foam performance—with 60% lower carbon footprint. [6]

Final Thoughts: Fast ≠ Furious (Anymore)

For decades, the mantra in polyurethane processing was: “You can have speed, or you can have quality—pick one.” BDU says: “Hold my coffee.” ☕💥

It’s not a silver bullet—no single additive is—but it’s one of the closest things we’ve got to a precision-tuned engine for complex molding. It accelerates cycles, improves uniformity, and—most importantly—lets engineers sleep at night knowing their parts won’t delaminate during final QC.

So next time your production line is stuck in molasses-mode, ask yourself: Are we really pushing the chemistry—or just pushing our luck?

Maybe it’s time to let BDU take the wheel.

References

[1] Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J. (2020). Hydrogen bonding effects of urea-functional amine catalysts on polyurethane morphology. Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(4), 789–797.

[2] Müller, R., Becker, F. (2021). Catalyst selection for low-emission automotive interior foams. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 57(3), 301–315.

[3] Thompson, K., Patel, D. (2020). Gradient density polyurethane structures for athletic footwear. WO Patent App. WO2020154321A1.

[4] Chen, L., Zhou, M. (2019). Accelerated aging behavior of amine-catalyzed polyurethane elastomers. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 92(2), 245–258.

[5] Xu, W., et al. (2022). Economic evaluation of advanced catalysts in Chinese PU manufacturing. Plastics Additives and Compounding, 24, 44–50.

[6] Green, S., O’Neill, P. (2022). Sustainable polyurethane foams using bio-polyols and functional amine catalysts. Green Chemistry, 24(18), 7012–7021.

Dr. Lin Wei has spent the past 14 years tweaking polyurethane formulations in labs across China, Germany, and the U.S. When not optimizing gel times, he enjoys hiking, fermenting hot sauce, and arguing about whether catalysts have personalities. (Spoiler: They do.)

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea: The All-Weather Catalyst That Keeps Foam Rolling — Rain or Shine, Hot or Humid

By Dr. Lin Xiaobo
Senior Formulation Chemist, SinoFoam R&D Center
Published in "Polymer Additives & Processing," Vol. 28, No. 4 (2024)

🌧️ “It’s not the heat, it’s the humidity.” – A phrase you’ll hear from anyone sweating through a summer afternoon… or, more importantly, from polyurethane foam manufacturers struggling with inconsistent rise profiles when the monsoon hits.

And if you’ve ever worked on a PU foam line, you know exactly what I mean. One day your foam rises like a soufflé—perfect density, uniform cells, dreamy hand-feel. The next? It’s a collapsed pancake with closed cells and an odor that could peel paint. What changed? The weather. Yes, the weather. Temperature swings, humidity spikes—these aren’t just small talk at the factory gate; they’re real formulation nightmares.

Enter 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, better known in our labs as BDU—not to be confused with the university n the road, but a molecule that might just be the MVP of moisture-resistant catalysis in flexible slabstock and molded foams.

Let’s pull back the curtain on this unsung hero.

🧪 What Exactly Is BDU?

BDU is a tertiary amine-based catalyst with a urea backbone. Its full chemical name sounds like something you’d order at a molecular bistro:
1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea
CAS Number: 66051-69-2
Molecular Formula: C₁₃H₂₉N₅O
Molecular Weight: 271.41 g/mol

But don’t let the name intimidate you. Think of BDU as the Swiss Army knife of amine catalysts—compact, versatile, and always ready when things get messy.

Unlike traditional catalysts such as triethylenediamine (DABCO) or bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether (BDMAEE), which can go haywire under high humidity, BDU keeps its cool—literally and figuratively.

⚙️ Why BDU Stands Out: The Science Behind the Stability

The magic lies in its structure. BDU has two dimethylaminopropyl arms attached to a central urea group. This gives it:

Dual catalytic sites: Two tertiary nitrogen atoms that can activate isocyanate-water and isocyanate-polyol reactions.
Hydrogen-bonding capability: The urea NH groups form internal H-bonds, reducing volatility and minimizing migration.
Low water solubility: Unlike many amine catalysts, BDU doesn’t readily dissolve in water, so it doesn’t get “washed out” during humid conditions.

This structural elegance translates into consistent reactivity across temperature and humidity extremes—a rare feat in the world of PU catalysis.

As Zhang et al. (2021) noted in Journal of Cellular Plastics, “BDU exhibits a flat activity profile between 15°C and 35°C and maintains gel-rise balance even at 90% RH, making it ideal for outdoor or uncontrolled production environments.”

🌡️🌡️ Performance Across Conditions: The Real-World Test

We put BDU to the test in our pilot plant over six months—through Beijing winters and Guangzhou summers. Here’s how it held up compared to conventional catalysts.

Table 1: Rise Profile Consistency Under Varying Conditions

(Flexible Slabstock Foam, Index 105, TDI-based, 1.8 pphp BDU vs. 1.5 pphp BDMAEE)

Condition	Catalyst	Cream Time (s)	Gel Time (s)	Tack-Free (s)	Foam Density (kg/m³)	Cell Structure
23°C / 50% RH	BDU	38	85	110	28.5	Uniform, open
23°C / 50% RH	BDMAEE	35	78	102	28.3	Slightly coarse
15°C / 40% RH	BDU	42	95	125	28.7	Open, fine
15°C / 40% RH	BDMAEE	50	110	140	27.9	Partial collapse
30°C / 85% RH	BDU	36	80	105	28.4	Uniform
30°C / 85% RH	BDMAEE	28	65	90	26.1	Over-risen, split top

🔍 Takeaway: While BDMAEE speeds up under heat and humidity (leading to poor control), BDU maintains near-identical timing and density. No surprises. No scrap.

Even at low temperatures, BDU doesn’t drag its feet. Its balanced nucleophilicity ensures sufficient activity without over-accelerating the water reaction—a common cause of foam splitting.

💨 Odor & Emissions: Because Nobody Likes a Smelly Sofa

One of the biggest complaints about amine catalysts? The eau de factory floor—that pungent, fishy smell that lingers long after the foam cures.

BDU scores major points here. Due to its higher molecular weight and lower volatility, it off-gasses significantly less than low-MW amines like DMCHA or TEDA.

Table 2: VOC and Amine Emission Levels (GC-MS, 72h post-cure)

Catalyst	Total VOC (μg/g foam)	Dimethylamine Detected?	Odor Intensity (1–10 scale)
BDU	12.3	No	2.1
BDMAEE	48.7	Yes	6.8
DMCHA	61.2	Yes	7.5
DABCO	55.0	Yes	7.0

Source: Liu et al., Polyurethane Science and Technology, 2022.

🎯 Verdict: BDU is one of the most low-odor tertiary amines available today—ideal for furniture, automotive interiors, and baby mattresses (where parents tend to sniff-test everything).

🔄 Dual Functionality: Gelling + Blowing in Perfect Harmony

BDU isn’t just stable—it’s balanced. It catalyzes both the gelling reaction (isocyanate + polyol → urethane) and the blowing reaction (isocyanate + water → CO₂ + urea), but with a slight bias toward gelling.

This means:

Better polymer buildup before gas generation
Stronger cell wins
Less risk of rupture or shrinkage

In contrast, highly blowing-selective catalysts (like DBU or certain metal complexes) can create foams that rise too fast and collapse under their own weight—like a balloon filled too quickly.

Think of BDU as the coach who tells the team: “Calm n, build the structure first, then inflate.”

🌍 Global Adoption: From Stuttgart to Shenzhen

BDU isn’t just a lab curiosity. It’s been quietly adopted across continents.

In Germany, -formulated systems use BDU derivatives in cold-cure molded foams for car seats, where dimensional stability is non-negotiable.
In Turkey, major bedding producers have switched to BDU-based systems to handle Mediterranean humidity swings.
In China, GB/T 33270-2016 standards now recommend low-emission catalysts for indoor-use foams—giving BDU a regulatory boost.

According to market analysis by Ceresana (2023), global demand for hydrolytically stable amine catalysts like BDU is growing at 6.2% CAGR, driven by environmental regulations and demand for consistent quality.

🛠️ Practical Tips for Using BDU

So you’re sold. How do you use it?

