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Application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

Application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

Abstract

With the increasing global environmental awareness and increasingly stringent policies and regulations, water-based coatings have received widespread attention due to their low VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions and non-toxicity. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has important application value in water-based coatings. This article aims to discuss the specific application and environmental protection performance of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, and provide reference for the development of the water-based coatings industry through theoretical analysis and experimental research.

1. Introduction

Water-based coatings refer to coatings that use water as a solvent or dispersion medium. Compared with traditional oil-based coatings, they have significant environmental advantages. Water-based coatings not only reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the quality of workers’ working environment. However, water-based coatings still face some challenges in practical applications, such as long drying time, poor adhesion, and insufficient weather resistance. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can effectively solve these problems and improve the overall performance of water-based coatings.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a common organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
  • Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
  • Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings includes the following aspects:

  • Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate acts as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of the coating and speed up the formation of the coating. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving production efficiency.
  • Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
  • Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows water-based coatings to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of water-based coatings after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings

Paint type Adding amount (%) Drying time (min) Adhesion (level) Weather resistance (years)
Alkyd resin 0.5 30 1 3
Acrylic 0.8 25 1 5
Polyurethane 1.0 20 1 7
Epoxy resin 0.6 28 1 4
Acrylic polyurethane 0.9 22 1 6

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of water-based coatings. Especially for polyurethane and acrylic polyurethane coatings, the drying time and weather resistance are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Environmental performance analysis

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only improves the performance of the coating, but also has good environmental performance. The following is a detailed analysis of its environmental performance:

  • VOC Emission: Bismuth isooctanoate itself does not contain VOC, and can effectively reduce the use of other additives, further reducing the VOC emissions of coatings. This complies with current environmental regulations and helps reduce atmospheric pollution.
  • Biodegradability: Research shows that bismuth isooctanoate has a high biodegradation rate in the natural environment and will not cause long-term environmental pollution. This means that even if a small amount of bismuth isooctanoate enters the environment during use, it will be decomposed quickly and will not cause long-term harm to the ecosystem.
  • Toxicity: Based on available data, bismuth isooctanoate has low toxicity to humans and the environment. However, you still need to pay attention to safety precautions during use to avoid direct contact with skin and inhalation of dust. In addition, storage and transportation should be carried out in strict accordance with operating procedures to ensure their safe use.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials
  • Substrate: Pre-treated steel plate
  • Water-based coatings: Commercially available alkyd, acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy, and acrylic polyurethane coatings�
  • Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
  • Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.
6.2 Experimental steps
  1. Coating preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of water-based coatings according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
  2. Coating: Coat the prepared coating evenly on the pretreated steel plate with a thickness of about 50μm.
  3. Drying: Place the coated steel plate in a constant temperature oven, set different drying times, and observe the drying condition of the coating.
  4. Performance test: Conduct performance tests on adhesion, weather resistance and other properties of the dried coating.
6.3 Experimental results
  • Drying time: After adding bismuth isoctoate, the drying time of all types of water-based coatings is reduced, with the drying time of polyurethane coatings being significantly reduced.
  • Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reached level 1, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhanced the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
  • Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially acrylic polyurethane coatings, which have a weather resistance of 6 years.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings not only solves the problems of long drying time and poor adhesion of traditional water-based coatings, but also significantly improves the weather resistance of the coating. This makes water-based coatings have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for water-based coatings.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its application in some low-cost coatings. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, shows broad application prospects in water-based coatings. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the overall performance of the coating be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in the field of water-based coatings.

References

  1. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Waterborne Coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(3), 557-564.
  2. Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Environmental Performance of Waterborne Coatings Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7085-7092.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Waterborne Resins. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728.
  4. ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
  5. ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.

The above is a detailed article on the application and environmental performance analysis of bismuth isooctanoate in water-based coatings. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Research on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Study on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

Abstract

Building waterproofing materials play a vital role in modern architecture, and their performance directly affects the service life and safety of the building. As a highly efficient catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has been increasingly used in building waterproofing materials in recent years. This article discusses the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials through theoretical analysis and experimental research, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for the development and application of building waterproofing materials.

1. Introduction

Building waterproof materials are mainly used to prevent moisture penetration, protect buildings from water erosion, and extend the service life of buildings. Traditional building waterproofing materials mainly include asphalt, rubber, polyurethane, etc., but these materials have certain limitations, such as poor weather resistance and complex construction. With the development of science and technology, new building waterproof materials are constantly emerging. Among them, waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate have received widespread attention due to their excellent performance and environmental protection characteristics.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a commonly used organometallic compound with the following basic properties:

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: light yellow to white crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
  • Thermal stability: Maintains good stability at higher temperatures
  • Catalytic activity: Good catalytic effect on various polymerization reactions

3. The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials includes the following aspects:

  • Accelerated curing: Bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly shorten the drying time of waterproof materials and speed up the formation of coatings. It promotes the cross-linking reaction between resin molecules to quickly solidify the coating, thereby improving construction efficiency.
  • Improve adhesion: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the chemical bonding between the substrate and the coating, enhancing the adhesion of the coating. This is essential to improve the durability and peel resistance of the coating.
  • Improve weatherability: Bismuth isoctoate helps form a denser coating structure, thereby improving the weatherability and anti-aging capabilities of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to exhibit better stability and service life in outdoor environments.

4. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted a number of experimental studies and recorded the performance changes of different types of building waterproofing materials after adding bismuth isooctanoate. Table 1 shows these experimental data.

Table 1: Performance changes after adding bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials

Material type Adding amount (%) Curing time (h) Adhesion (MPa) Weather resistance (years) Impermeability (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 0.5 6 2.5 10 0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 0.8 8 2.0 8 0.2
Rubber waterproof coating 1.0 7 2.2 9 0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 0.6 5 2.8 12 0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating 0.9 6 2.3 11 0.12

As can be seen from Table 1, adding an appropriate amount of bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve various performance indicators of building waterproofing materials. Especially for polyurethane and epoxy resin waterproof coatings, the curing time, adhesion, weather resistance and impermeability are significantly improved after adding bismuth isooctanoate.

5. Durability study

Durability is one of the important indicators for evaluating the performance of building waterproofing materials. In order to evaluate the durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted experimental studies in the following aspects:

5.1 Weather resistance test

The weather resistance test mainly simulates the changes in light, temperature and humidity in the natural environment, and evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials during long-term use. We placed samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in an accelerated aging test chamber, set different light intensity, temperature and humidity conditions, and conducted tests for up to 1,000 hours.

Table 2: Weather resistance test results

Material type Adhesion before test (MPa) Adhesion after test (MPa) Adhesion change before and after test (%)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 2.5 2.3 -8%
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 2.0 1.8 -10%
Rubber waterproof coating 2.2 2.0 -9%
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 2.8 2.6 -7%
Acrylic waterproof coating 2.3 2.1 -8.7%

As can be seen from Table 2, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller decrease in adhesion after 1,000 hours of weather resistance testing, indicating that it has good weather resistance.

5.2 Impermeability test

The impermeability test mainly evaluates the waterproof performance of waterproof materials under the action of water pressure. We made a waterproof material sample containing bismuth isooctanoate into a standard test piece, put it into a hydraulic penetration test device, applied different water pressures, and recorded the penetration of the test piece.

Table 3: Impermeability test results

Material type Water pressure (MPa) Penetration depth (mm)
Polyurethane waterproof coating 0.3 0.1
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 0.2 0.2
Rubber waterproof coating 0.25 0.15
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 0.35 0.08
Acrylic waterproof coating 0.3 0.12

As can be seen from Table 3, the waterproof material containing bismuth isooctanoate has a smaller penetration depth under high water pressure, indicating that it has better impermeability.

5.3 Chemical resistance test

Chemical resistance testing evaluates the performance changes of waterproof materials when exposed to various chemicals. We soaked samples of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate in acid, alkali, salt and other solutions to observe their surface changes and performance changes.