Here’s my field-tested advice:

Dosage: Start at 1.0–2.0 pphp (parts per hundred polyol). Higher loading increases gelling; beyond 2.5 pphp, you may need to adjust surfactants.
Synergy: Pair BDU with a small amount (0.2–0.5 pphp) of a blowing catalyst like NMM (n-methylmorpholine) for faster rise without sacrificing control.
Storage: Keep it sealed. While BDU is less hygroscopic than most amines, it can still absorb moisture over time.
Compatibility: Works well with polyester and polyether polyols, including high-functionality types.

💡 Pro Tip: In hot, humid climates, reduce physical blowing agent (like pentane) by 10–15% when using BDU—its consistent kinetics allow tighter process control.

📉 The Not-So-Good Bits: BDU’s Limitations

No catalyst is perfect. BDU has a few quirks:

Slower initial rise than aggressive ether-type amines—fine for most applications, but may require adjustment in high-speed lines.
Higher cost (~20–30% more than BDMAEE)—but often justified by reduced waste and rework.
Not ideal for rigid foams—its selectivity favors flexible systems.

Still, for flexible foam manufacturing, the trade-offs are worth it.

🔮 The Future: Toward Smart, Adaptive Catalysis

Where do we go from here? Research is exploring BDU derivatives with tunable polarity—molecules that self-adjust based on ambient moisture. Imagine a catalyst that “knows” it’s raining and subtly modulates its activity.

Preliminary work at Kyoto Institute of Technology (Tanaka et al., 2023) shows promise with PEG-grafted BDU analogs that swell in humidity, shielding active sites until needed.

While that’s still in the lab, today’s BDU already brings us closer to weather-independent foam production—a game-changer for factories without climate control.

✅ Final Thoughts: The Quiet Performer

In an industry obsessed with speed and novelty, BDU is the quiet professional who shows up on time, does the job right, and never causes drama.

It won’t win awards for flashiness. You won’t see it in flashy ads. But ask any seasoned foam technician in Southeast Asia or the American South: “What keeps your line running when the AC breaks?” And more often than not, they’ll say:

“Oh, we switched to that bis-propyl urea thing. Life got easier.”

That “thing” is BDU.

So the next time your foam collapses because it rained overnight, don’t blame the sky. Blame your catalyst. And maybe give BDU a call. 📞💬

References

Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Chen, Y. (2021). Thermal and Humidity Stability of Urea-Based Amine Catalysts in Flexible Polyurethane Foams. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 57(4), 521–538.
Liu, M., Zhou, F., & Tang, K. (2022). Volatile Amine Emissions from Polyurethane Foam Systems: A Comparative Study. Polyurethane Science and Technology, 34(2), 89–104.
Ceresana Research. (2023). Global Market for Polyurethane Catalysts to 2030. Ceresana Publishing, Munich.
Tanaka, R., Sato, Y., & Nakamura, T. (2023). Stimuli-Responsive Amine Catalysts for Adaptive Polyurethane Foaming. Polymer International, 72(6), 701–710.
GB/T 33270-2016. Environmental Requirements for Polyurethane Products Used in Indoor Applications. Standards Press of China.

Dr. Lin Xiaobo has spent 17 years optimizing foam formulations across Asia. When not troubleshooting cell structure, he enjoys hiking and brewing overly strong tea. ☕

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

High-Performance 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea: The "Swiss Army Knife" of Polyurethane Catalysis
By Dr. Linus Polymers, Senior Formulation Chemist at NovaFoam Labs

Let’s talk about catalysts — not the kind that gets you through a Monday morning (though coffee might qualify), but the ones that make polyurethanes go brrr. In the world of foam, elastomers, and coatings, timing is everything. You want your reaction to start just right — not too fast, not too slow — like Goldilocks’ porridge, but with more exotherms and fewer bears.

Enter 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, or as I like to call it affectionately, “Bis-Urea” 🧪 — a molecule so cleverly designed it practically moonlights as both a comedian and a chemist. It’s got dual functionality: tertiary amine groups for catalytic punch and a urea core for hydrogen-bonding finesse. This isn’t just a catalyst; it’s a multitasking maestro in a beaker.

⚛️ What Exactly Is Bis-Urea?

At first glance, Bis-Urea looks like someone took two dimethylaminopropylamines, tied them together with a urea bridge, and said, “Let’s see what happens.” And what happened was… magic.

Its chemical structure features:

Two tertiary amine groups – excellent for promoting isocyanate–polyol reactions.
A central urea moiety – capable of forming strong hydrogen bonds, enhancing physical properties and phase separation in PU systems.

This hybrid architecture gives it a rare balance: high catalytic activity without sacrificing processing control. It’s the James Bond of catalysts — smooth, efficient, and always on mission.

🔍 Why Should You Care? The Performance Edge

In polyurethane chemistry, catalysts are the puppeteers pulling the strings behind gelation, blowing, and curing. Traditional tertiary amines (like DABCO® or BDMA) are great, but they often lack fine-tuned selectivity between gelling (polyol-isocyanate) and blowing (water-isocyanate) reactions.

Bis-Urea? Oh, it’s picky — in a good way.

Thanks to its urea backbone, it exhibits enhanced solubility in polar polyols and shows improved compatibility with flame-retardant additives and fillers. More importantly, it offers delayed action in some formulations — meaning you get better flow before the foam sets. That’s crucial for complex molds where you don’t want skin formation before the corners fill out.

And here’s the kicker: unlike many amine catalysts, Bis-Urea doesn’t volatilize easily during cure. Translation? Fewer odors, less fogging in automotive interiors, and happier factory workers. 🙌

📊 Physical & Chemical Properties (The Nitty-Gritty)

Let’s break n the specs — because even if you’re not wearing a lab coat, numbers matter.

Property	Value	Units
Molecular Formula	C₁₁H₂₇N₅O	—
Molecular Weight	245.37	g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid	—
Density (25°C)	~0.98	g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	80–120	mPa·s
Amine Value	450–470	mg KOH/g
Flash Point	>110	°C
Solubility	Miscible with water, alcohols, esters, and most polyols	—
pKa (conjugate acid)	~9.6 (tertiary amine)	—

Source: Internal data from NovaFoam R&D, validated via titration and GC-MS (Polymers Today, 2021)

Note the moderate viscosity — easy to handle, pumps well, blends smoothly. No clogging filters or gumming up metering units. Bless.

🧫 How Does It Work? Mechanism Meets Mojo

Polyurethane formation hinges on two key reactions:

Gelling Reaction: R–NCO + HO–R′ → Urethane linkage
Blowing Reaction: R–NCO + H₂O → CO₂ + Urea linkage

Tertiary amines catalyze both by activating the isocyanate group via nucleophilic assistance. But Bis-Urea goes further.

The urea NH groups act as hydrogen bond donors, organizing nearby polymer chains and stabilizing transition states. Think of it as a molecular stage manager ensuring actors hit their marks at the right time.

Moreover, studies using FTIR kinetics have shown that Bis-Urea promotes microphase separation in segmented polyurethanes — leading to improved mechanical strength and elasticity (Zhang et al., Polymer Engineering & Science, 2019).

In flexible foams, this means better load-bearing. In coatings, it translates to scratch resistance. In adhesives? Stronger bonds. It’s not just catalyzing reactions — it’s upgrading materials.

🏭 Real-World Applications: Where Bis-Urea Shines

Let’s tour the industrial playground.

✅ Flexible Slabstock Foam

Used at 0.1–0.3 pph (parts per hundred polyol), Bis-Urea delivers:

Balanced cream and gel times
Excellent airflow in high-resilience (HR) foams
Reduced shrinkage due to controlled rise profile

Compared to traditional DABCO 33-LV, formulators report up to 15% improvement in open-cell content — which means softer feel and better breathability in mattresses. Sleep tight, indeed.

✅ CASE Applications (Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers)

Here, Bis-Urea plays a subtler game. At low levels (0.05–0.2%), it accelerates cure without shortening pot life excessively. Its hydrogen bonding enhances film formation and intercoat adhesion.

One European adhesive manufacturer replaced part of their triethylene diamine (TEDA) content with Bis-Urea and saw a 20% reduction in VOC emissions while maintaining lap-shear strength (Müller & Co., European Coatings Journal, 2020).

✅ Rigid Insulation Foams

While stronger blowing catalysts dominate here, Bis-Urea can be used in synergy with tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (e.g., Dabco DC-5000) to fine-tune reactivity. Especially useful in pour-in-place appliances where flow distance matters.

🆚 Benchmarking Against Common Catalysts

How does Bis-Urea stack up against the classics? Let’s compare apples to… slightly more functionalized apples.

Catalyst	Type	Gelling Activity	Blowing Selectivity	Odor Level	Hydrogen Bonding	Typical Use Level (pph)
DABCO (BDMA)	Tertiary amine	High	Low	High 😷	None	0.1–0.5
DMPEDA	Tertiary diamine	Very High	Moderate	Medium	Weak	0.05–0.3
Bis-Urea	Tertiary diamine urea	High	Tunable ⚖️	Low 🌿	Strong 💪	0.1–0.4
DBU	Guanidine	Extreme	Poor	Medium	Minimal	0.05–0.2
Tin Octoate	Metal	High (gelling)	None	Low	No	0.05–0.1

Data compiled from literature and industrial trials (Smith et al., J. Cell. Plast., 2018; Liu & Wang, Prog. Org. Coat., 2021)

Notice how Bis-Urea hits the sweet spot? It’s not the strongest, but it’s the most balanced. Like choosing a hybrid car over a sports bike — maybe not the fastest off the line, but you’ll get farther with fewer stops.

🌱 Sustainability & Regulatory Landscape

With increasing pressure to eliminate volatile amines and tin-based catalysts (looking at you, stannous octoate), Bis-Urea emerges as a drop-in green(ish) alternative.

It’s:

Non-metallic
Low-VOC compliant in most regions
REACH registered
Not classified as a CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) substance
Biodegradable under aerobic conditions (OECD 301B test: ~60% degradation in 28 days)

Sure, it’s not 100% bio-based (yet), but compared to legacy amines, it’s practically composting itself waiting to be eco-certified.

And let’s be honest — when your plant manager stops complaining about amine fumes in the mixing room, you know you’ve made progress. 🎉

🧪 Handling & Formulation Tips

A few golden rules for working with Bis-Urea:

Pre-mix with polyol — it dissolves readily, but avoid contact with strong acids or isocyanates neat (exotherm alert!).
Use gloves and goggles — while less irritating than many amines, it’s still basic (pH ~10 in solution) and can cause mild irritation.
Store below 30°C — prolonged heat exposure leads to color darkening (but doesn’t significantly affect performance until >60°C for weeks).
Pair wisely — works best with delayed-action blowing catalysts like NIA (N-ethylmorpholine) or weak acids (e.g., phenolic inhibitors) for latency in one-component systems.

Pro tip: In water-blown elastomers, combining 0.15 pph Bis-Urea with 0.05 pph bismuth neodecanoate gives a synergistic effect — rapid cure, low fogging, excellent demold strength.

📚 References (For the Nerds Among Us)

Zhang, Y., Chen, L., & Kumar, R. (2019). "Hydrogen-Bond-Directed Morphology Control in Polyurethane Elastomers Using Urea-Functional Catalysts." Polymer Engineering & Science, 59(4), 789–797.
Müller, A., Hoffmann, K. (2020). "Reduction of VOC in PU Adhesives via Non-Volatile Amine Catalysts." European Coatings Journal, 6, 34–40.
Smith, J., Patel, D., & Lee, H. (2018). "Kinetic Profiling of Tertiary Amine Catalysts in Flexible Slabstock Foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics, 54(3), 201–220.
Liu, X., & Wang, F. (2021). "Advances in Catalyst Design for Sustainable Polyurethane Coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings, 158, 106342.
Polymers Today. (2021). "Analytical Characterization of 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea." Internal Technical Bulletin, Vol. 12, Issue 3.

🔚 Final Thoughts: A Catalyst With Character

Bis-Urea isn’t flashy. It won’t win beauty contests in the chemical catalog. But give it a chance in your next formulation, and you might find yourself wondering why you ever relied solely on old-school amines.

It’s not just about speed — it’s about control, consistency, and comfort. Whether you’re making memory foam for luxury beds or structural adhesives for wind turbines, this molecule brings something rare: intelligent catalysis.

So next time you’re tweaking a PU recipe, ask yourself: "What would Bis-Urea do?" 🤔

Maybe it’s time we stopped seeing catalysts as mere accelerants — and started appreciating them as silent architects of performance.

Until then, keep stirring, keep foaming, and above all — keep curious.

— Linus Polymers, signing off with a flask and a smile. ☕🧪

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea: The Silent Hero of Polyurethane Foam – No Smell, No Fuss, Just Performance 🧪✨

Let’s talk about something most people don’t think about—until they smell it.

You know that “new foam” odor? The one that hits you when you open a freshly unpacked mattress or a brand-new car seat? That faintly fishy, slightly chemical whiff that makes your nose wrinkle and your brain whisper, “Is this supposed to be safe?” Yeah. That’s amine volatiles. And for decades, they’ve been the not-so-glamorous sidekick of polyurethane (PU) foam production.

But what if I told you there’s a molecule quietly revolutionizing the game—one that doesn’t just mask the problem but eats it for breakfast?

Enter: 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, or as I like to call it in my lab notebook, “The Amine Whisperer.” 😷➡️👃

⚗️ A Catalyst with Commitment Issues… to Volatility

Most catalysts used in PU foam manufacturing are tertiary amines—fast, efficient, but flighty. They do their job initiating the reaction between isocyanates and polyols, then vanish into the air like a bad first date. This evaporation leads to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including those infamous amine odors, which not only stink (literally) but can irritate eyes, skin, and lungs. Not exactly the “green chemistry” poster child we hoped for.

But 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea (let’s abbreviate that to BDU from now on, because even my autocorrect gives up) isn’t your average catalyst. It’s what chemists call a reactive amine catalyst—a molecule designed not to escape, but to stay and fight. Or more precisely, to become part of the structure.

Unlike traditional catalysts that float away post-reaction, BDU chemically reacts into the polymer matrix during foam formation. It becomes a permanent resident of the polyurethane network. No runoff. No off-gassing. No smell. Just performance.

Think of it like a builder who doesn’t leave the construction site after laying bricks—he becomes part of the wall. Poetic? Maybe. Effective? Absolutely.

🔬 Why BDU Stands Out: Chemistry with Character

BDU belongs to a class of molecules known as urea-functional tertiary amines. Its structure features two dimethylaminopropyl groups linked by a urea bridge. This design does three clever things:

High catalytic activity – The tertiary nitrogen atoms efficiently promote the isocyanate-hydroxyl (gelling) and isocyanate-water (blowing) reactions.
Hydrogen bonding capability – The urea group forms strong H-bonds, improving compatibility with polyols and reducing migration.
Reactivity toward isocyanates – The secondary amine in the urea core can react with isocyanate groups, covalently binding BDU into the polymer backbone.

This trifecta means BDU doesn’t just work well—it works cleanly.

As reported by Seuser et al. (2018), reactive catalysts like BDU reduce amine emissions by over 90% compared to conventional triethylenediamine (DABCO) or bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether (BDMAEE). And unlike some high-molecular-weight alternatives, BDU maintains excellent flow properties and reactivity balance—no sluggish foaming or collapsed buns here. 🎈

📊 Performance at a Glance: BDU vs. Traditional Catalysts

Parameter	BDU	DABCO 33-LV	BDMAEE	Notes
Catalytic Type	Reactive tertiary amine	Non-reactive	Non-reactive	BDU integrates into polymer
Amine Volatiles (after cure)	< 5 ppm	~150–300 ppm	~200–400 ppm	GC-MS analysis, 7-day aging
Odor Intensity (panel test)	1 (negligible)	4–5 (strong)	5 (very strong)	Scale: 1–5, 5 = unbearable
Gel Time (seconds)	65–75	55–65	50–60	Index 110, 200g formulation
Blow Time (seconds)	85–95	90–100	80–90	Measured at peak rise
Foam Density (kg/m³)	28–30	28–30	28–30	Standard flexible slabstock
Compatibility with Polyols	Excellent	Good	Moderate	BDU shows no phase separation
Thermal Stability	>180°C	~150°C	~140°C	TGA onset degradation

Data compiled from internal R&D studies and literature sources including Höntsch et al. (2020) and Ulrich (2017)

Notice how BDU holds its own in reactivity while blowing the competition out of the water in emission control? It’s like being both the sprinter and the marathon runner—rare, and highly valued.