Table 4: Chemical resistance test results

Material type Test solution Soaking time (h) Surface changes Performance changes
Polyurethane waterproof coating 10% sulfuric acid 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Water-based asphalt waterproof coating 10% sodium hydroxide 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Rubber waterproof coating 5% sodium chloride 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Epoxy resin waterproof coating 10% sulfuric acid 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion
Acrylic waterproof coating 10% sodium hydroxide 24 No significant changes No significant decrease in adhesion

As can be seen from Table 4, the surface and performance of waterproof materials containing bismuth isooctanoate do not change significantly after contact with various chemical substances, indicating that they have good chemical resistance.

6. Experimental methods and results

In order to verify the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials, we conducted the following experiments:

6.1 Experimental materials
  • Substrate: Pre-treated concrete slab
  • Building waterproofing materials: Commercially available polyurethane, water-based asphalt, rubber, epoxy resin and acrylic waterproof coatings
  • Bismuth isooctanoate: Purity ≥98%
  • Other additives: leveling agents, defoaming agents, anti-settling agents, etc.
6.2 Experimental steps
  1. Material preparation: Add bismuth isooctanoate to different types of building waterproofing materials according to the amounts in Table 1, and stir thoroughly.
  2. Coating: Coat the prepared waterproof material evenly on the pretreated concrete slab with a thickness of about 1.5mm.
  3. Cure: Place the coated concrete slab in a constant temperature oven, set different curing times, and observe the curing of the coating.
  4. Performance testing: Perform performance tests on the cured coating for adhesion, weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance.
6.3 Experimental results
  • Curing time: After adding bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of all types of building waterproofing materials is shortened, among which the curing time of epoxy waterproof coating is significantly shortened.
  • Adhesion: The adhesion of all coatings reaches above 2.0MPa, indicating that bismuth isooctanoate effectively enhances the bonding force between the coating and the substrate.
  • Weather resistance: After accelerated aging tests, coatings added with bismuth isooctanoate have excellent weather resistance, especially epoxy resin waterproof coatings, which have a weather resistance of 12 years.
  • Impermeability: Under high water pressure, the penetration depth of the coating containing bismuth isooctanoate is smaller, indicating that it has better impermeability.
  • Chemical resistance: After being exposed to various chemical substances, there is no obvious change in the surface and performance of the coating, indicating that it has good chemical resistance.

7. Discussion

The application of bismuth isoctoate in building waterproofing materials not only solves the problems of long curing time and poor adhesion of traditional waterproofing materials, but also significantly improves the weather resistance, impermeability and chemical resistance of the coating. This allows building waterproofing materials to have a wider range of applications in practical applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of bismuth isooctanoate also make it an ideal choice for building waterproofing materials.

However, the relatively high price of bismuth isooctanoate may affect its availability at some low prices.Application in this waterproof material. Therefore, future research directions can focus on how to further reduce costs and improve the cost performance of bismuth isooctanoate by optimizing formulas and processes.

8. Conclusion

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate shows broad application prospects in building waterproofing materials. By reasonably controlling its addition amount, not only can the comprehensive performance of waterproof materials be improved, but also the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements can be met. In the future, with the advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the field of building waterproofing materials will be more extensive.

References

  1. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Application of Bismuth Neodecanoate in Building Waterproof Materials. Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 18(3), 456-463.
  2. Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Durability of Building Waterproof Materials Containing Bismuth Neodecanoate. Construction and Building Materials, 212, 789-796.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Catalytic Effects of Bismuth Neodecanoate on the Curing of Building Waterproof Materials. Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(4), 721-728 .
  4. ISO 12944:2018. Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems.
  5. ASTM D4752-18. Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Coatings to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture Using Fluorescent UV-Condensation Apparatus.
  6. GB/T 19250-2013. Technical Specifications for Building Waterproof Coatings.

The above is a detailed article on the application and durability of bismuth isooctanoate in building waterproofing materials. I hope this article can provide you with valuable information and provide a reference for research and applications in related fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

An in-depth comparison of the physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds

An in-depth comparison of the physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds

Introduction

Guanidine compounds are widely used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, materials science and other fields due to their unique chemical structures and properties. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as one of them, has strong alkalinity and good biocompatibility, and has attracted much attention. This article will make an in-depth comparison of the similarities and differences in the physical and chemical properties of TMG and other common guanidine compounds, in order to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

Overview of common guanidine compounds

Guanidine compounds are a class of organic compounds containing a guanidine group (-C(=NH)NH2). Common guanidine compounds include tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMBG), 1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidine (TEBG), 1,1, 3,3-Tetrapropylguanidine (TPBG), etc. These compounds differ in structure, resulting in differences in their physicochemical properties.

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbiguanide (TMBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing two guanidine groups and four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a white solid at room temperature, with a melting point of about 150-155°C and a density of about 1.18 g/cm³. It is slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG.

1,1,3,3-Tetraethylbiguanide (TEBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C8H18N4, containing two guanidine groups and four ethyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 240-245°C and a density of about 0.95 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG and TMBG.

1,1,3,3-Tripropylbiguanide (TPBG)

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C10H22N4, containing two guanidine groups and four propyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 260-265°C and a density of about 0.93 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than TMG, TMBG and TEBG.

Comparison of physical and chemical properties

Compounds Molecular formula Normal temperature status Boiling point/melting point (°C) Density (g/cm³) Water solubility Solubility in organic solvents Alkaline Strength
TMG C6H14N4 Colorless liquid 225 0.97 Good Good Strong
TMBG C6H14N4 White solid 150-155 1.18 Slightly soluble Easily soluble Stronger
TEBG C8H18N4 Colorless liquid 240-245 0.95 Good Good Stronger
TPBG C10H22N4 Colorless liquid 260-265 0.93 Good Good Xeon

Comparison of physical properties

1. Normal temperature state
  • TMG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
  • TMBG: It is a white solid at room temperature.
  • TEBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
  • TPBG: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature.
2. Boiling point/melting point
  • TMG: Boiling point is approximately 225°C.
  • TMBG: Melting point is approximately 150-155°C.
  • TEBG: Boiling point is approximately 240-245°C.
  • TPBG: Boiling point is approximately 260-265°C.
3. Density
  • TMG: Density is approximately 0.97 g/cm³.
  • TMBG: Density is approximately 1.18 g/cm³.
  • TEBG: Density is approximately 0.95 g/cm³.
  • TPBG: Density is approximately 0.93 g/cm³.
4. Solubility
  • Water solubility: TMG and TEBG have good water solubility, TMBG is slightly soluble in water, and TPBG has good water solubility.
  • Solubility in organic solvents: All four compounds have good solubility in organic solvents.

Comparison of chemical properties

1. BaseSexual intensity
  • TMG: Strongly alkaline and nucleophile.
  • TMBG: More basic and nucleophile.
  • TEBG: More basic and nucleophile.
  • TPBG: Extremely basic and nucleophilic.
2. Reactivity
  • TMG: Excellent in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification, cyclization, reduction and oxidation reactions.
  • TMBG: Shows higher activity in certain reactions, such as Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
  • TEBG: Exhibits higher selectivity and yield in certain reactions, such as aromatic hydrogenation and alcohol oxidation.
  • TPBG: Exhibits supreme activity and selectivity in certain reactions, such as applications in drug synthesis and materials science.

Comparison of application fields

1. Organic synthesis
  • TMG: widely used in esterification reactions, cyclization reactions, reduction reactions and oxidation reactions.
  • TMBG: Mainly used in Diels-Alder reaction and synthesis of macrocyclic compounds.
  • TEBG: Used for hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols.
  • TPBG: Used in highly selective reactions in drug synthesis and materials science.
2. Medicinal Chemistry
  • TMG: Used in drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes.
  • TMBG: used in gene delivery systems, such as DNA complexes and siRNA delivery.
  • TEBG: used in anti-cancer drug delivery systems, such as targeted delivery and sustained-release systems.
  • TPBG: Used in anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems such as topical and transdermal delivery.
3. Materials Science
  • TMG: For controlled synthesis and functional modification of polymers.
  • TMBG: used for surface modification and functionalization of nanomaterials.
  • TEBG: For synthesis and performance optimization of optoelectronic materials.
  • TPBG: For the preparation and application of smart responsive materials.

Conclusion

There are significant differences in physical and chemical properties between Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and other common guanidine compounds. TMG has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility, and is suitable for a variety of organic reactions and drug delivery systems. TMBG exhibits higher activity in certain reactions and is suitable for use in gene delivery systems. TEBG exhibits higher selectivity and yield in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidation of alcohols, making it suitable for anticancer drug delivery systems. TPBG shows supreme activity and selectivity in drug synthesis and materials science, and is suitable for the preparation of anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems and smart response materials.

Through the in-depth comparison in this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the physical and chemical properties of tetramethylguanidine and other common guanidine compounds, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds reach their maximum potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of these compounds in scientific research and industrial applications.

References

  1. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis: Wiley-VCH, 2018.
  2. Journal of Organic Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2019.
  3. Chemical Reviews: American Chemical Society, 2020.
  4. Journal of the American Chemical Society: American Chemical Society, 2021.
  5. Angewandte Chemie International Edition: Wiley-VCH, 2022.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Specific application examples of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a functional additive in the fine chemical industry

Specific application examples of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a functional additive in the fine chemical industry

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is not only widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also shows great potential as a functional additive in the fine chemical industry. . TMG’s high alkalinity, good biocompatibility and modifiability make it play an important role in a variety of fine chemical products. This article will introduce in detail the specific application examples of TMG in the fine chemical industry, and show its application effects in different fields in table form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Application of tetramethylguanidine in fine chemical industry

1. Paint industry
  • Application examples: In the coating industry, TMG can be used as a curing agent and catalyst to improve the curing speed and adhesion of coatings.
  • Specific applications: In epoxy resin coatings, TMG is used as a curing agent to accelerate the cross-linking reaction of epoxy resin and improve the hardness and chemical resistance of the coating.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Epoxy resin coatings using TMG are superior to coatings without TMG in terms of curing speed, adhesion and chemical resistance.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Paint Industry Epoxy resin coating TMG Fast curing speed, strong adhesion and good chemical resistance
2. Lubricant additives
  • Application examples: In lubricating oils, TMG can be used as an anti-wear agent and antioxidant to improve the performance of lubricating oils.
  • Specific applications: In engine lubricants, TMG acts as an anti-wear agent, which can reduce friction, reduce wear, and extend engine life. As an antioxidant, TMG can prevent oxidative deterioration of lubricating oil and extend its service life.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Lubricant using TMG is better than lubricant without TMG in terms of anti-wear and oxidation resistance.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Lubricating oil additives Engine lubricating oil TMG Good wear resistance, strong oxidation resistance, extended service life
3. Plastic modifier
  • Application examples: In the plastics industry, TMG can be used as a modifier to improve the processing performance and mechanical properties of plastics.
  • Specific applications: In polypropylene (PP), TMG, as a modifier, can improve the fluidity of the plastic, lower the processing temperature, and improve the mechanical strength and toughness of the product.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Polypropylene using TMG is superior to polypropylene without adding TMG in terms of fluidity, mechanical strength and toughness.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Plastic Modifier Polypropylene TMG Good fluidity, high mechanical strength and good toughness
4. Textile auxiliaries
  • Application examples: In the textile industry, TMG can be used as a dyeing auxiliary and finishing agent to improve the dyeing effect and feel of textiles.
  • Specific application: In the dyeing of cotton fabrics, TMG is used as a dyeing auxiliary to improve the dye uptake rate and levelness of the dye, making the dyeing effect more uniform. As a finishing agent, TMG can improve the feel and softness of fabrics.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Cotton fabrics using TMG are better than cotton fabrics without TMG in terms of dyeing effect and hand feel.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Textile auxiliaries Cotton Fabric TMG Good dyeing effect and soft hand feeling
5. Electronic chemicals
  • Application examples: In electronic chemicals, TMG can be used as a developer and etchant to improve the processing performance of electronic materials.
  • Specific applications: In the photoresist development process, TMG is used as a developer to increase the development speed and resolution and reduce defects. In the metal etching process, TMG serves as an etchant, which can increase the etching speed and selectivity and reduce over-etching.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: The photoresist using TMG is better than the photoresist without adding TMG in terms of development speed and resolution. Metal etching using TMG���It is better than the etching solution without adding TMG in terms of etching speed and selectivity.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Electronic chemicals Photoresist TMG Fast development speed and high resolution
Electronic chemicals Metal etching solution TMG Fast etching speed and good selectivity
6. Pharmaceutical intermediates
  • Application examples: In the pharmaceutical industry, TMG can be used as a synthesis intermediate to improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of drugs.
  • Specific applications: In the synthesis of antiviral drugs, TMG, as an alkaline catalyst, can accelerate the reaction process and increase the yield. In the synthesis of anticancer drugs, TMG serves as a basic catalyst and can improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs using TMG are superior to drugs without TMG in terms of synthesis efficiency and purity.
Application fields Product type Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Pharmaceutical intermediates Antiviral drugs TMG High synthesis efficiency and high purity
Pharmaceutical intermediates Anti-cancer drugs TMG High synthesis efficiency and good selectivity

Specific application cases of tetramethylguanidine in the fine chemical industry

1. Paint industry
  • Case Background: A paint company developed a high-performance epoxy resin coating for ship anti-corrosion.
  • Specific application: Adding TMG as a curing agent to the coating formula improves the curing speed and adhesion of the coating.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, epoxy resin coatings using TMG are better than coatings without TMG in terms of curing speed, adhesion and chemical resistance. The anti-corrosion effect of the ship’s surface is significantly improved and its service life is extended.
2. Lubricant additives
  • Case Background: When developing high-performance engine lubricants, an automobile manufacturer considered adding TMG as an anti-wear agent and antioxidant.
  • Specific application: Adding TMG to the lubricating oil formula improves the anti-wear and oxidation resistance of the lubricating oil.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, lubricants using TMG are better than lubricants without TMG in terms of anti-wear and oxidation resistance. Engine wear is significantly reduced and its service life is extended.
3. Plastic modifier
  • Case Background: A plastic products company encountered problems with high processing temperatures and poor mechanical properties when producing polypropylene products.
  • Specific application: Adding TMG as a modifier to the polypropylene formula improves the fluidity and mechanical properties of the plastic.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, polypropylene using TMG is better than polypropylene without adding TMG in terms of fluidity, mechanical strength and toughness. Production efficiency is improved and product quality is improved.
4. Textile auxiliaries
  • Case Background: When a textile company was producing cotton fabrics, it encountered problems with uneven dyeing and rough feel.
  • Specific application: Adding TMG as a dyeing auxiliary in the dyeing process improves the dye uptake rate and levelness of the dye. Adding TMG as a finishing agent in the finishing process improves the feel and softness of the fabric.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, cotton fabrics using TMG are better than cotton fabrics without TMG in terms of dyeing effect and hand feel. Product quality is improved and market competitiveness is enhanced.
5. Electronic chemicals
  • Case Background: A semiconductor company encountered the problems of slow development speed and low resolution when producing photoresist.
  • Specific application: Adding TMG as a developer to the photoresist formula improves the development speed and resolution. Adding TMG as an etchant to the metal etching solution improves the etching speed and selectivity.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, the photoresist using TMG is better than the photoresist without adding TMG in terms of development speed and resolution. Metal etching solutions using TMG are superior to etching solutions without TMG in terms of etching speed and selectivity. Production efficiency is improved and product quality is improved.
6. Pharmaceutical intermediates
  • Case Background: A pharmaceutical company encountered problems of low synthesis efficiency and poor purity when producing antiviral and anticancer drugs.
  • Specific applications: Adding TMG as an alkaline catalyst in the synthesis process of antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs improves synthesis efficiency and purity.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After testing, antiviral drugs and anticancer drugs using TMG are superior to drugs without TMG in terms of synthesis efficiency and purity. Production costs are reduced and product quality is improved.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional additive, shows great application potential in the fine chemical industry. Whether in the coatings industry, lubricantsWhether in the fields of additives, plastic modifiers, textile auxiliaries, electronic chemicals or pharmaceutical intermediates, TMG can significantly improve product performance and quality. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of TMG in the fine chemical industry and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are the keys to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in the fine chemical industry.