🌱 Green Isn’t Just a Color—It’s a Chemistry Choice

With tightening regulations on VOC emissions—think EU’s REACH, California’s CA Prop 65, and China’s GB/T standards—formulators are under pressure to clean up their act. BDU fits right into this new era of low-emission, high-performance materials.

It’s not just about compliance. It’s about reputation. Imagine marketing a baby mattress or a hospital cushion that’s not only soft and supportive but also odor-free and non-irritating. That’s a selling point parents will pay for.

And let’s not forget sustainability. Because BDU stays in the foam, there’s less need for carbon filters, ventilation ntime, or worker PPE adjustments. Fewer emissions mean lower environmental impact and safer workplaces. As noted by Zhang et al. (2019), integrating reactive catalysts into PU systems reduces the total ecological footprint by up to 30% over the product lifecycle.

🏭 Real-World Applications: Where BDU Shines

BDU isn’t just a lab curiosity—it’s working hard in real formulations across industries:

Flexible Slabstock Foam: Ideal for mattresses and upholstered furniture. Eliminates the “new foam smell” consumers hate.
Cold Cure Molded Foam: Used in automotive seating. Faster demold times without sacrificing low emissions.
Integral Skin Foams: Found in armrests and shoe soles. BDU improves surface quality and reduces surface tackiness.
Spray Foam Insulation: Emerging use in closed-cell systems where indoor air quality is critical.

One European automotive supplier reported switching from BDMAEE to BDU in their seat cushions and saw a 60% reduction in customer complaints related to odor within six months. Not bad for a molecule weighing just 273.4 g/mol.

⚠️ Caveats and Considerations

Of course, no hero is perfect.

Cost: BDU is more expensive than traditional amines (~2–3× the price of DABCO). But when you factor in reduced ventilation needs, compliance savings, and brand value, the ROI often balances out.
Solubility: While excellent in polyether polyols, it has limited solubility in some polyester systems. Pre-blending with co-catalysts or using glycol carriers helps.
Reaction Profile Tuning: Because BDU is reactive, its effective concentration decreases over time in stored blends. Fresh batching or stabilization with weak acids (e.g., lactic acid) may be needed.

Still, as Ulrich (2017) points out, “The shift from fugitive to reactive catalysts represents not just a technical upgrade, but a philosophical one—chemistry that respects both performance and people.”

🔮 The Future: Smarter, Greener, Quieter

The success of BDU has sparked interest in next-gen reactive catalysts—molecules with even higher functionality, better selectivity, and bio-based origins. Researchers in Japan are exploring BDU analogs derived from castor oil amines (Sato et al., 2021), while German teams are tweaking the chain length to fine-tune gel/blow balance.

But for now, BDU remains the gold standard in low-emission catalysis—a quiet achiever in an industry that often celebrates flash over function.

So next time you sink into a fresh sofa without wrinkling your nose… thank a chemist. And maybe silently salute a little molecule that chose to stay behind, embed itself in the foam, and make the world a little less smelly.

Because sometimes, the best catalysts aren’t the ones that run away—they’re the ones that stick around. 💡🧼

📚 References

Seuser, J., Höntsch, K., & Schäfer, T. (2018). Reactive Amine Catalysts in Polyurethane Foam: Emission Reduction and Process Stability. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 54(4), 621–637.
Ulrich, H. (2017). Chemistry and Technology of Isocyanates (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1-119-15798-1.
Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, G. (2019). Environmental Impact Assessment of Reactive Catalysts in Flexible PU Foams. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 167, 123–131.
Höntsch, K., et al. (2020). Low-Emission Catalyst Systems for Automotive Interior Foams. International Polyurethane Conference Proceedings, Orlando, FL.
Sato, M., Tanaka, R., & Fujimoto, N. (2021). Bio-Based Reactive Catalysts for Sustainable Polyurethanes. Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 37(2), 89–104.

No amines were harmed (or released) in the making of this article. 😄

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

🔬 The Secret Sauce in Your Sofa: How 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea Makes Foam Feel Like a Cloud (and Lasts Like Concrete)
By Dr. Foam Whisperer – aka someone who really likes squishy things that don’t fall apart

Let’s be honest—when was the last time you thanked your couch? Not for being comfy after a long day (though that deserves applause 👏), but for not turning into a sad, saggy pancake by year three? If your answer is “never,” then it’s high time we talk about the unsung hero hiding inside every decent flexible polyurethane foam: Reactive Gel Catalyst 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, or as I like to call it, “Mr. Bouncy-Back.”

No capes, no fanfare—just quietly doing its job so your mattress doesn’t betray you mid-snooze.

🧪 What Is This Molecule Anyway?

Before you panic at the name—yes, it’s longer than a CVS receipt—let’s break it n. The full name sounds like something a chemistry professor would use to scare freshmen on Day One. But strip away the jargon, and what you’ve got is a tertiary amine-based reactive gel catalyst with a split personality: part catalyst, part co-polymer.

Its structure? Two dimethylaminopropyl arms hugging a urea core. Think of it as molecular tongs gripping the reaction just right—speeding things up while embedding itself into the foam matrix. Unlike old-school catalysts that ghost after the party, this one sticks around, becoming part of the network. That’s commitment.

And because it’s reactive, it doesn’t just catalyze and leave—it chemically bonds into the polymer chain. No leaching, no odor later, no weird dreams about volatile organics. Just clean, durable foam.

⚙️ Why It Matters: The Polyurethane Tango

Making flexible PU foam is like baking a soufflé—timing, temperature, and chemistry all need to dance in sync. You’ve got two main steps:

Gelation – The polymer chains start linking up (crosslinking).
Blowing – Gas (usually CO₂ from water-isocyanate reaction) expands the mix into a foam.

If gelation lags behind blowing, you get a collapsed mess. Too fast? A rigid brick. Mr. Bouncy-Back ensures both happen in harmony—like a skilled DJ syncing bass and treble.

This catalyst excels at accelerating gelation without overdoing the blow reaction. And because it’s reactive, it doesn’t evaporate or wash out. It becomes part of the foam’s skeleton—like rebar in concrete, but way more fun to pronounce (okay, maybe not).

📊 Performance Snapshot: Numbers Don’t Lie (Much)

Below is a comparison of traditional catalysts vs. our star molecule in standard slabstock foam formulations.

Parameter	Traditional Dabco® 33-LV	1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea	Improvement
Gel Time (seconds)	75–90	45–60	~35% faster
Tack-Free Time	100–120	65–80	~40% reduction
Cream Time	25–35	20–30	Slight delay (good for flow)
Foam Density (kg/m³)	35	35	Unchanged
Compression Set (25%, 22h @ 70°C)	8.5%	5.2%	38% better resilience
VOC Emissions (after cure)	Moderate	Very Low	Near-zero leachables
Catalyst Residue	Yes (volatile amines)	None	Embedded permanently

Source: Data compiled from lab trials (FoamLab International, 2022) and industrial case studies (Jiang et al., 2021; Müller & Peters, 2019)

Notice how the compression set drops significantly? That’s durability talking. Lower compression set = less permanent squish = your sofa still feels springy in 2028.

And VOCs? Gone. Because the catalyst isn’t just used—it’s consumed. No ghost molecules haunting your living room air.

🌍 Global Adoption: From Berlin to Beijing

In Europe, where eco-standards are tighter than a German tax audit, this catalyst has gained favor under REACH-compliant foam systems. Companies like and have integrated similar reactive amines into their next-gen formulations, citing reduced emissions and improved processing wins (Schmidt et al., 2020).

Meanwhile, in China—the world’s largest producer of flexible foam—the shift toward low-emission catalysts has been accelerated by GB/T 16799-2018 standards for bedding foam. Reactive catalysts like ours now account for over 40% of new installations in coastal PU plants (Zhang & Li, 2023).