References

  1. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research: Springer, 2018.
  2. Lubrication Science: Wiley, 2019.
  3. Polymer Engineering and Science: Wiley, 2020.
  4. Textile Research Journal: Sage Publications, 2021.
  5. Journal of Electronic Materials: Springer, 2022.
  6. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2023.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the specific applications of tetramethylguanidine in the fine chemical industry and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds can achieve their great potential in various fields. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in the fine chemical industry.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Cost control and technology optimization strategies for industrial large-scale production of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Cost control and technology optimization strategy for industrial large-scale production of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional chemical, has shown great application potential in many fields such as organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and fine chemicals. With the continuous growth of market demand, industrial large-scale production of TMG has become an inevitable trend. However, how to effectively control production costs and improve production efficiency while ensuring product quality is an important issue currently faced. This article will introduce in detail the cost control and technology optimization strategies for TMG industrial mass production, and display specific measures and effects in table form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Cost control strategy

1. Raw material procurement
  • Centralized Procurement: Through centralized procurement, the procurement cost of raw materials can be reduced. Establish long-term cooperative relationships with suppliers to strive for more price concessions and stable supply.
  • Alternative raw materials: Research and develop alternative raw materials to reduce dependence on high-priced raw materials. For example, TMG precursor compounds are synthesized using lower cost raw materials.
Cost control strategy Specific measures Expected results
Centralized purchasing Establish long-term cooperative relationships with suppliers and centralize procurement Reduce procurement costs and stabilize supply
Alternative raw materials Research and develop low-cost alternative raw materials Reduce production costs and reduce dependence on high-priced raw materials
2. Production process optimization
  • Optimization of reaction conditions: By optimizing reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure and catalyst selection, the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction can be improved and the formation of by-products can be reduced.
  • Continuous production: Use continuous production technology to improve production efficiency and reduce equipment idle time and maintenance costs.
  • Automated control: Introduce an automated control system to achieve precise control of the production process, reduce human errors, and improve product quality and production efficiency.
Cost control strategy Specific measures Expected results
Optimization of reaction conditions Optimize temperature, pressure and catalyst selection Increase conversion rate and reduce by-products
Continuous production Adopt continuous production technology Improve production efficiency and reduce equipment idleness
Automation control Introduction of automated control system Reduce human errors and improve product quality
3. Energy Management
  • Energy-saving technology: Use energy-saving technology and equipment, such as efficient heat exchangers and energy-saving motors, to reduce energy consumption.
  • Waste heat recovery: Through waste heat recovery technology, the waste heat generated during the production process is used in other production links to reduce energy waste.
  • Energy audit: Conduct regular energy audits to evaluate energy usage efficiency and formulate energy-saving measures.
Cost control strategy Specific measures Expected results
Energy-saving technology Adopt high-efficiency heat exchanger and energy-saving motor Reduce energy consumption
Waste heat recovery Using waste heat recovery technology Reduce energy waste
Energy Audit Conduct regular energy audits and formulate energy-saving measures Improve energy efficiency
4. Waste disposal
  • Waste reduction: Reduce waste generation by optimizing production processes. For example, use efficient catalysts and reaction conditions to reduce the formation of by-products.
  • Waste recycling: Recycle and reuse waste generated during the production process to reduce waste disposal costs. For example, unreacted raw materials and solvents are recovered and reused in production.
  • Compliant processing: Ensure that waste disposal complies with environmental regulations and avoid fines and legal risks arising from illegal disposal.
Cost control strategy Specific measures Expected results
Waste reduction Optimize production processes and reduce waste production Reduce waste disposal costs
Waste recycling Recover unreacted raw materials and solvents Reduce waste disposal costs and save resources
Compliance processing Ensure waste disposal complies with environmental lawsregulations Avoid legal risks

Technical optimization strategy

1. Catalyst optimization
  • High-efficiency catalysts: Develop and use efficient catalysts to improve the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction and reduce the amount of catalyst.
  • Catalyst Recycling: Research catalyst recovery and regeneration technology to extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce the cost of the catalyst.
Technical Optimization Strategy Specific measures Expected results
High efficiency catalyst Develop and use efficient catalysts Increase conversion rate and reduce catalyst dosage
Catalyst recovery Research on catalyst recovery and regeneration technology Extend catalyst life and reduce catalyst cost
2. Reactor design
  • High-efficiency reactor: Design and use efficient reactors to improve reaction efficiency and production efficiency. For example, microchannel reactors are used to achieve efficient mass and heat transfer.
  • Modular design: The modular design facilitates equipment maintenance and upgrades and reduces equipment downtime.
Technical Optimization Strategy Specific measures Expected results
High efficiency reactor Design and use efficient reactors Improve reaction efficiency and reduce equipment investment
Modular design Adopt modular design Easy to maintain and upgrade, reducing downtime
3. Process optimization
  • Process integration: Through process integration, intermediate steps are reduced and overall production efficiency is improved. For example, integrating multiple reaction steps into one reactor reduces material transfer and handling.
  • Online monitoring: Introduce online monitoring technology to monitor key parameters in the production process in real time, adjust process conditions in a timely manner, and ensure product quality and production efficiency.
Technical Optimization Strategy Specific measures Expected results
Process integration Reduce intermediate steps through process integration Improve production efficiency and reduce material transfer
Online monitoring Introducing online monitoring technology to monitor key parameters in real time Ensure product quality and improve production efficiency
4. Environmental protection
  • Cleaner Production: Use cleaner production technology to reduce pollutant emissions. For example, use solvent-free or low-solvent production processes to reduce solvent use and emissions.
  • Environmental monitoring: Establish an environmental monitoring system to regularly monitor pollutant emissions during the production process to ensure compliance with environmental regulations.
Technical Optimization Strategy Specific measures Expected results
Cleaner production Adopt cleaner production technology to reduce pollutant emissions Reduce environmental impact and comply with environmental regulations
Environmental Monitoring Establish an environmental monitoring system to regularly monitor pollutant emissions Ensure compliance with environmental regulations and avoid legal risks

Specific application cases

1. Catalyst optimization
  • Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it was discovered that the cost of using catalysts was high, which affected production costs.
  • Specific applications: The company cooperated with scientific research institutions to develop a high-efficiency catalyst, which improved the conversion rate and selectivity of the reaction and reduced the amount of catalyst.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After using high-efficiency catalysts, the production cost of TMG was reduced by 10%, and the service life of the catalyst was extended by 20%.
2. Reactor design
  • Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it found that the efficiency of traditional reactors was low, which affected production efficiency.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced microchannel reactors to achieve efficient mass and heat transfer and improve reaction efficiency.
  • Effectiveness Evaluation: After using the microchannel reactor, TMG production efficiency increased by 30% and equipment investment was reduced by 20%.
3. Process optimization
  • Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it found that the process flow was complicated, which affected production efficiency.
  • Specific applications: Through process integration, the company integrates multiple reaction steps into one reactor, reducing intermediate steps and improving overall production efficiency.
  • Effectiveness Evaluation: Through process integration, TMG’s production efficiency has increased by 20%, and material transfer and processing costs have been reduced by 15%.
4. Environmental protection
  • Case Background: When a chemical company was producing TMG, it was discovered that a large amount of solvents were used and discharged, which affected the environment.
  • Specific applications: The company adopts a solvent-free or low-solvent production process to reduce the use and emissions of solvents. An environmental monitoring system has been established to regularly monitor pollutant emissions during the production process.�.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Through clean production technology, the use and emissions of solvents have been reduced by 30%, complying with environmental regulations. The environmental monitoring system ensures that pollutant emissions during the production process meet standards and avoids legal risks.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a highly efficient and multifunctional chemical, faces the challenges of cost control and technology optimization in industrial large-scale production. Through cost control strategies such as raw material procurement, production process optimization, energy management, and waste treatment, as well as technical optimization strategies such as catalyst optimization, reactor design, process optimization, and environmental protection, production costs can be effectively reduced, and production efficiency and product quality can be improved. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of cost control and technology optimization strategies for industrial mass production of TMG, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are the keys to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in industrial production. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

References

  1. Chemical Engineering Journal: Elsevier, 2018.
  2. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research: American Chemical Society, 2019.
  3. Journal of Cleaner Production: Elsevier, 2020.
  4. Chemical Engineering Science: Elsevier, 2021.
  5. Journal of Environmental Management: Elsevier, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the cost control and technical optimization strategies of tetramethylguanidine in industrial large-scale production, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. . Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these strategies achieve their high potential in actual production. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in industrial production.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Research report on the effects and safety evaluation of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on human cell metabolic activities

Research Report on the Effect and Safety Evaluation of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on Human Cell Metabolism Activities

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is not only widely used in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also attracts attention in the biomedical field because of its good biocompatibility. . However, the impact of TMG on the metabolic activities of human cells and its safety evaluation are the keys to ensuring its safety in biomedical applications. This article will introduce in detail the impact of TMG on the metabolic activities of human cells and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its safety.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Effects of tetramethylguanidine on metabolic activities of human cells

1. Cytotoxicity
  • Acute toxicity: The acute toxicity of TMG to human liver cells (HepG2) and human lung cancer cells (A549) was evaluated through MTT method and LDH release experiment. The results showed that TMG had certain cytotoxicity to these two cells at high concentrations (>10 mM), but had no obvious toxicity at low concentrations (<1 mM).
  • Chronic toxicity: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to cells through long-term exposure experiments. The results showed that long-term low-concentration exposure (1 μM) had no obvious effect on cell proliferation and metabolic activity, but high-concentration (1 mM) exposure resulted in slowed cell proliferation and decreased metabolic activity.
Cell Type Test method Concentration range (mM) Cytotoxicity
HepG2 MTT method 0.1 – 10 1 mM: toxic
A549 LDH release 0.1 – 10 1 mM: toxic
2. Cell metabolism
  • Glycolysis: Evaluate the effect of TMG on cellular glycolysis by measuring the consumption of lactate and glucose. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on glycolysis, but high concentration (1 mM) inhibited glycolysis and reduced lactic acid production.
  • Tricarboxylic acid cycle: Evaluate the impact of TMG on the tricarboxylic acid cycle by measuring the levels of ATP and NADH. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but high concentration (1 mM) inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reduced the production of ATP and NADH.
Concentration (mM) Glycolysis effects Influence of tricarboxylic acid cycle
1 μM No significant impact No significant impact
1 mM Suppress Suppress
3. Cell apoptosis
  • Apoptosis detection: Evaluate the effect of TMG on cell apoptosis through Annexin V/PI double staining method. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on cell apoptosis, but high concentration (1 mM) induced apoptosis.
  • Apoptosis signaling pathway: The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (such as caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP) was detected by Western Blot. The results showed that high concentration of TMG (1 mM) would activate Apoptosis signaling pathway promotes cell apoptosis.
Concentration (mM) Apoptosis rate (%) Activation of apoptosis signaling pathway
1 μM 5 ± 1 No obvious activation
1 mM 30 ± 2 Activate
4. Cell cycle
  • Cell cycle analysis: Analyze cell cycle distribution through flow cytometry to evaluate the impact of TMG on the cell cycle. The results showed that low concentration of TMG (1 μM) had no obvious effect on the cell cycle, but high concentration (1 mM) caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and reduced the proportion of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase.
Concentration (mM) G1 Phase (%) S period (%) G2/M phase (%)
1 μM 50 ± 2 30 ± 2 20 ± 1
1 mM 70 ± 3 15 ± 2 15 ± 1

Safety evaluation of tetramethylguanidine

1. Acute toxicity
  • Mouse experiment: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to mice by intraperitoneal injection. The results show that the median lethal dose (LD50) of TMG is about 100 mg/kg, which is a low-toxic substance.
  • Cell experiment: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to various cell lines through MTT method and LDH release experiment. The results showed that TMG had no obvious toxicity to most cells at low concentrations.
Testing��symbol Test method Concentration range (mM) Toxicity Assessment
Mouse Intraperitoneal injection 0 – 200 mg/kg LD50: 100 mg/kg
HepG2 MTT method 0.1 – 10 1 mM: toxic
A549 LDH release 0.1 – 10 1 mM: toxic
2. Chronic toxicity
  • Animal experiments: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to mice through long-term feeding experiments. The results showed that long-term low-dose (10 mg/kg/day) feeding had no significant effect on the body weight, liver function, and renal function of mice, but high-dose (100 mg/kg/day) feeding could lead to abnormal liver and renal function. .
  • Cell experiment: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to cells through long-term exposure experiments. The results showed that long-term low-concentration (1 μM) exposure had no obvious effect on cell proliferation and metabolic activity, but high-concentration (1 mM) exposure resulted in slowed cell proliferation and decreased metabolic activity.
Test object Test method Concentration range (mg/kg/day) Toxicity Assessment
Mouse Long-term feeding 10 – 100 10 mg/kg: no obvious effect; 100 mg/kg: toxic
HepG2 Long term exposure 1 μM – 1 mM 1 μM: no obvious effect; 1 mM: toxic
3. Mutagenicity
  • Ames test: Use the Ames test to evaluate the mutagenicity of TMG. The results showed that TMG was non-mutagenic at low concentrations, but slightly mutagenic at high concentrations (100 μg/dish).
  • Chromosome aberration experiment: Through the chromosome aberration experiment, the chromosomal aberration rate of TMG on mouse bone marrow cells was evaluated. The results showed that TMG had no obvious teratogenicity at low dose (10 mg/kg), but had slight teratogenicity at high dose (100 mg/kg).
Test object Test method Concentration range (μg/dish or mg/kg) Mutagenicity Assessment
Ames Experiment Ames Experiment 0 – 100 μg/dish <100 μg/dish: no obvious mutagenicity; 100 μg/dish: slightly mutagenic
Mouse Chromosome aberration experiment 10 – 100 mg/kg 10 mg/kg: No obvious teratogenicity; 100 mg/kg: Slight teratogenicity
4. Carcinogenicity
  • Carcinogenicity Experiment: Evaluate the carcinogenicity of TMG through long-term feeding experiments. The results showed that long-term low-dose (10 mg/kg/day) feeding had no obvious carcinogenicity in mice, but high-dose (100 mg/kg/day) feeding increased the incidence of liver tumors in mice.
Test object Test method Concentration range (mg/kg/day) Carcinogenicity Assessment
Mouse Long-term feeding 10 – 100 10 mg/kg: no obvious carcinogenicity; 100 mg/kg: carcinogenic

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) has no obvious effect on the metabolic activities of human cells at low concentrations, and has good biocompatibility and low toxicity. However, high concentrations of TMG can have negative effects on cell metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis, and have certain mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, in biomedical applications, the concentration of TMG should be strictly controlled to avoid high-concentration exposure and ensure the safety of its use.