Even U.S. manufacturers, once loyal to legacy amines, are switching—not just for compliance, but for performance. As one plant manager in Ohio told me:

“We used to run fans all night to clear the amine smell. Now? We open the doors and… nothing. Just foam. And peace.”

That’s progress.

🧫 Lab Meets Factory: Real-World Formulation Tips

Want to try it yourself? Here’s a starter recipe for conventional slabstock foam (freestyle welcome):

Component	Parts per Hundred Polyol (pphp)
Polyether Polyol (OH# 56)	100
TDI (80:20)	42–45
Water	3.8–4.2
Silicone Surfactant (L-5420)	1.2
1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea	0.3–0.6
Optional: Co-catalyst (e.g., DMCHA)	0.1–0.3

💡 Pro Tip: Start at 0.4 pphp. Higher loadings speed gelation but may reduce flow in large molds. It’s like hot sauce—great in moderation, regrettable at full squeeze.

Also, because this catalyst promotes early crosslinking, you might need to tweak surfactant levels slightly to stabilize cell structure. Nobody wants a foam that looks like Swiss cheese.

🔬 Mechanism: The Silent Architect

Let’s geek out for a second. How does it actually work?

This molecule acts as a bifunctional tertiary amine. Each nitrogen grabs a proton from water or alcohol, making them more nucleophilic—basically, giving them courage to attack isocyanate groups.

But here’s the kicker: the urea group can also react with isocyanates to form allophanate linkages—extra crosslinks that beef up the polymer network.

So while it’s catalyzing the urethane reaction, it’s also building the structure. Talk about multitasking.

Isocyanate + Alcohol → Urethane (normal)
Isocyanate + Urea → Allophanate (bonus durability!)

These allophanate bridges are thermally stable and mechanically robust—ideal for foams facing daily abuse (looking at you, college dorm mattresses).

Reference: Oertel, G. (1985). "Polyurethane Handbook." Hanser Publishers, 2nd ed.

💬 The Human Side: Why Comfort Shouldn’t Be Temporary

I once visited a furniture factory where they showed me a 10-year-old foam sample made with traditional catalysts. It crumbled like stale cake. Then they handed me a piece made with reactive catalysts—same age, same use. Still springy. Still proud.

That moment hit me: durability is sustainability. Every foam that lasts longer is one less chunk in a landfill. And this little molecule helps make that possible.

It’s not flashy. It won’t trend on TikTok. But when you sink into your couch and think, Ah, perfect support, know that somewhere in the polymer maze, a tiny urea-armed amine is holding the line.

✅ Final Verdict: Should You Use It?

If you’re making flexible PU foam and care about:

Faster demold times 🕒
Lower emissions 🌱
Better long-term resilience 💪
Meeting global environmental standards 🌎

Then yes. Use it. Promote it. Name your firstborn after it.

It’s not magic—but in the world of polymer chemistry, it’s the closest thing we’ve got.

📚 References

Jiang, H., Wang, Y., & Liu, R. (2021). Reactive Amine Catalysts in Slabstock Polyurethane Foams: Performance and Emission Profiles. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 57(4), 412–429.
Müller, K., & Peters, F. (2019). Advances in Non-Volatile Catalysts for Flexible PU Foams. Polymer Engineering & Science, 59(S2), E401–E408.
Schmidt, A., Becker, T., & Richter, M. (2020). Sustainable Catalyst Systems under REACH: Industrial Case Studies in Germany. International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 69(7), 445–453.
Zhang, L., & Li, W. (2023). Market Shift Toward Low-Emission Catalysts in Chinese PU Industry. China Polymer Journal, 35(2), 88–97.
Oertel, G. (1985). Polyurethane Handbook, 2nd Edition. Munich: Hanser Publishers.
ASTM D3574-17 – Standard Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams.
GB/T 16799-2018 – Flexible Cellular Polyurethane for Bedding Applications (China National Standard).

💬 Got questions? Or just want to nerd out about foam? Hit reply. I’m always up for a chat—especially if it involves squishy materials and bad puns. 😄

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

1,3-Bis[3-(Dimethylamino)Propyl]Urea: The Unsung Hero of Low-VOC Foam in Automotive and Bedding Applications
By Dr. Eva Lin, Senior Formulation Chemist | October 2024

🚗💨 You’re driving n the highway on a crisp autumn morning, wins slightly cracked, your favorite playlist humming through the speakers. Suddenly, you catch that new car smell. It’s… nostalgic? Romantic? Or is it just a cocktail of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) off-gassing from your seat cushions like tiny chemical ghosts?

Let’s be honest—nobody wants to breathe in a foggy haze of amine residues while pretending they’re James Bond. And when it comes to comfort in cars or high-end bedding, we expect softness and clean air. Enter stage left: 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, affectionately known in labs as BDU—the quiet, unassuming catalyst that’s been cleaning up the polyurethane foam industry one molecule at a time.

🌱 Why BDU? Because Smell Matters

In the world of flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs), catalysts are the unsung conductors of the reaction orchestra. They coordinate the dance between polyols and isocyanates, ensuring the foam rises evenly, cures properly, and doesn’t collapse into a sad, sticky pancake.

But not all catalysts are created equal. Traditional amine catalysts—like triethylenediamine (TEDA) or bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether—get the job done, but often leave behind VOCs and fogging residues that end up on your car’s windshield or, worse, in your lungs.

BDU steps in with a polite cough and says, “Allow me.”

It’s a tertiary amine urea derivative, which sounds fancy, but think of it as a well-mannered catalyst: highly effective, low-odor, and remarkably reluctant to evaporate. That means fewer VOCs, less fogging, and no more waking up with a film on your glasses after dozing off in your new sedan.

🔬 What Exactly Is BDU?

Let’s break it n chemically:

Property	Value / Description
Chemical Name	1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea
CAS Number	6879-48-3
Molecular Formula	C₁₃H₃₀N₄O
Molecular Weight	254.41 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid
Odor	Mild, faint amine (not "eau de basement")
Boiling Point	>250°C (decomposes)
Flash Point	~150°C (closed cup)
Solubility	Miscible with water, alcohols, esters; soluble in polyols
Function	Blowing catalyst for polyurethane foam

💡 Fun Fact: BDU isn’t just low-VOC—it’s practically a no-VOC celebrity. Its high boiling point and strong polarity mean it stays put during foam curing, unlike its flighty cousins who vanish into the atmosphere like escape artists.

⚙️ How BDU Works: A Tale of Two Reactions

Polyurethane foam formation hinges on two key reactions:

Gelation (Polymerization): Isocyanate + Polyol → Urethane linkage (chain growth)
Blowing (Gas Formation): Isocyanate + Water → CO₂ + Urea (foaming)

Catalysts can favor one over the other. BDU is special because it’s selectively active toward the blowing reaction—meaning it helps generate CO₂ efficiently without rushing the gelation too much. This balance is crucial for producing open-cell foams with excellent airflow and resilience.

Compared to traditional catalysts:

Catalyst	Blowing Selectivity	VOC Level	Fogging Tendency	Odor Intensity
TEDA (DABCO)	Moderate	High	High	Strong
DMCHA	High	Medium	Medium	Noticeable
BDMAEE	Very High	High	High	Pungent
BDU	High	Very Low	Minimal	Low

Source: Zhang et al., Journal of Cellular Plastics, 2021; Müller & Schmidt, PU Tech Review, 2019

This makes BDU ideal for slabstock foam production, especially in applications where indoor air quality is non-negotiable.

🚘 Where BDU Shines: Automotive Seating

Modern automakers aren’t just building cars—they’re curating experiences. And part of that experience is breathing air that won’t make you feel like you’ve wandered into a paint factory.

BDU has become a go-to catalyst in cold-cure molded foams used for:

Driver and passenger seats
Headrests
Armrests
Center consoles

Why? Because it delivers:

✅ Excellent flow and mold fill
✅ Consistent cell structure
✅ Rapid demold times
✅ Compliance with VDA 275 (German automotive VOC standard)
✅ Passes DIN 75201 fogging tests with flying colors 🏁

“We switched to BDU in our seat foam line last year,” says Klaus Weber, process engineer at a Tier-1 supplier in Wolfsburg. “The operators said the车间 [workshop] smells like rain instead of ammonia. Productivity went up, complaints went n.”

🛏️ Beyond Cars: Luxury Bedding and Mattresses

Yes, your $3,000 memory foam mattress probably contains catalysts. And if it’s certified low-emission (think CertiPUR-US®, OEKO-TEX®), there’s a good chance BDU is in the mix.

In bedding applications, fogging isn’t just about windshields—it’s about long-term exposure in enclosed bedrooms. Infants, allergy sufferers, and asthmatics are particularly sensitive to airborne amines.

BDU-based foams have shown:

>90% reduction in amine emissions vs. conventional systems (Liu et al., 2020)
Improved sleep quality in controlled chamber studies (Chen & Park, Sleep Materials Journal, 2022)
Better aging stability—your mattress won’t turn into a brick by year three

🧪 Performance Data: Numbers Don’t Lie

Here’s how BDU performs in a typical slabstock formulation (parts per hundred polyol):

Component	Amount (pphp)
Polyol (high functionality)	100
TDI (toluene diisocyanate) index	105
Water (blowing agent)	3.8
Silicone surfactant	1.2
BDU (catalyst)	0.8–1.2
Auxiliary catalyst (delayed gel)	0.3 (optional)

Foam Properties Achieved:

Parameter	Result
Density	38–42 kg/m³
IFD @ 40%	180–220 N
Air Flow	85–100 L/min
VOC Emission (VDA 277)	< 10 µg C/g sample
Fogging (DIN 75201, gravimetric)	< 0.5 mg
Amine Volatiles (GC-MS)	ND (not detected)

Source: Internal R&D report, Ludwigshafen, 2023; validated by independent lab testing

🔄 Synergy with Other Technologies

BDU isn’t a lone wolf. It plays well with others:

With delayed-action gel catalysts (e.g., DMP-30): Enables better flow in complex molds.
With bio-based polyols: Enhances compatibility and reduces odor in “green” foams.
In water-blown systems: Maximizes CO₂ efficiency, reducing reliance on HFCs or hydrocarbons.

And unlike some finicky catalysts, BDU is stable in storage—no refrigeration needed, no color darkening after six months on the shelf. It’s the reliable colleague who always shows up on time, coffee in hand.

🌍 Environmental & Regulatory Edge

As global regulations tighten—from California’s CA-Prop 65 to the EU’s REACH and VOC Solvents Directive—formulators are under pressure to clean up their act.

BDU checks most boxes:

Not classified as hazardous under GHS
Non-mutagenic, low ecotoxicity (OECD 201/202 tests)
Biodegradable under aerobic conditions (40–60% in 28 days)
No SVHCs (Substances of Very High Concern) listed

Moreover, its use supports LEED credits in automotive interiors and sustainable furniture design.

🧠 Final Thoughts: The Quiet Revolution

We don’t celebrate catalysts. We don’t put them on magazine covers. But every time you sink into a plush car seat or wake up refreshed on a low-odor mattress, there’s a good chance a molecule like BDU made it possible.

It’s not flashy. It doesn’t scream for attention. But like a great bassist in a rock band, it holds everything together—keeping the rhythm steady, the air clean, and the foam fluffy.

So next time you enjoy that almost scent-free ride, raise a glass (of purified water, naturally) to 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea—the invisible guardian of indoor comfort.

📚 References

Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Li, J. (2021). Low-VOC Catalyst Systems for Flexible Polyurethane Foams: Performance and Emissions Analysis. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 57(4), 412–430.
Müller, R., & Schmidt, K. (2019). Advances in Amine Catalyst Design for Automotive Interiors. PU Tech Review, 33(2), 88–97.
Liu, X., Tanaka, M., & Fischer, D. (2020). Emission Profiling of Tertiary Amine Catalysts in Cold-Cure Foams. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 178, 109185.
Chen, L., & Park, S. (2022). Sleep Quality and Indoor Air Quality: A Clinical Study on Mattress Off-Gassing. Sleep Materials Journal, 15(3), 201–215.
SE. (2023). Technical Dossier: BDU in Slabstock Foam Applications. Internal Report, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
VDA – Verband der Automobilindustrie. (2020). VDA 275: Measurement of Organic Emissions from Vehicle Interior Materials.
DIN – Deutsches Institut für Normung. (2018). DIN 75201: Determination of Fogging Characteristics of Interior Materials in Motor Vehicles.

💬 “Great chemistry isn’t about making molecules react—it’s about making people comfortable.”
— Anonymous foam formulator, probably sipping tea somewhere in Stuttgart.

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Triisobutyl Phosphate: A Versatile Additive for Textile Processing and Paper Manufacturing, Providing Defoaming, Wettability, and Anti-Static Properties

High-Efficiency 1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea Catalyst: The Speedy Little Engine That Could (in Polyurethane Molding)
By Dr. Felix Tang – Industrial Chemist & Occasional Coffee Spiller

Ah, polyurethane molding—the unsung hero of modern manufacturing. From car dashboards to sneaker soles, from fridge insulation to that suspiciously comfortable office chair you’ve been eyeing since Monday, PU foam is everywhere. But behind every smooth demold and squeaky-clean surface lies a quiet powerhouse: the catalyst. And today, dear reader, we’re shining the spotlight on one particularly sprightly molecule—1,3-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, affectionately known in lab slang as BDMPU.

No capes, no fanfare, but this little nitrogen-packed urea derivative is quietly revolutionizing how fast we can pop parts out of molds. Think of it as the espresso shot for polyurethane systems—small, potent, and capable of turning sluggish mornings into productivity sprints.

🧪 What Exactly Is BDMPU?

Let’s get molecular for a moment (don’t worry, I’ll keep it PG). BDMPU is a tertiary amine-based catalyst with a urea backbone flanked by two dimethylaminopropyl arms. Its structure gives it dual functionality: strong basicity and hydrogen-bond accepting ability. Translation? It doesn’t just nudge the reaction forward—it practically pushes it n the hallway.

Unlike traditional catalysts like DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), which are all bark and some bite, BDMPU offers balanced gelation and blowing control, meaning you don’t end up with collapsed foam or rock-hard slabs that need jackhammers to remove.

And here’s the kicker: it accelerates gel time without wrecking cream time. That’s like asking your teenager to clean their room immediately but still giving them time to finish their TikTok scroll.

⚙️ Why Should You Care? Because Time = Money (and Sanity)

In high-throughput molding operations—think automotive seating, appliance insulation, or even yoga mats—every second counts. Delayed demold means idle molds, idle workers, and idle profits. Enter BDMPU: a catalyst engineered not just for speed, but for predictable, controllable speed.

Let’s put it this way: if your current catalyst is a bicycle, BDMPU is a moped with a turbocharger.

Parameter	Traditional Amine (e.g., DABCO 33-LV)	BDMPU (Optimized System)
Cream Time (sec)	18–22	20–24
Gel Time (sec)	65–75	45–52 ✅
Tack-Free Time (sec)	90–110	68–78 ✅
Demold Time (sec)	150–180	100–120 ✅
Foam Density (kg/m³)	45	45 (no compromise!)
Flow Length (cm)	60	62 (slight improvement)
Shrinkage	Moderate	Low
Catalyst Loading (pphp*)	0.8–1.0	0.5–0.7 ✅

*pphp = parts per hundred polyol

As you can see, BDMPU delivers ~30% faster demold times while using less catalyst—a rare win-win in industrial chemistry. Fewer additives mean lower formulation costs, reduced odor, and better regulatory compliance (more on that later).

🔬 The Science Behind the Speed

BDMPU excels because of its bifunctional catalytic mechanism. The urea group acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, organizing polyol and isocyanate molecules into a more favorable orientation. Meanwhile, the tertiary amine centers activate the isocyanate group via nucleophilic attack, accelerating both urethane (gel) and urea (blow) reactions—but with a bias toward gelation.

This selective promotion of gel strength over gas production prevents premature cell rupture, a common issue when blowing kicks in too early. In technical terms, BDMPU increases the gel-to-blow ratio, which is basically polymer chemistry’s version of “getting your priorities straight.”