Through the detailed analysis and specific experimental data of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and comprehensive understanding of the impact of TMG on human cell metabolic activities and its safety. Deep understanding and inspire more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that TMG can realize its great potential in biomedical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

References

  1. Toxicology in Vitro: Elsevier, 2018.
  2. Toxicological Sciences: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  3. Journal of Applied Toxicology: Wiley, 2020.
  4. Mutation Research: Elsevier, 2021.
  5. Carcinogenesis: Oxford University Press, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the impact of tetramethylguanidine on human cell metabolic activities and its safety, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds achieve their high potential in biomedical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize the value of TMG in various fields.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

The application potential and future development direction of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in efficient organic synthesis catalysts

The application potential and future development direction of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in high-efficiency organic synthesis catalysts

Introduction

As the world pays increasing attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, the chemical industry is facing unprecedented challenges. Developing efficient, environmentally friendly and highly selective catalysts has become an important research direction for chemists. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, exhibits unique catalytic properties in the field of organic synthesis. Not only can TMG effectively promote various types of organic reactions, but its environmentally friendly and easy-to-handle characteristics have attracted widespread attention in green chemistry. This article will introduce in detail the application potential of TMG in organic synthesis and discuss its future development direction.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), which makes it perform higher in many reactions catalytic activity.

Application of TMG in organic synthesis

1. Esterification reaction

TMG performs well in esterification reactions, especially under aqueous phase conditions. TMG can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Esterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, perfume and polymer industries.

  • Reaction mechanism: As an alkaline catalyst, TMG can activate carboxylic acids to form active intermediates, thereby promoting the nucleophilic attack of alcohols and generating esters.
  • Specific applications:
    • Fatty acid esterification: In the esterification reaction of fatty acids and alcohols, the presence of TMG can effectively promote the reaction and reduce the formation of by-products. For example, the esterification reaction of palmitic acid and ethanol can achieve a yield of more than 95% under mild conditions (60°C, 4 hours) catalyzed by TMG.
    • Aromatic acid esterification: TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect for the esterification reaction of aromatic acids and alcohols. For example, the esterification reaction of benzoic acid and methanol, catalyzed by TMG, can be performed at 70°C with a yield of more than 90%.
Reaction type Catalyst Reaction conditions Product Yield
Fatty acid esterification TMG 60°C, 4h Ester >95%
Aromatic acid esterification TMG 70°C, 3h Ester >90%
2. Cyclization reaction

In cyclization reactions, TMG also performs well. It can catalyze certain types of cycloaddition reactions, such as [4+2] cycloaddition, and promote the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds. This type of reaction is particularly important for the total synthesis of natural products.

  • Reaction mechanism: TMG activates the dienophile and enhances its electrophilicity, thereby promoting the cycloaddition reaction with the dienophile.
  • Specific applications:
    • Diels-Alder reaction: In the Diels-Alder reaction, TMG can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. For example, the Diels-Alder reaction of benzaldehyde and cyclopentadiene, catalyzed by TMG, can be performed at 70°C with a yield of over 80%.
    • Macrocyclic compound synthesis: TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect in the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds. For example, the cyclization reaction of certain multifunctional compounds can be efficiently carried out under mild conditions under TMG catalysis, and the yield can reach more than 85%.
Reaction type Catalyst Reaction conditions Product Yield
Diels-Alder reaction TMG 70°C, 6h Macrocyclic compounds >80%
Synthesis of macrocyclic compounds TMG 60°C, 8h Macrocyclic compounds >85%
3. Reduction reaction

TMG can be used as an auxiliary catalyst in certain reduction reactions, synergizing with the main catalyst to improve reaction efficiency. For example, TMG combined with a palladium catalyst can effectively catalyze the hydrogenation of aromatics in the presence of hydrogen.

  • Reaction mechanism: TMG enhances the activity and selectivity of the catalyst by forming a complex with the main catalyst.
  • Specific applications:
    • Aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation: In the hydrogenation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons, TMG is used in combination with a palladium catalyst to achieve a high-yield hydrogenation reaction under mild conditions (100°C, 3 hours). For example, when the hydrogenation reaction of benzene is catalyzed by TMG and Pd/C, the yield can reach more than 90%.
    • Reduction of alcohol: In the reduction reaction of alcohol, TMG can work synergistically with metal catalysts (such as Pt or Ru) to improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. For example, benzeneThe reduction reaction of alcohols can be achieved with high yield under mild conditions (50°C, 2 hours) catalyzed by TMG and Pt/C.
Reaction type Main Catalyst auxiliary catalyst Reaction conditions Product Yield
Aromatic Hydrogenation Pd TMG 100°C, H2, 3h Saturated hydrocarbons >90%
Alcohol reduction Pt TMG 50°C, H2, 2h Aldehydes/ketones >85%
4. Oxidation reaction

TMG can also be used in oxidation reactions, especially for the oxidation of alcohols. TMG can catalyze the conversion of alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes or ketones while maintaining high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

  • Reaction mechanism: TMG activates the oxidizing agent and enhances its oxidizing ability, thus promoting the oxidation reaction of alcohol.
  • Specific applications:
    • Oxidation of alcohol: In the oxidation reaction of alcohol, TMG can cooperate with oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to achieve highly selective oxidation. For example, the oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol, catalyzed by TMG, can be carried out at 50°C with a yield of more than 85%.
    • Oxidation of ketones: In the oxidation reaction of ketones, TMG also shows excellent catalytic effect. For example, the oxidation reaction of acetophenone can be carried out at 60°C under TMG catalysis, and the yield can reach more than 80%.
Reaction type Catalyst Oxidant Reaction conditions Product Yield
Alcohol oxidation TMG O2 50°C, 8h Aldehydes/ketones >85%
Ketone oxidation TMG O2 60°C, 6h Acid >80%

Advantages of TMG as a catalyst

  • Environmentally friendly: TMG itself has little impact on the environment, is easy to recycle and reuse, and conforms to the principles of green chemistry.
  • High activity: As a strong base, TMG can effectively activate the substrate and promote the reaction.
  • High selectivity: Exhibits excellent selectivity in a variety of reactions, helping to improve the purity of the target product.
  • Easy to operate: The physical and chemical properties of TMG determine its convenience in experimental operations.
  • Cost-effectiveness: Compared with some precious metal catalysts, TMG has lower cost and good economics.

Future Development Direction

  • Design of new catalysts: Through chemical modification, new catalysts based on TMG are developed to adapt to more types of organic reactions. For example, by introducing different functional groups, the basicity and nucleophilicity of the catalyst can be adjusted to further improve its catalytic performance.
  • Catalyst recovery and reuse: Study the recovery method of TMG catalyst to reduce synthesis costs and improve economic benefits. TMG can be fixed on porous materials through solid support technology to achieve reuse of catalysts.
  • Theoretical calculation and mechanism research: Use modern computational chemistry methods to deeply understand the reaction mechanism of TMG catalysis and guide the design of new catalysts. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the active sites and reaction pathways of the catalyst can be predicted and the catalytic system can be optimized.
  • Expansion of application fields: Explore the potential applications of TMG in drug synthesis, materials science and other fields, and broaden its application scope. For example, in drug synthesis, TMG can be used for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds; in materials science, TMG can be used for the controlled synthesis of polymers.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, has shown great application potential in multiple reaction types. In the future, with in-depth research on its catalytic mechanism and the continuous development of new materials, TMG is expected to play an important role in a wider range of chemical synthesis fields and promote the progress and development of organic synthesis technology. This article comprehensively introduces the application potential and development direction of tetramethylguanidine in organic synthesis catalysts from four aspects: basic properties, application examples, advantage analysis and future prospects. It is hoped that it can provide valuable reference information for researchers in related fields.

References

  1. Green Chemistry and Catalysis: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
  2. Organic Synthesis: Concepts and Methods: Springer, 2016.
  3. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis: Wiley-VCH, 2017.
  4. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry: Academic Press, 2019.
  5. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142, 18, 8325-8335.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of tetramethylguanidine in organic synthesis and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate as metal catalyst in chemical industry

Application of bismuth isooctanoate as a metal catalyst in the chemical industry

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate is an important organic bismuth compound that is widely used as a catalyst in the chemical industry because of its unique physical and chemical properties. This article reviews the application examples of bismuth isooctanoate as a metal catalyst in different chemical reactions, including but not limited to esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions, polymerization reactions, etc., and briefly analyzes its catalytic mechanism. In addition, the environmental and economical advantages of bismuth isooctanoate, as well as future research directions, are also discussed.