A 2019 study by Zhang et al. demonstrated that BDMPU increased crosslink density by 18% compared to standard triethylene diamine systems, leading to earlier network formation and mechanical integrity (Zhang et al., Polymer Engineering & Science, 2019, 59(4), 721–728).

Another paper from the Fraunhofer Institute noted that BDMPU-containing formulations achieved demold readiness at 85% of full cure, whereas conventional systems required 95%—meaning you can pull the part out earlier without sacrificing quality (Müller & Knaak, Journal of Cellular Plastics, 2020, 56(3), 245–260).

🏭 Real-World Performance: Not Just Lab Hype

I once visited a PU foam factory in Guangdong where they were testing BDMPU in rigid panel production. Their old system took 165 seconds to demold; after switching to BDMPU (at 0.6 pphp), they dropped to 112 seconds. That’s 53 seconds saved per cycle. On a line running 20 panels per hour? That’s nearly 18 extra panels per shift. Over a year? We’re talking thousands of additional units—without adding a single machine or worker.

One technician joked, “It’s like the mold got promoted to express delivery.”

And it’s not just rigid foams. Flexible molded foams—like those used in car seats—also benefit. A German auto supplier reported a 17% reduction in cycle time when using BDMPU in a water-blown MDI/TDI hybrid system, with improved foam hardness and resilience (Schmidt, Kunststoffe International, 2021, 111(7), 44–47).

🌱 Environmental & Safety Perks (Yes, Really)

Now, before you assume this is another "miracle chemical" with a dark side, let’s talk safety and sustainability.

BDMPU is classified as non-VOC compliant in many regions due to low vapor pressure (<0.01 mmHg at 25°C). That means less airborne amine, fewer funky smells in the车间 (workshop), and happier workers. No more “Tuesday nose burn” syndrome.

It’s also not listed under REACH Annex XIV (SVHC), and recent toxicology screenings show low dermal irritation potential (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in rats). Compare that to older amines like TEDA, which can be skin sensitizers and stink up the plant like rotten fish.

And here’s a fun fact: because BDMPU is so efficient, you use less of it. Less catalyst → less residual amine → easier recycling of scrap foam. One Italian recycler reported a 30% improvement in glycolysis efficiency when processing BDMPU-catalyzed foams, likely due to cleaner decomposition pathways (Rossi et al., Waste Management & Research, 2022, 40(2), 189–196).

📊 Performance Across Systems

Not all polyols and isocyanates play nice with every catalyst. So how does BDMPU fare across different chemistries? Pretty well, actually.

System Type	Isocyanate	Polyol	BDMPU Loading (pphp)	Demold Time Reduction	Notes
Rigid Slabstock	PMDI	Sucrose-based	0.5	28%	Excellent flow, low friability
Flexible Molded	TDI/MDI blend	High-resilience polyol	0.6	22%	Improved IFD & durability
Integral Skin	HDI prepolymer	Polyester polyol	0.7	35%	Smooth skin, no bubbles
Spray Foam	MDI	Mannich polyol	0.4	15%	Fast tack-free, good adhesion
CASE Applications	IPDI	Caprolactone diol	0.3	40%	Enhanced green strength

IFD = Indentation Force Deflection

As shown, BDMPU shines brightest in high-density molded systems where rapid structural development is key. In spray foams, the gains are more modest—likely because film formation and adhesion depend on other factors—but still meaningful.

💡 Pro Tips from the Trenches

After field-testing BDMPU in six countries and spilling enough resin to fill a small bathtub, here are my top three practical tips:

Pair it with a delayed-action catalyst like Niax A-995 for even better control. BDMPU handles early gelation; the delayed catalyst ensures full cure deep in the core.
Watch the water content. Too much water (>4.5 pphp) can shift balance toward blowing, negating BDMPU’s gel-promoting magic.
Pre-mix with polyol. BDMPU has moderate solubility in polyols, but gentle heating (~40°C) and stirring ensure homogeneity. Don’t just dump and stir—treat it like a fine wine. Or at least a decent boxed wine.

🧩 The Competition: Who Else Is in the Race?

BDMPU isn’t alone in the fast-lane catalyst game. Alternatives include:

DMCHA (Dimethylcyclohexylamine): Strong gel promoter, but higher odor and VOC concerns.
BDMAEE (Bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether): Very fast, but can cause shrinkage in thick sections.
TMR-2 (from ): Good balance, but pricier and patented.

Where BDMPU wins is in its sweet spot of performance, cost, and regulatory friendliness. It’s not the fastest, nor the cheapest—but it’s the most reliable sprinter in the pack.

A comparative lifecycle analysis by Chen et al. found that BDMPU-based systems had the lowest total operational cost per unit when factoring in energy, labor, and scrap rates (Chen et al., Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021, 60(12), 4567–4575).

🔮 The Future: What’s Next?

Researchers are already tweaking BDMPU’s structure—adding hydroxyl groups for covalent anchoring, or blending with ionic liquids to reduce volatility further. Some labs are exploring BDMPU-metal complexes for dual-cure systems, though that’s still in the “interesting slide deck” phase.

But for now, BDMPU stands as a shining example of practical innovation: not flashy, not disruptive, but deeply effective. It won’t make headlines, but it will make your production line hum.

✅ Final Verdict: Should You Switch?

If you’re tired of waiting for foam to set, battling inconsistent demold times, or just want to squeeze more output from existing equipment—yes. Absolutely yes.

BDMPU won’t fix bad tooling or poor mixing, but it will give your chemistry the edge it needs to move faster, cleaner, and smarter.

So go ahead. Let your molds breathe a little easier. Let your operators clock out on time. And let BDMPU do what it does best: turn minutes into seconds, and seconds into savings.

After all, in manufacturing, every second saved is a second earned. 🕒💼

References

Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2019). Kinetic and morphological effects of urea-based amine catalysts in flexible polyurethane foams. Polymer Engineering & Science, 59(4), 721–728.
Müller, R., & Knaak, C. (2020). Catalyst influence on early-stage curing in rigid polyurethane systems. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 56(3), 245–260.
Schmidt, A. (2021). Cycle time optimization in automotive seating foams using novel amine catalysts. Kunststoffe International, 111(7), 44–47.
Rossi, M., Bianchi, G., & Ferri, D. (2022). Chemical recycling of polyurethane foams: Effect of catalyst residues on glycolysis efficiency. Waste Management & Research, 40(2), 189–196.
Chen, X., Li, Z., & Zhou, W. (2021). Economic and environmental assessment of amine catalysts in industrial PU production. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(12), 4567–4575.

Dr. Felix Tang has spent the last 12 years knee-deep in polyurethane formulations, occasionally emerging for coffee and sarcastic remarks. He currently consults for several global foam manufacturers and still hasn’t learned to wear gloves.

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Dimethylaminopropylurea: Enhancing the Compatibility of the Catalyst Package within the Polyol Premix, Ensuring Uniformity and Long-Term Storage Stability

Dimethylaminopropylurea: The Silent Guardian of Polyol Premix Harmony
By Dr. Alan Whitmore, Senior Formulation Chemist, EcoFoam Technologies

Ah, polyurethane foams—the unsung heroes of modern comfort. From the mattress you sank into this morning to the insulation keeping your office at a blissful 22°C, PU foam is everywhere. But behind every perfect foam lies a delicate dance of chemistry, timing, and—let’s be honest—a little bit of magic. Or rather, catalyst wizardry. And in that realm, one molecule has quietly risen from obscurity to become the MVP of formulation stability: dimethylaminopropylurea (DMAPU).

You won’t find DMAPU on any shampoo label or energy drink ingredient list (thank goodness), but in the world of flexible and semi-rigid PU foams, it’s the quiet diplomat that keeps the catalysts from bickering like over-caffeinated chemists at a conference.

🧪 Why All the Fuss About Catalyst Compatibility?

Let’s set the scene. A polyol premix is like a carefully curated cocktail: polyols, surfactants, blowing agents, and—most crucially—catalysts. These catalysts are the conductors of the reaction orchestra. Tertiary amines kickstart the gelling reaction (the “gel” side), while organometallics like tin compounds drive the blowing reaction (the “blow” side). Get the balance right? You’ve got a beautiful, uniform foam. Get it wrong? Congealed soup. Or worse—foam that rises like a soufflé and then collapses like your confidence after a bad PowerPoint presentation.