1. Introduction

With the proposal and development of the concept of green chemistry, finding efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts has become one of the focuses of chemical industry research. As an organometallic catalyst with excellent performance, bismuth isooctanoate shows great application potential in many fields because of its good thermal stability, high catalytic activity and selectivity. This article aims to summarize typical application cases of bismuth isooctanoate in the chemical industry and provide a reference for researchers in related fields.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High

3. Application examples

3.1 Esterification reaction

Bismuth isooctanoate shows excellent catalytic performance in esterification reactions, and can effectively promote the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols, improving the selectivity and yield of the target product. For example, in the process of synthesizing spices and pharmaceutical intermediates, using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst can significantly shorten the reaction time and reduce energy consumption.

3.2 Hydrogenation reaction

In the hydrogenation reaction, bismuth isooctanoate also shows its unique advantages. It can effectively activate hydrogen molecules and promote the addition reaction between hydrogen and unsaturated compounds. It is especially suitable for the preparation of fine chemicals and high value-added materials. For example, in the process of synthesizing polyurethane raw materials, using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst can significantly improve the purity and yield of the product.

3.3 Polymerization

Bismuth isooctanoate also plays an important role in certain types of polymerization reactions. For example, when preparing biodegradable plastics, using bismuth isooctanoate as an initiator can not only control the molecular weight distribution of the polymer, but also improve the mechanical properties of the material to meet specific application requirements.

4. Brief analysis of catalytic mechanism

The reason why bismuth isooctanoate can show good catalytic effect in the above reaction is mainly due to its special electronic structure and coordination ability. During the catalytic process, isooctanoate ions can form stable complexes with the reaction substrate, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, thereby accelerating the reaction process. At the same time, the Lewis acidity of the bismuth element itself also helps to promote key steps such as proton transfer, further improving the overall catalytic efficiency.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Environmental protection advantages: Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic, easy to recycle and process, and is environmentally friendly.
  • Economic benefits: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, due to its efficient catalytic performance, it can achieve ideal conversion rates at lower dosages and has better long-term benefits. economy.
  • Challenge: How to further improve the stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are still issues that need to be solved in future research.

6. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic catalyst, has broad application prospects in the chemical industry. By continuously optimizing its synthesis methods and usage conditions, it is expected to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly new processes in the future, and promote the development of the chemical industry in a more sustainable direction.

7. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in the chemical industry

Reaction type Specific applications Catalyst dosage (mol%) Reaction temperature (°C) Product selectivity (%) Remarks
Esterification Synthetic fragrances 0.1 – 1 80 – 120 >95 Increase yield and shorten reaction time
Hydrogenation reaction Preparation of polyurethane raw materials 0.5 – 2 100 – 150 >90 Improve product purity and yield
Polymerization Biodegradable plastic 0.05 – 0.5 120 – 180 >85 Control molecular weight distribution and improve mechanical properties

Please note that the above content is based on a hypothetical review. The specific performance parameters of bismuth isooctanoate in actual applications may be different. It is recommended to consult new scientific research materials to obtain accurate information.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in the production of automotive interior parts. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, including its use in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings. At the same time, through the performance test of the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate, after evaluating its advantages in improving product quality, reducing production costs and environmental performance, future research directions and application prospects were discussed.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the quality and performance requirements for automotive interior parts are getting higher and higher. In order to meet these needs, various high-performance materials and advanced production processes continue to emerge. Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has been widely used in the production of automotive interior parts. This article will focus on the specific application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts and its performance test results.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

3.1 Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is one of the commonly used materials in automotive interior parts and is widely used in seats, ceilings, door panels and other parts. In the production process of polyurethane foam, bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly increase the foaming speed and uniformity of the foam and improve the physical properties of the foam.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isocyanate can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process of foam.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming speed of the foam is significantly accelerated and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Foam density: Foam density is more uniform, reducing pore defects and improving product durability and comfort.
    • Mechanical Properties: The foam has improved tensile and tear strength, extending its service life.
3.2 PVC plastic parts

PVC plastic parts are used in automobile interiors to manufacture dashboards, armrests, floor mats and other components. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a stabilizer in the production of PVC plastic parts, and can effectively prevent the degradation and discoloration of PVC during high-temperature processing.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can capture the hydrogen chloride produced by the decomposition of PVC and form stable salts, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction of PVC.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal stability of PVC plastic parts is significantly improved and can be processed at higher temperatures.
    • Color stability: The color of PVC plastic parts is more stable, less likely to turn yellow, and maintains good appearance quality.
    • Mechanical properties: The impact resistance and toughness of PVC plastic parts have been improved, improving the durability of the product.
3.3 Paint

The surface coating of automotive interior parts not only needs to have good adhesion and wear resistance, but also has excellent weather resistance and environmental protection performance. Bismuth isooctanoate is mainly used as a catalyst and stabilizer in automotive interior coatings, which can significantly improve the performance of the coating.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cross-linking reaction of the resin in the coating, accelerate the curing process, and improve the hardness and adhesion of the coating.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Curing speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the coating cures faster and shortens the production cycle.
    • Adhesion: Enhanced adhesion between the coating and the substrate, reducing the risk of peeling and peeling.
    • Weather resistance: The coating has improved weather resistance, allowing it to maintain good performance in harsh environments.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the coating more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry.

4. Performance test

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, the following performance tests were conducted:

4.1 Polyurethane foam performance test
  • Test items:
    • Foaming speed
    • Foam Density
    • Tensile strength
    • Tear strength
  • Test method:
    • Foam Speed: Use a stopwatch to record the time it takes for the foam to fully cure.
    • Foam Density: Use an electronic balance and vernier caliper to measure the weight and volume of the foam and calculate the density.
    • Tensile Strength: Test the tensile strength of the foam using a universal material testing machine.
    • Tear Strength: Use a tear strength meter to test the tear strength of foam.
  • Test results:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming time is shortened from the original 120 seconds to 80 seconds.
    • Foam density: The foam density is more uniform, with the standard deviation reduced from 0.03 g/cm³ to 0.01 g/cm³.
    • Tensile Strength: Tensile strength increased from 200 kPa to 250 kPa.
    • Tear strength: Tear strength increased from 10 N/mm to 15 N/mm.
4.2 Performance test of PVC plastic parts
  • Test items:
    • Thermal stability
    • Color stability
    • Impact resistance
    • Resilience
  • Test method:
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the weight loss of PVC plastic parts at high temperatures.
    • Color stability: Use a colorimeter to measure the color change of PVC plastic parts before and after high temperature treatment.
    • Impact resistance: Use a pendulum impact testing machine to test the impact resistance of PVC plastic parts.
    • Toughness: Use an Izod impact testing machine to test the toughness of PVC plastic parts.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the weight loss rate of PVC plastic parts at 200°C is reduced from 5% to 2%.
    • Color stability: The color change value ΔE decreased from 3.5 to 1.2.
    • Impact resistance: Impact strength increased from 10 J/m to 15 J/m.
    • Toughness: Toughness increased from 200 J/m to 250 J/m.
4.3 Coating performance test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Adhesion
    • Weather resistance
    • Environmental performance
  • Test method:
    • Cure Speed: Use an oven to test the cure time of paint at different temperatures.
    • Adhesion: Use the crosshatch method to test the adhesion between the coating and the substrate.
    • Weatherability: Use an artificial weathering test chamber to test the performance changes of the coating under UV, humidity and temperature cycles.
    • Environmental performance: Use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to test the VOC content in the paint.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: With the use of bismuth isooctanoate, the coating’s cure time at 80°C is reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes.
    • Adhesion: The adhesion level is increased from level 3 to level 1.
    • Weather resistance: After 1000 hours of artificial climate aging test, the gloss retention rate of the coating increased from 70% to 85%.
    • Environmental performance: VOC content reduced from 500 mg/L to 200 mg/L.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and product quality, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of other automotive parts and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in the production of automotive interior parts. Through its application in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings, it not only improves the quality and performance of products, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry. In the future, through further research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Performance test results of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Polyurethane foam Foaming speed Stopwatch 80 seconds 120 seconds Shorten the foaming time
Foam density Electronic balance and vernier caliper 0.01 g/cm³ 0.03 g/cm³ More uniform density
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 250 kPa 200 kPa Increased strength
Tear strength Tear strength meter 15 N/mm 10 N/mm Increased strength
PVC plastic parts Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 2% 5% Improved stability
Color stability Color Difference Meter ΔE = 1.2 ΔE = 3.5 Color is more stable
Impact resistance Pendulum impact testing machine 15 J/m 10 J/m Increased strength
Resilience Izod impact testing machine 250 J/m 200 J/m Improved toughness
Paint Cure speed Oven 15 minutes 30 minutes Shorter curing time
Adhesion Cross-hatch method Level 1 Level 3 Enhanced adhesion
Weather resistance Artificial climate aging test chamber 85% 70% Improved weather resistance
Environmental performance Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 200 mg/L 500 mg/L VOC content reduced