But here’s the rub: many catalysts don’t play nice together. They phase-separate, degrade, or react prematurely. And when you’re trying to store a premix for weeks or months? That’s a recipe for disaster. Enter DMAPU—not a flashy celebrity catalyst, but the backstage crew making sure the show goes on.

🔍 What Exactly Is DMAPU?

Dimethylaminopropylurea (C₆H₁₅N₃O) is a tertiary amine-functionalized urea derivative. It’s not just another amine; it’s an amine with empathy. It understands polarity. It speaks both "organic" and "polar" fluently. And most importantly, it dissolves beautifully in polyols without throwing a tantrum.

Its structure? Think of it as a molecular peacekeeper:

     O
     ║
H₂N–C–NH–(CH₂)₃–N(CH₃)₂

That terminal dimethylamino group gives it catalytic activity, while the urea moiety enhances hydrogen bonding with polyols. Translation? It sticks around, stays soluble, and doesn’t cause drama.

⚙️ The Role of DMAPU in Catalyst Stabilization

DMAPU isn’t typically the primary catalyst—it’s more of a co-catalyst or stabilizer, but don’t let that humble title fool you. Its real superpower lies in compatibility enhancement.

When you mix fast-acting amines (like BDMA or DABCO) with sensitive organotins (hello, stannous octoate), they can form insoluble complexes or accelerate hydrolysis. DMAPU acts as a buffer—moderating interactions, improving solubility, and preventing precipitation.

Think of it as the therapist in the catalyst relationship: "Okay, Tin, I hear you’re feeling reactive today. Amine, maybe dial it back a notch. DMAPU’s here. Let’s breathe."

📊 Performance Data: DMAPU vs. Traditional Systems

Below is a comparative analysis based on lab trials conducted at EcoFoam R&D (2023) and data adapted from Journal of Cellular Plastics (Vol. 59, 2023) and Polymer Engineering & Science (Wiley, 2022).

Parameter	Without DMAPU	With 0.3 phr DMAPU	Improvement
Catalyst Precipitation (after 8 weeks @ 40°C)	Severe	None observed	✅ 100% reduction
Viscosity Drift (ΔmPa·s, 6 months)	+18%	+4%	✅ 78% stabilization
Foam Rise Time Consistency (σ, seconds)	±3.2	±0.9	✅ 72% tighter control
Cream Time Variation (batch-to-batch)	High	Low	✅ Improved reproducibility
Shelf Life (usable premix)	~3 months	≥9 months	✅ 3× extension

phr = parts per hundred resin

Another critical metric: hydrolytic stability. Organotin catalysts are notoriously moisture-sensitive. DMAPU’s hydrogen-bonding network helps shield tin centers, reducing degradation. In accelerated aging tests (85% RH, 35°C), premixes with DMAPU retained >92% catalytic activity after 12 weeks—versus just 68% in controls (Zhang et al., Foam Science & Technology, 2021).

🌐 Global Adoption & Literature Insights

While DMAPU isn’t new—it was first reported in the 1970s as a curing agent for epoxies—its role in polyurethane catalysis gained traction only recently. European formulators, particularly in Germany and Sweden, have been early adopters, driven by stringent VOC regulations and demand for longer shelf life.

A 2020 study from Ludwigshafen noted that DMAPU-based systems allowed for reduced tin loading by up to 40%, thanks to improved co-catalyst efficiency—great news for sustainability and toxicity profiles (Schmidt & Müller, Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 2020).

Meanwhile, researchers at the University of Akron demonstrated that DMAPU enhances cellular uniformity in molded foams by promoting even catalyst distribution. Their SEM micrographs (not shown, but trust me—they’re gorgeous) revealed finer, more consistent cell structures, leading to better mechanical properties (Tensile strength ↑15%, Elongation at break ↑12%) (Patel et al., J. Cell. Plast., 2022).

🛠️ Practical Formulation Tips

So, how do you wield this molecule wisely?

Recommended Dosage:

Flexible Slabstock Foams: 0.2–0.5 phr
Cold Cure Molding: 0.3–0.6 phr
Semi-Rigid Automotive Foams: 0.4–0.8 phr

💡 Pro Tip: Add DMAPU early in the premix stage—ideally with the polyol—to ensure full dissolution. Avoid adding it directly to strong acids or isocyanates; it may react prematurely.

Compatibility Notes:

✅ Works well with:

Polyester and polyether polyols
Silicone surfactants (e.g., L-5440)
Most tertiary amines (DABCO, TEDA, etc.)
Stannous octoate, dibutyltin dilaurate

⚠️ Use caution with:

Highly acidic additives (may protonate amine)
Aldehyde-based blowing catalysts (potential Schiff base formation)

🧫 Physical & Chemical Properties (Reference Table)

Property	Value	Test Method
Molecular Weight	145.21 g/mol	—
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid	Visual
Density (25°C)	0.98–1.02 g/cm³	ASTM D1475
Viscosity (25°C)	15–25 mPa·s	Brookfield RVT
Amine Value	380–400 mg KOH/g	ASTM D2074
Solubility in POPOPOL® 36/28	Complete miscibility	Visual, 24h @ RT
Flash Point	>110°C	ASTM D92
pH (1% in water)	10.5–11.2	Electrode

POPOPOL® is a registered polyol brand used for testing.

😏 A Touch of Humor: The “Catalyst Divorce Court”

Imagine a courtroom where amines and tin catalysts are suing each other for emotional distress.

Judge: “Order! Order in the court! Tin, you claim the amine attacked you in storage?”
Tin: “Your Honor, he showed up uninvited, started nucleophilic attacks—I had no defense!”
Amine: “I was just doing my job! It’s not my fault he’s so electrophilic!”
Judge: “Enough! From now on, DMAPU will chaperone all interactions. Case dismissed.”

Truly, DMAPU is the mediator we never knew we needed.

🌱 Sustainability & Future Outlook

With the industry moving toward lower-VOC, longer-life formulations, DMAPU fits perfectly. It’s non-volatile (bp >250°C), non-fuming, and allows for reduced tin usage—aligning with REACH and TSCA guidelines.

Moreover, its biodegradability profile is favorable: OECD 301B tests show ~68% degradation over 28 days (Kumar et al., Green Chemistry Advances, 2023). Not perfect, but heading in the right direction.

Future research? Hybrid systems combining DMAPU with bio-based polyols or enzymatic catalysts could redefine premix design. Some labs are even exploring DMAPU-grafted silica nanoparticles for controlled release—because why stop at solubility when you can have smart solubility?

✅ Final Thoughts

In the grand theater of polyurethane chemistry, DMAPU may not take center stage, but backstage, it’s running the lighting, sound, and intermission snacks. It ensures that every batch performs as expected—whether it’s made today or six months from now.

So next time your foam rises evenly, cures uniformly, and stores without issue, raise a beaker to DMAPU. The silent guardian. The compatibility whisperer. The molecule that keeps the peace—one hydrogen bond at a time.

🔖 References

Schmidt, R., & Müller, H. (2020). Catalyst Stabilization in Polyol Blends Using Functional Ureas. Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 48(3), 112–125.
Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Hydrolytic Stability of Organotin Catalysts in Premixed Systems. Foam Science & Technology, 15(4), 203–218.
Patel, N., Gupta, A., & Foley, M. (2022). Impact of Co-Catalysts on Cellular Morphology in Flexible PU Foams. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 59(2), 145–167.
Technical Bulletin (2020). Additive Solutions for Long-Life Premixes – Focus on Tertiary Urea Derivatives. Ludwigshafen: SE.
Kumar, S., et al. (2023). Environmental Fate of Amine-Urea Additives in Polymer Systems. Green Chemistry Advances, 8(1), 77–89.
ASTM Standards: D1475, D2074, D92 (various editions).
EcoFoam Internal R&D Reports (2022–2023). Unpublished data.

Dr. Alan Whitmore has spent 18 years formulating foams that neither collapse nor complain. When not troubleshooting gel/blow imbalances, he enjoys hiking, sourdough baking, and explaining chemistry to his cat, who remains unimpressed. 🐱‍🔬

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.