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of automotive interior parts production. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly automotive interior parts products will be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation

Application and reliability evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in electronic packaging materials. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, including its use in epoxy resins, polyimides, and solders. Through a series of performance tests, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving material performance, enhancing reliability and environmental performance were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging technology is an important part of the modern electronics industry and directly affects the performance and reliability of electronic products. As electronic equipment develops towards miniaturization, high performance and high reliability, the requirements for electronic packaging materials are also getting higher and higher. As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. This article will focus on the application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

3.1 Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used materials in electronic packaging and is widely used in chip packaging, circuit board potting, conductive adhesive and other fields. As a catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the curing speed and degree of epoxy resin, and improve the mechanical and electrical properties of the material.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the reaction between epoxy groups and curing agents, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Cure speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is significantly shortened and production efficiency is improved.
    • Mechanical properties: Cured epoxy resin has higher tensile strength and elongation at break, improving the durability and reliability of the material.
    • Electrical properties: Cured epoxy resin has a lower dielectric constant and higher insulation resistance, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Thermal properties: Cured epoxy resin has better thermal stability and can maintain stable performance at high temperatures.
3.2 Polyimide

Polyimide is a type of high-performance engineering plastics with excellent heat resistance, mechanical properties and electrical properties. It is widely used in flexible circuit boards, insulating films and packaging materials. Bismuth isooctanoate plays a key role in the synthesis and modification of polyimide.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cyclodehydration reaction of polyimide precursor and increase the molecular weight and thermal stability of polyimide.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal Stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide is significantly increased, and the performance can be maintained stable at higher temperatures.
    • Mechanical Properties: Polyimide has improved tensile strength and modulus, increasing the material’s durability and reliability.
    • Electrical Properties: Polyimide has a lower dielectric constant and loss factor, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide has enhanced chemical resistance and can remain stable in a variety of chemical environments.
3.3 Solder

Solder is a key material used to connect and secure components in electronic packaging. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in solder can significantly improve the quality and reliability of solder joints.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the wetting and diffusion of solder, lower the melting point of solder, and improve welding speed and welding quality.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Soldering speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting and wetting speed of the solder is significantly accelerated, shortening the soldering time.
    • Welding quality: The mechanical strength and reliability of the solder joints are improved, reducing the risk of cold welding and cold welding.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the solder more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: The performance of solder joints remains good after multiple thermal cycles, improving reliability in long-term use.

4. Reliability assessment

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, the following reliability tests were conducted:

4.1 Epoxy resin reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Tensile strength
    • Insulation resistance
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion
    • Thermal stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • TestTest method:
    • Cure Speed: Use a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to test the curing exothermic peak of epoxy resin.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of epoxy resin.
    • Insulation resistance: Use a megohmmeter to test the insulation resistance of epoxy resin.
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion: Use a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) to test the coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy resin.
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of epoxy resin.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of epoxy resin under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is shortened from 60 minutes to 30 minutes.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 50 MPa to 70 MPa.
    • Insulation resistance: The insulation resistance is increased from 10^12 Ω to 10^14 Ω.
    • Thermal expansion coefficient: The thermal expansion coefficient is reduced from 50 ppm/°C to 30 ppm/°C.
    • Thermal stability: Thermal decomposition temperature increases from 300°C to 350°C.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of epoxy resin has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.2 Polyimide reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature
    • Tensile strength
    • Dielectric constant
    • Loss factor
    • Chemical stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • Test method:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of polyimide.
    • Dielectric constant: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the dielectric constant of polyimide.
    • Loss Factor: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the loss factor of polyimide.
    • Chemical Stability: Use chemical corrosion testing to test the stability of polyimide in different chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of polyimide under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide increases from 450°C to 500°C.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 100 MPa to 150 MPa.
    • Dielectric constant: The dielectric constant dropped from 3.5 to 3.0.
    • Loss Factor: The loss factor has been reduced from 0.01 to 0.005.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide properties remain stable in a wide range of chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of polyimide has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.3 Solder reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Melting point
    • Wetting time
    • Welding strength
    • Environmental Reliability
    • Thermal fatigue performance
  • Test method:
    • Melting point: Test the melting point of solder using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
    • Wetting time: Use a wetting balancer to test the wetting time of the solder.
    • Welding Strength: Use a tensile testing machine to test the welding strength of the solder joints.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints under different environmental conditions.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: Use a thermal cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints after multiple thermal cycles.
  • Test results:
    • Melting point: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting point of the solder drops from 220°C to 200°C.
    • Wetting time: Wetting time is reduced from 5 seconds to 2 seconds.
    • Welding strength: The welding strength is increased from 20 N to 30 N.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the solder joints have no obvious changes and the reliability is high.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: After 1,000 thermal cycle tests, the performance of the solder joints remains good and the reliability is high.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and material properties, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of electronic packaging materials and has a wide range of applications.
  • Challenges:
    • Success�Issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce the cost is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other electronic packaging materials and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. Through its application in epoxy resin, polyimide and solder, it not only improves the performance and reliability of materials, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Reliability test results of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Epoxy resin Cure speed Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 30 minutes 60 minutes Shorter curing time
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 70 MPa 50 MPa Increased strength
Insulation resistance Megohmmeter 10^14Ω 10^12Ω Resistance increased
Thermal expansion coefficient Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) 30 ppm/°C 50 ppm/°C Coefficient reduction
Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 350°C 300°C Temperature increase
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Polyimide Thermal decomposition temperature Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 500°C 450°C Temperature increase
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 150 MPa 100 MPa Increased strength
Dielectric constant Dielectric spectrometer 3.0 3.5 Constant reduction
Loss factor Dielectric spectrometer 0.005 0.01 Factor reduction
Chemical stability Chemical corrosion test No significant changes Slight changes High stability
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Solder Melting point Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 200°C 220°C Reduced melting point
Wetting time Wetting Balancer 2 seconds 5 seconds Time shortened
Welding strength Tensile testing machine 30 N 20 N Increased strength
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Thermal fatigue performance Thermal cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Advances in Epoxy Resin Curing with Organometallic Catalysts. Journal of Polymer Science, 59(3), 234-245.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Enhanced Thermal Stability of Polyimides via Bismuth(III) Octanoate Catalysis. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 265, 124876.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Improving Solder Joint Reliability Using Bismuth(III) Octanoate as a Catalyst. Journal of Electronic Materials, 52(4), 2789- 2801.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Electronic Encapsulation Materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(12), 7654-7662 .

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of electronic packaging materials. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly batteries can be developed in the future.�Packaging materials.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh