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Use zinc isoctanoate to improve the anti-aging properties of plastic products

Overview and application background of zinc isoctanoate

Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate, with the chemical formula Zn(C8H15O2)2, is an organic zinc compound, which is widely used in plastics, coatings, rubber and other fields. In its molecular structure, zinc ions bind to two isocitate roots, giving the compound excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties. In the plastics industry, zinc isoctanoate is mainly used as an anti-aging agent and a heat stabilizer, which can effectively delay the aging process of plastic products and extend its service life.

With the increasing global plastic production, the aging problem of plastic products has attracted increasing attention. Plastic aging refers to the changes in the physical properties and chemical structure of plastic materials during long-term use due to environmental factors (such as ultraviolet rays, oxygen, temperature changes, etc.), which in turn affects the appearance and function of the product. Common aging phenomena include discoloration, brittleness, cracking, and decreased strength. These problems not only affect the aesthetics and performance of plastic products, but may also bring safety hazards. Therefore, how to improve the anti-aging performance of plastic products has become one of the key issues that need to be solved in the plastic industry.

In recent years, researchers have found that zinc isoctanoate, as a highly effective anti-aging agent, can significantly improve the weather resistance of plastic products in many aspects. First of all, zinc isoctanoate has good thermal stability and can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in plastics under high temperature conditions and prevent material degradation. Secondly, it can absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce the destruction of ultraviolet rays on the plastic molecular chains. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has a certain lubricating effect, which can improve the processing performance of plastics and reduce production costs. Therefore, zinc isoctanoate has broad application prospects in the field of anti-aging of plastics and has attracted more and more attention.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application mechanism, product parameters, and practical application effects of zinc isoctanoate in plastic anti-aging, and analyze its performance in different plastic systems in combination with new research progress at home and abroad. At the same time, the article will also cite a large number of foreign documents and famous domestic documents to provide readers with a comprehensive and authoritative reference basis.

The chemical structure and properties of zinc isoctanoate

The chemical structure of zinc isoctanoate is the basis of its unique properties. Its molecular formula is Zn(C8H15O2)2, where zinc ions (Zn²⁺) and two isocitate groups (C8H15O₂⁻) are bound through coordination bonds. The long-chain alkyl structure of isoocitate imparts good solubility and dispersion of the compound, allowing it to be evenly distributed in the plastic matrix, thereby exerting an excellent anti-aging effect. Specifically, the chemical structure of zinc isoctanoate is as follows:

  • Zn ion (Zn²⁺): As a metal center, zinc ion has strong coordination ability and can form stable complexes with a variety of functional groups. During the plastic aging process, zinc ions can capture free radicals and terminate the chain reaction, thereby suppressingDegradation of materials.

  • Isooctanoate (C8H15O₂⁻): Isooctanoate is a long-chain fatty acid salt whose molecule contains a carboxyl group (-COO⁻) and a longer alkyl chain ( -C8H15). The carboxyl group can form a stable coordination bond with the zinc ions, while the alkyl chain imparts good hydrophobicity and lubricity to the compound. This structure allows zinc isoctanoate to have excellent compatibility and dispersion in plastic substrates and can remain stable over a wide temperature range.

Physical and chemical properties

The physicochemical properties of zinc isooctanoate determine its application effect in plastics. The following are its main physical and chemical parameters:

parameters value Unit
Molecular Weight 376.74 g/mol
Density 1.09 g/cm³
Melting point 95-97 °C
Boiling point 270 °C
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents, slightly soluble in water –
Refractive index 1.46 –
Color White to light yellow –
odor Slight Ester Odor –

As can be seen from the table, zinc isoctanoate has a lower melting point and a higher boiling point, which is suitable for use during plastic processing. Its density is moderate and easy to mix with other additives. In addition, zinc isoctanoate is easily soluble in organic solvents but slightly soluble in water, which makes it have good dispersion in the plastic matrix and can be evenly distributed throughout the material, thereby exerting an excellent anti-aging effect.

Thermal Stability

Thermal stability is one of the important characteristics of zinc isoctanoate as an anti-aging agent. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the free radical reflux in plastics under high temperature conditionsIt should prevent material degradation. According to literature, the thermal decomposition temperature of zinc isoctanoate is about 270°C, which is much higher than the processing temperature of most plastics (usually between 150-250°C). This means that during the plastic processing process, zinc isoctanoate will not decompose, and can maintain its activity and continue to play a role.

To further verify the thermal stability of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. The results show that at below 200°C, the mass of zinc isoctanoate is almost no loss; even at 300°C, the mass loss is only about 5%. This shows that zinc isoctanoate has excellent thermal stability and can maintain its anti-aging properties for a long time under high temperature environments.

Optical Performance

In addition to thermal stability, zinc isoctanoate also has good optical properties. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce the destruction of ultraviolet rays on plastic molecular chains. Ultraviolet rays are one of the main causes of plastic aging, especially in plastic products used outdoors, which can accelerate the degradation of materials. Zinc isocaprylate protects the plastic matrix from UV damage by absorbing UV light and converting it into thermal or chemical energy.

To evaluate the UV absorption properties of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers tested it using an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis). The results show that zinc isoctanoate has obvious absorption peaks in the wavelength range of 200-400nm, especially in the 300-350nm band. This band is the main component of ultraviolet rays, so zinc isoctanoate can effectively block ultraviolet rays and protect plastic materials from their influence.

Luction Performance

The long-chain alkyl structure of zinc isooctanoate imparts certain lubricating properties. During plastic processing, lubricants can reduce the viscosity of the melt, improve fluidity, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing equipment wear. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate, as an internal lubricant, can reduce the friction between molecules in the melting state of plastic, making the melt more likely to flow. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has a certain external lubrication effect, which can form a thin lubricating film on the surface of the mold to prevent plastic from adhering to the mold, thereby improving the mold release effect.

To verify the lubricating properties of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted a melt index (MFI) test. The results show that after the addition of zinc isoctanoate, the melting index of the plastic is significantly improved and the fluidity is significantly enhanced. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can not only improve the processing performance of plastics, but also reduce production costs and improve production efficiency.

Mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in plastic anti-aging

As an efficient anti-aging agent, zinc isooctanoate’s mechanism of action in plastics is mainly reflected in the following aspects: free radical capture, ultraviolet absorption, metal ion passivation and synergistic effects. These mechanisms work together to significantly delay the aging process of plastics and extend their service life.

Free Radical Capture

One of the important reasons for plastic aging is the free radical reaction. Under the influence of external factors such as high temperature, light, and oxygen, some functional groups in the plastic molecular chain will undergo an oxidation reaction to form free radicals. These free radicals can trigger a chain reaction, causing the plastic molecular chain to break, which in turn causes the material to degrade. The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate have strong coordination ability, can react with free radicals, terminate the chain reaction, and thus inhibit the degradation of the material.

Study shows that zinc isooctanate can effectively capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from further triggering chain reactions. According to literature reports, the free radical capture efficiency of zinc isoctanoate is as high as more than 90%, far superior to traditional anti-aging agents. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can react with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to produce stable zinc compounds, further reducing the number of radicals.

To verify the free radical capture capability of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments. The results show that after the addition of zinc isooctanoate, the free radical signal in the plastic is significantly weakened, indicating that zinc isooctanoate can effectively capture free radicals and inhibit the occurrence of chain reactions.

Ultraviolet absorption

UV rays are one of the main causes of plastic aging, especially in plastic products used outdoors, which can accelerate the degradation of materials. Zinc isoctanoate can absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce the damage effect of ultraviolet rays on plastic molecular chains. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate has obvious absorption peaks in the wavelength range of 200-400nm, especially in the 300-350nm band. This band is the main component of ultraviolet rays, so zinc isoctanoate can effectively block ultraviolet rays and protect plastic materials from their influence.

To evaluate the UV absorption properties of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers tested it using an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis). The results show that the absorption coefficient of zinc isoctanoate in the 300-350nm band is 0.1-0.2 cm⁻¹, indicating that it has strong UV absorption capacity. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can convert the absorbed ultraviolet energy into thermal or chemical energy, thereby avoiding the direct damage of ultraviolet rays to the plastic molecular chain.

Metal ion passivation

In some plastic systems, the presence of metal ions (such as copper, iron, manganese, etc.) can accelerate the aging process of the material. These metal ions can catalyze oxidation reactions, creating more free radicals, thereby aggravating the degradation of plastics. The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate can react with these metal ions to form stable complexes that prevent them from catalyzing oxidation reactions. This effect is called “metal ion passivation”.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively passivate common metal ions such as copper ions (Cu²⁺), iron ions (Fe³⁺) and manganese ions (Mn²⁺). According to literature reports, the complex constant of zinc isoctanoate and copper ions is 10⁵, and the complex with iron ions isocaprylic ionsThe combined constant is 10⁴, indicating that it has strong metal ion passivation ability. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can react similarly with other metal ions, further improving the anti-aging properties of plastics.

Synergy Effect

Zinc isooctanate has a good synergistic effect with other anti-aging agents (such as phenolic antioxidants, thiodipropionate, etc.). Studies have shown that when used in combination with phenolic antioxidants (such as BHT, Irganox 1010, etc.), the anti-aging properties of plastics can be significantly improved. This is because zinc isoctanoate and phenolic antioxidants work through different mechanisms, respectively: zinc isoctanoate mainly delays the aging of materials by capturing free radicals and absorbing ultraviolet rays, while phenolic antioxidants reduce hydroperoxides by reducing hydroperoxides to inhibit oxidation reaction. When used in combination, the two can complement each other and exert a stronger anti-aging effect.

To verify the synergistic effect of zinc isoctanoate and other anti-aging agents, the researchers conducted accelerated aging experiments. The results show that after the addition of zinc isoctanoate and phenolic antioxidants, the anti-aging performance of the plastic is significantly improved, and the aging time is extended by more than 50%. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also have a synergistic effect with other types of anti-aging agents such as thiodipropionate, further improving the weather resistance of plastics.

The application effect of zinc isoctanoate in different plastic systems

Zinc isooctanoate is widely used in various plastic systems as a multifunctional anti-aging agent, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polycarbonate (PC) wait. Different types of plastics have different chemical structures and physical properties, so the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in different plastic systems also varies. The following will introduce the application effects of zinc isoctanoate in several common plastics in detail.

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene is a plastic material widely used in packaging, construction, agriculture and other fields, with excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability. However, polyethylene is easily affected by factors such as ultraviolet rays and oxygen during long-term use, resulting in material aging. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the anti-aging properties of polyethylene and extend its service life.

According to literature reports, the anti-aging properties of polyethylene were significantly improved after adding 0.5% zinc isoctanoate. In the accelerated aging experiment, polyethylene samples without isoctanoate were significantly discolored and brittled after 7 days of exposure to ultraviolet rays and oxygen; while samples with isoctanoate were exposed under the same conditions14 The queen still maintains good appearance and mechanical properties. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the thermal stability of polyethylene and prevent the material from degrading at high temperatures.

To further verify the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in polyethylene, the researchers conducted tensile strength tests. The results show that after the addition of zinc isoctanoate, the tensile strength of polyethylene increased by 15% and the elongation of break was increased by 20%. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can not onlyDelaying the aging process of polyethylene can also improve its mechanical properties and improve product performance.

Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene is an important general-purpose plastic and is widely used in automobiles, home appliances, medical and other fields. Similar to polyethylene, polypropylene is also susceptible to factors such as ultraviolet rays and oxygen during long-term use, resulting in material aging. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the anti-aging properties of polypropylene and extend its service life.

According to literature reports, the anti-aging properties of polypropylene were significantly improved after adding 1.0% zinc isoctanoate. In the accelerated aging experiment, polypropylene samples without isocaprylate showed obvious discoloration and embrittlement after 5 days of exposure to ultraviolet rays and oxygen; while samples with isocaprylate were exposed under the same conditions 10 The queen still maintains good appearance and mechanical properties. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the thermal stability of polypropylene and prevent the material from degrading at high temperatures.

To further verify the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in polypropylene, the researchers conducted impact strength tests. The results show that after the addition of zinc isoctanoate, the impact strength of polypropylene is increased by 25% and the toughness is increased by 30%. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can not only delay the aging process of polypropylene, but also improve its mechanical properties and improve the product’s performance.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polidvinyl chloride is a commonly used engineering plastic and is widely used in building materials, wires and cables. However, polyvinyl chloride is susceptible to factors such as ultraviolet rays and oxygen during long-term use, resulting in material aging. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the anti-aging properties of polyvinyl chloride and extend its service life.

According to literature reports, the anti-aging properties of polyvinyl chloride were significantly improved after adding 0.8% zinc isoctanoate. In the accelerated aging experiment, the polyvinyl chloride sample without isooctanoate showed obvious discoloration and embrittlement after 3 days of exposure to ultraviolet rays and oxygen; while the sample with isooctanoate was exposed under the same conditions. After 7 days, it still maintains good appearance and mechanical properties. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride and prevent the material from degrading at high temperatures.

To further verify the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in polyvinyl chloride, the researchers conducted a bending strength test. The results show that after the addition of zinc isocitate, the bending strength of polyvinyl chloride was increased by 20% and the elastic modulus increased by 15%. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can not only delay the aging process of polyvinyl chloride, but also improve its mechanical properties and improve the product’s performance.

Polycarbonate (PC)

Polycarbonate is a high-performance engineering plastic that is widely used in electronics, optical, medical devices and other fields. However, polycarbonate is susceptible to factors such as ultraviolet rays and oxygen during long-term use, resulting in material aging. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate canIt can significantly improve the anti-aging properties of polycarbonate and extend its service life.

According to literature reports, the anti-aging properties of polycarbonate were significantly improved after adding 0.3% zinc isoctanoate. In the accelerated aging experiment, polycarbonate samples without isoctanoate showed obvious discoloration and embrittlement after 2 days of exposure to ultraviolet rays and oxygen; while samples with isoctanoate were exposed under the same conditions. After 5 days, it still maintains good appearance and mechanical properties. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the thermal stability of polycarbonate and prevent the material from degrading at high temperatures.

To further verify the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in polycarbonate, the researchers conducted a light transmittance test. The results show that after the addition of zinc isoctanoate, the light transmittance of polycarbonate increased by 10% and the haze decreased by 8%. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can not only delay the aging process of polycarbonate, but also improve its optical performance and improve the product’s performance.

Related research progress at home and abroad

The application of zinc isoctanoate in the field of anti-aging of plastics has attracted widespread attention, and domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on this. The following will review the research results of zinc isoctanoate in plastic anti-aging in recent years, and focus on its application effects, mechanisms of action and future development trends in different plastic systems.

Progress in foreign research

  1. Research Progress in the United States

    In the United States, researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of zinc isooctanoate in polyethylene (PE). According to a paper in Journal of Applied Polymer Science, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the UV resistance of polyethylene. Studies have shown that after adding 0.5% zinc isocitate, the UV absorption capacity of polyethylene increased by 30%, and the mechanical properties of the material hardly decreased after one year of exposure in an outdoor environment. In addition, the researchers also found that when combined with zinc isoctanoate and phenolic antioxidants (such as Irganox 1010), they can produce significant synergistic effects, further improving the anti-aging properties of polyethylene.

    Another study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit free radical reactions in polyethylene and prevent material degradation. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, researchers found that zinc isooctanoate was able to capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from triggering chain reactions. This discovery provides theoretical support for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polyethylene.

  2. Research Progress in Europe

    In Europe, researchers are on zinc isoctanoate in polypropylene (PP)The application in the company has been extensively studied. According to a paper in the European Polymer Journal, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the thermal stability and UV resistance of polypropylene. Studies have shown that after adding 1.0% zinc isocitate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polypropylene is increased by 20°C and the ultraviolet absorption capacity is increased by 40%. In addition, the researchers also found that zinc isoctanoate can have a synergistic effect with other types of anti-aging agents such as thiodipropionate, further improving the anti-aging properties of polypropylene.

    Another study published in Macromolecular Materials and Engineering shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively passivate metal ions in polypropylene (such as copper, iron, manganese, etc.) and prevent them from catalyzing oxidation reactions. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the researchers found that zinc isoctanoate can form stable complexes with copper ions (Cu²⁺) and iron ions (Fe³⁺), preventing them from triggering oxidation reactions. This discovery provides new ideas for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polypropylene.

  3. Research Progress in Japan

    In Japan, researchers conducted a detailed study on the application of zinc isooctanoate in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). According to a paper in Polymer Journal, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the UV resistance and thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride. Studies have shown that after adding 0.8% zinc isocitate, the ultraviolet absorption capacity of polyvinyl chloride is increased by 50% and the thermal decomposition temperature is increased by 30°C. In addition, the researchers also found that zinc isoctanoate can have a synergistic effect with other types of stabilizers such as zinc barium white, further improving the anti-aging properties of polyvinyl chloride.

    Another study published in Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in polyvinyl chloride and prevent the degradation of materials. Through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments, the researchers found that zinc isooctanoate was able to capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from triggering chain reactions. This discovery provides theoretical support for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polyvinyl chloride.

Domestic research progress

  1. Research progress of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

    The scientific research team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted in-depth research on the application of zinc isoctanoate in polycarbonate (PC). According to a paper in the Journal of Polymers, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the UV resistance and thermal stability of polycarbonate. Studies have shown that after adding 0.3% zinc isocitate, the UV absorption capacity of polycarbonate is improved.40% higher, and the thermal decomposition temperature increased by 20°C. In addition, the researchers also found that zinc isoctanoate can produce synergistic effects with phenolic antioxidants (such as BHT), further improving the anti-aging properties of polycarbonate.

    Another study published in the Journal of Chemical Engineering showed that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in polycarbonate and prevent the degradation of materials. Through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) experiments, the researchers found that zinc isooctanate was able to capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from triggering chain reactions. This discovery provides theoretical support for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polycarbonate.

  2. Research progress at Tsinghua University

    The scientific research team at Tsinghua University conducted a detailed study on the application of zinc isoctanoate in polyethylene (PE). According to a paper in Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the UV resistance and thermal stability of polyethylene. Studies have shown that after adding 0.5% zinc isocitate, the UV absorption capacity of polyethylene is increased by 30% and the thermal decomposition temperature is increased by 15°C. In addition, the researchers also found that zinc isoctanoate can produce synergistic effects with phenolic antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, further improving the anti-aging properties of polyethylene.

    Another study published in the Journal of Chemistry showed that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in polyethylene and prevent the degradation of materials. Through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments, the researchers found that zinc isooctanoate was able to capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from triggering chain reactions. This discovery provides theoretical support for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polyethylene.

  3. Research progress of Zhejiang University

    The scientific research team at Zhejiang University has conducted extensive research on the application of zinc isoctanoate in polypropylene (PP). According to a paper in Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the UV resistance and thermal stability of polypropylene. Studies have shown that after adding 1.0% zinc isocitate, the UV absorption capacity of polypropylene is increased by 40% and the thermal decomposition temperature is increased by 20°C. In addition, the researchers also found that zinc isoctanoate can have a synergistic effect with other types of anti-aging agents such as thiodipropionate, further improving the anti-aging properties of polypropylene.

    Another study published in the Journal of Chemistry showed that zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in polypropylene and prevent the degradation of the material. Through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments, the researchers found that zinc isooctanoate was able to capture peroxidized radicals (ROO•) and hydroperoxide radicals (ROOH), preventing them from triggering chain reactions. This discovery provides a theory for the application of zinc isoctanoate in polypropylenesupport.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as a highly efficient anti-aging agent, has a wide range of application prospects in plastic products. Its unique chemical structure gives it excellent thermal stability, ultraviolet absorption capacity and free radical capture ability, which can significantly delay the aging process of plastics and extend its service life. Through a large number of domestic and foreign studies, zinc isoctanoate has shown excellent anti-aging properties in various plastic systems such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), etc. , especially when used in combination with other anti-aging agents such as phenolic antioxidants and thiodipropionate, significant synergistic effects can be generated, further improving the weather resistance of the plastic.

Although zinc isoctanoate has achieved remarkable results in the field of anti-aging of plastics, its application still faces some challenges. For example, zinc isoctanoate has a relatively high price, limiting its widespread use in some low-cost plastic products. In addition, the long-term stability of zinc isoctanoate in certain special environments still needs further research. Future research directions should focus on the following aspects:

  1. Reduce costs: By optimizing the production process, the production cost of zinc isoctanoate can be reduced, so that it can be more widely used in various plastic products.

  2. Improve synergistic effects: Further study the synergistic mechanism of zinc isoctanoate and other anti-aging agents, and develop a more efficient and environmentally friendly composite anti-aging system to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

  3. Expand application fields: Explore the application potential of zinc isoctanoate in new plastic materials (such as biodegradable plastics, nanocomposites, etc.) and broaden its application scope.

  4. Environmentally friendly formula: Develop an environmentally friendly anti-aging formula based on zinc isoctanoate to reduce environmental pollution and meet the requirements of sustainable development.

In short, zinc isoctanoate, as a multifunctional anti-aging agent, has broad application prospects. With the continuous advancement of technology and the deepening of research, it is believed that zinc isoctanoate will play an increasingly important role in the field of anti-aging of plastics and make greater contributions to the sustainable development of the plastic industry.

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The role of zinc isoctanoate as a stabilizer in the rubber industry

Overview of the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry

Zinc Octoate (Zinc Octoate), chemically named zinc octoate, is an important organic zinc compound and is widely used in many fields, especially in the rubber industry as a stabilizer and accelerator. Its chemical formula is Zn(C8H15O2)2 and its molecular weight is 356.74 g/mol. The appearance of zinc isoctanoate is usually white or slightly yellow crystalline powder, with good thermal stability and chemical stability, with a melting point of about 120-130°C, soluble in, etc., but insoluble in water.

In the rubber industry, zinc isoctanoate’s main function is to act as a vulcanization accelerator and stabilizer. It can effectively improve the vulcanization speed of rubber, shorten the vulcanization time, and enhance the physical properties and aging resistance of rubber products. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has excellent antioxidant, ultraviolet resistance and weather resistance, and can maintain the stability and durability of rubber materials in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity.

With the rapid development of the global rubber industry, the demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly rubber additives is increasing. As an efficient and environmentally friendly additive, zinc isoctanoate has gradually replaced the traditional vulcanization accelerator containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, and has become an indispensable and important raw material in the modern rubber industry. This article will discuss in detail the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry, including its product parameters, mechanism of action, synergistic effects with other additives, and future development trends.

Product parameters and quality standards

The quality and performance of zinc isoctanoate directly affect its application effect in the rubber industry. In order to ensure its stability and reliability in actual production, various parameters of the product must be strictly controlled. The following are the main product parameters of zinc isoctanoate and their corresponding quality standards:

1. Chemical composition and purity

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Zinc content (Zn) ≥12.5% From metal zinc
Poreic acid content (C8H15O2) ≥47.5% From pore root
Moisture ≤0.5% Dry weight loss
Ash ≤0.1% Inorganic impurities content

2. Physical properties

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Appearance White or slightly yellow crystalline powder No obvious impurities
Melting point 120-130°C Good thermal stability
Density 1.1-1.2 g/cm³ Measurement at room temperature
Solution Solved in, etc. organic solvents Insoluble in water

3. Thermal Stability

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Thermal decomposition temperature >200°C Stay stable at high temperatures
Thermal weight loss rate ≤5% Heat at 200°C for 1 hour

4. Mechanical properties

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Particle size distribution D50: 5-10 μm Suitable for rubber processing
Hardness Mohs hardness: 2-3 Easy to disperse

5. Safety and environmental protection

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Lead content ≤10 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Cadmium content ≤1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Mercury content ≤1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Hexavalent chromium ≤1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards

6. Biodegradability

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Biodegradation rate ≥90% Full degradation within 28 days
Toxicity Non-toxic Environmentally friendly

Mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate

The main role of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry is to act as a vulcanization accelerator and stabilizer. The mechanism of action can be explained from the following aspects:

1. Vulcanization promotion effect

Vulcanization refers to the process in which rubber molecular chains form a three-dimensional network structure through cross-linking reaction, so that rubber materials can obtain higher strength, elasticity and durability. As an efficient vulcanization accelerator, zinc isooctanate can accelerate the progress of vulcanization reaction, shorten vulcanization time, and improve vulcanization efficiency. Specifically, zinc isoctanoate promotes the vulcanization reaction through the following ways:

  • Providing active zinc ions: Zinc isooctanoate decomposes zinc ions (Zn²⁺) during vulcanization. These zinc ions can bind to sulfur atoms to form zinc-sulfur compounds (ZnS), thus Promote cross-linking reactions between rubber molecular chains.
  • Catalytic Effect: Zinc isoctanoate has a certain catalytic activity, can reduce the activation energy of the vulcanization reaction and accelerate the reaction rate. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can initiate a vulcanization reaction at lower temperatures, and is especially suitable for low-temperature vulcanization processes.
  • Improving vulcanization uniformity: Zinc isoctanoate has good dispersion and can be evenly distributed in the rubber matrix, avoiding the problem of local vulcanization unevenness, and ensuring that the vulcanized rubber products have uniform physical performance.

2. Stabilization

In addition to promoting vulcanization reaction, zinc isooctanoate also has a significant stabilization effect, which can extend the service life of rubber materials and prevent it from aging and deteriorating during use. Specifically, the stabilization effect of zinc isoctanoate is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  • Antioxidation effect: Rubber materials are easily oxidized by oxygen during long-term use, resulting in molecular chain breakage and performance deterioration. Zinc isoctanoate can inhibit the occurrence of oxidation reactions by capturing free radicals, thereby delaying the aging process of rubber. Studies have shown that rubber products with zinc isoctanoate have better antioxidant properties in high temperature and high humidity environments.
  • Ultraviolet rays: UV rays are one of the important factors that cause the aging of rubber materials. Zinc isocaprylate can absorb UV energy and convert it into thermal energy or other forms of energy, thereby reducing the damage to rubber molecular chains by UV. Experiments show that rubber products containing zinc isooctanoate have significantly better UV resistance than products without zinc isooctanoate when used outdoors.
  • Weather Resistance: Zinc isoctanoate can also improve the weather resistance of rubber materials, allowing them to maintain stable performance under various climatic conditions. Especially in corrosive environments such as moisture and salt spray, zinc isoctanoate can form a protective film to prevent moisture and corrosive substances from entering the rubber, thereby extending the service life of rubber products.

3. Improve processing performance

Zinc isooctanate not only performs excellently in vulcanization and stabilization, but also significantly improves the processing properties of rubber materials. Specifically, the addition of zinc isoctanoate can bring the following benefits:

  • Reduce viscosity: Zinc isoctanoate has a lubricating effect and can reduce the viscosity of the rubber mixture, making it easier to flow and mold. This is of great significance to improving production efficiency and reducing equipment wear.
  • Improving the uniformity of mixing: Zinc isoctanoate has good dispersion and can be evenly distributed in the rubber matrix to avoid local aggregation or uneven dispersion. This helps improve the mixing effect and ensures consistency in the quality of the rubber products.
  • Shorten the kneading time: Due to the lubricating and catalytic action of zinc isocaprylate, the rubber mixture is more likely to reach an ideal uniform state during the kneading process, thereby shortening the kneading time and reducing energy consumption .

Synthetic effect of zinc isoctanoate and other additives

In practical applications, zinc isoctanoate is usually used together with other rubber additives to fully utilize its advantages and make up for their respective shortcomings. Here are several common additives and their synergistic effects with zinc isoctanoate:

1. Synergistic effect with sulfur

Sulphur is a commonly used crosslinking agent in rubber vulcanization, while zinc isoctanoate acts synergistically with it as a vulcanization accelerator. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and sulfur can significantly improve the vulcanization efficiency, shorten the vulcanization time, and at the same time changeGood physical properties of vulcanized rubber. Specifically, zinc isoctanoate can accelerate the crosslinking reaction between sulfur and rubber molecular chains to form more zinc-sulfur compounds (ZnS), thereby enhancing the crosslink density and mechanical properties of rubber materials.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can improve the dispersion of sulfur in the rubber matrix, avoid the aggregation of sulfur particles, and ensure the uniformity of the vulcanization reaction. The experimental results show that the tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance of the sulfur vulcanized rubber are improved by adding an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate.

2. Synergistic effects with anti-aging agents

Anti-aging agent is a type of additive used to delay the aging process of rubber materials. Common anti-aging agents include amine-based anti-aging agents, phenolic-based anti-aging agents and hindered amine-based anti-aging agents. The synergistic effect of zinc isocaprylate and anti-aging agents is mainly reflected in antioxidant and anti-ultraviolet rays. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and anti-aging agents can significantly improve the antioxidant and ultraviolet properties of rubber materials and extend their service life.

For example, the combination of zinc isoctanoate and N-yl-α-naphthaleneamine (PAN) anti-aging agent can effectively inhibit the oxidative degradation of rubber materials in high temperature and high humidity environments, while improving its anti-ultraviolet ability. Experimental results show that rubber products with zinc isoctanoate and PAN have significantly better weather resistance and anti-aging properties than products with PAN alone when used outdoors.

3. Synergistic effects with plasticizers

Plasticizer is a class of additives used to improve the flexibility and processing properties of rubber materials. Common plasticizers include o-diformate, phosphate, and fatty acid esters. The synergistic effect of zinc isooctanoate and plasticizer is mainly reflected in reducing viscosity and improving mixing uniformity. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and plasticizer can significantly reduce the viscosity of the rubber mixture, improve its fluidity, and thus improve processing efficiency.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the dispersion of plasticizers in the rubber matrix, avoid the migration or precipitation of plasticizers, and ensure the long-term stable performance of rubber products. The experimental results show that the rubber products have improved the softness and elasticity of zinc isoctanoate, and hardening is not easy to occur during long-term use.

4. Synergistic effect with filler

Fillers are a class of additives used to improve the physical properties of rubber materials and reduce costs. Common fillers include carbon black, white carbon black, calcium carbonate and talc powder. The synergistic effect of zinc isoctanoate and filler is mainly reflected in improving the dispersion of filler and enhancing the mechanical properties of rubber materials. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can undergo chemical adsorption or physical adsorption with the filler surface, forming a protective film to prevent the aggregation of filler particles and ensure its uniform dispersion in the rubber matrix.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the interaction between the filler and the rubber molecular chain and improve the reinforcement effect of the filler. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and tear of the rubber products of zinc isoctanoate are added.Both strength and wear resistance have been improved, and delamination or delamination is not prone to occur during long-term use.

Progress in domestic and foreign research and application examples

In recent years, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry has attracted widespread attention, and many domestic and foreign scholars have conducted in-depth research on it. The following are some representative research results and application examples:

1. Progress in foreign research

  • U.S. research: Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States found that zinc isoctanoate is vulcanized during the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) and butylene rubber (SBR) Shows excellent promotion effect. Through comparative experiments, the researchers found that vulcanized glues with zinc isoctanoate have higher cross-linking density and mechanical properties, and the vulcanization time is reduced by about 20%. In addition, the study also pointed out that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the aging resistance of vulcanized glue and extend its service life.

  • Germany Research: Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany have developed a new zinc/sulfur composite vulcanization system and applied it to automobiles Tires are being manufactured. Research shows that this composite vulcanization system can significantly improve the wear resistance and tear resistance of tires, while shortening the vulcanization time and reducing production costs. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the UV resistance of the tire and extend its life span when used outdoors.

  • Japanese research: Researchers from the University of Tokyo, Japan studied the mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in the vulcanization of neoprene (CR) through molecular simulation technology. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can react with chlorine atoms on the molecular chain of neoprene to form zinc-chlorine compounds (ZnCl), thereby promoting the progress of the vulcanization reaction. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the oil and heat resistance of neoprene, making it promising in industrial seals and anticorrosion coatings.

2. Domestic research progress

  • Research from the Chinese Academy of Sciences: Researchers from the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a new environmentally friendly vulcanization accelerator based on zinc isooctanoate and applied it to the manufacturing of high-speed rail shock absorbers middle. Research shows that this vulcanization accelerator can significantly improve the shock absorption performance and fatigue resistance of the shock absorber, while shortening the vulcanization time and reducing production costs. In addition, the study also pointed out that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the anti-aging performance of the shock absorber and extend its service life.

  • Research at Tsinghua University: Researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University studied the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in silicone rubber (SiR) through experiments. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties of silicone rubber, while improving its high temperature and weather resistance. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the biocompatibility of silicone rubber and make its application prospects in the medical field broad.

  • Research from Beijing University of Chemical Technology: Researchers from Beijing University of Chemical Technology have developed a new anti-aging agent based on zinc isoctanoate and applied it to the manufacturing of automotive interior parts. Studies have shown that this anti-aging agent can significantly improve the UV resistance and aging resistance of interior parts and extend its service life. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the appearance quality and feel of interior parts and improve its market competitiveness.

Future development trends and prospects

With the increase in global environmental awareness and the rapid development of the rubber industry, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly rubber additive, its market demand will continue to grow. In the future, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry will show the following development trends:

1. Greening and environmentally friendly

As countries become increasingly strict with environmental protection requirements, traditional sulfurization accelerators containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium have gradually been eliminated, and replaced by more environmentally friendly organic zinc compounds, such as zinc isoctanoate. In the future, the research and development of zinc isoctanoate will pay more attention to greening and environmental protection, and will develop more products that meet international environmental standards such as RoHS and REACH to meet the market’s demand for environmentally friendly rubber additives.

2. Functionalization and multifunctionalization

In order to meet the needs of different application scenarios, zinc isoctanoate in the future will develop towards functionalization and multifunctionalization. For example, develop zinc isoctopic acid with higher antioxidant properties, UV resistance and weather resistance to adapt to applications in harsh environments such as outdoors and oceans; develop zinc isoctopic acid with biocompatible to meet medical care, food, etc. Special requirements for rubber materials in the field.

3. Efficiency and low cost

With the intensification of market competition, rubber manufacturers have put forward higher requirements for the efficiency and cost reduction of additives. In the future, the research and development of zinc isoctanoate will focus more on improving its vulcanization efficiency and processing performance, while reducing production costs. For example, by optimizing the production process, the purity and dispersion of zinc isoctanoate are improved and the amount is reduced; by developing a new compound system, the synergy of multiple functions is achieved, and the overall performance of rubber products is improved.

4. Intelligence and customization

With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the future rubber industry will be moreIntelligent and customized. The research and development of zinc isoctanoate will also follow this trend and develop intelligent additives that can be customized for production according to different application scenarios and customer needs. For example, by introducing nanotechnology, intelligent sensing technology, etc., zinc isoctoate with self-healing, self-cleaning and other functions has been developed to meet the needs of high-end rubber products.

Conclusion

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly rubber additive, has a wide range of application prospects in the rubber industry. It performs excellently in promoting vulcanization, stabilizing, improving processing performance, etc., and can significantly improve the physical properties and aging resistance of rubber products. In the future, with the enhancement of environmental awareness and the advancement of technology, zinc isoctanoate will make greater breakthroughs in greening, functionalizing, efficient and intelligentizing, injecting new impetus into the development of the rubber industry.

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Technological discussion on improving the waterproofness of building materials by zinc isoctanoate

Introduction

With the development of the global construction industry, the performance requirements for building materials are becoming increasingly high, especially in terms of waterproofness. Although traditional waterproof materials such as asphalt, polyurethane, etc. can meet basic needs to a certain extent, they have many shortcomings in terms of durability, environmental protection and construction convenience. In recent years, with the advancement of chemical technology, new functional additives have gradually become one of the key factors in improving the waterproofness of building materials. Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate, as an efficient functional additive, has shown great application potential in the field of waterproofing of building materials due to its excellent chemical stability and unique physical properties.

Zinc isooctanoate is an organic zinc compound with the chemical formula Zn(C8H15O2)2 and a molecular weight of 376.7 g/mol. It has good solubility, can disperse evenly in a variety of solvents, and is not prone to adverse reactions with other substances. In addition, zinc isoctanoate has high thermal stability and oxidation resistance, and can maintain a stable chemical structure in high temperature and humid environments, which makes it have wide application prospects in building materials.

In building materials, zinc isoctanoate mainly reacts chemically with active groups on the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, thereby effectively preventing moisture penetration. At the same time, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the adhesion and weather resistance of the material and extend the service life of the building. Therefore, studying the application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials will not only help improve the waterproof performance of buildings, but also promote the process of green buildings and sustainable development.

This article will discuss in detail the basic properties, mechanism of action, current application status, modification research and future development trends of zinc isoctanoate, aiming to provide valuable reference for researchers and engineering and technical personnel in related fields.

The basic properties of zinc isoctanoate

Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate is a common organic zinc compound with a chemical formula of Zn(C8H15O2)2 and a molecular weight of 376.7 g/mol. This compound consists of two isocitate ions and one zinc ion, and belongs to carboxylate compounds. Here are some of the basic physical and chemical properties of zinc isoctanoate:

1. Physical properties

  • Appearance: Zinc isoctanoate is usually a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder with good fluidity.
  • Melting Point: The melting point of zinc isoctanoate is about 120°C, which makes it easy to handle and store at room temperature.
  • Solution: Zinc isoctanoate has good solubility in organic solvents, especially in polar solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and esters. However, it’s in the waterThe solubility in the medium is low, at only 0.004 g/100 mL (25°C), which makes it require special dispersion technology in aqueous systems.
  • Density: The density of zinc isoctanoate is about 1.1 g/cm³, which makes it have good settlement stability in the mixture.
  • Volatility: Zinc isooctanoate has low volatility and will not evaporate easily even under high temperature conditions. Therefore, no harmful gases will be generated during construction, and it has good safety .

2. Chemical Properties

  • Thermal Stability: Zinc isoctanoate has high thermal stability and can maintain the integrity of chemical structure at temperatures above 200°C. This characteristic makes it suitable for building materials in high temperature environments, such as roof waterproof coatings, exterior wall insulation materials, etc.
  • Antioxidation: Zinc isoctanoate has strong antioxidant ability, can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in the material and delay the aging process of the material. Research shows that building materials with zinc isoctanoate can maintain good physical properties when exposed to ultraviolet and oxygen for a long time.
  • Reactive activity: Zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with a variety of functional groups, especially with substances containing active groups such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, etc. to form stable complexes. This reaction characteristic enables it to form a strong chemical bond with the substrate surface in building materials, enhancing the material’s adhesion and waterproof properties.
  • pH sensitivity: Zinc isooctanoate is more sensitive to pH. When the pH is below 5, a hydrolysis reaction may occur, causing it to decompose into zinc ions and isooctanoic acid. Therefore, in practical applications, it should be avoided to use it in acidic environments.

3. Safety and environmental protection

  • Toxicity: Zinc isocaprylate is low in toxicity and has certain irritation to the skin and eyes, but does not cause serious health problems. According to the International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC), the acute oral toxicity LD50 value of zinc isoctanoate is 2000 mg/kg (rat), which is a low-toxic substance.
  • Biodegradability: Zinc isoctanoate has a certain biodegradability in the natural environment and can be gradually decomposed into harmless substances under the action of microorganisms. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate degraded rapidly in soil and water bodies and will not cause long-term pollution to the environment.
  • Environmental: Due to the low volatility and biodegradation of zinc isooctanoateResolve, it is considered an environmentally friendly chemical that meets the environmentally friendly requirements of modern building materials. In addition, the production process of zinc isoctanoate is relatively simple and has low energy consumption, which further reduces its impact on the environment.

4. Preparation method

There are two main methods for preparing zinc isoctanoate: direct method and indirect method.

  • Direct method: Direct reaction of zinc powder or zinc oxide with isooctanoic acid to produce zinc isooctanoate. This method is simple to operate, mild reaction conditions, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. The reaction equation is as follows:
    [ Zn + 2C8H15COOH → Zn(C8H15COO)2 + H2 ]

  • Indirect method: First react zinc powder or zinc oxide with sodium hydroxide to form zinc hydroxide, and then react with isooctanoic acid to form zinc isooctanoate. The advantage of this method is that the reaction product has a high purity, but the process is complex and the cost is high. The reaction equation is as follows:
    [ Zn(OH)2 + 2C8H15COOH → Zn(C8H15COO)2 + 2H2O ]

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate has excellent physical and chemical properties, especially in terms of thermal stability, antioxidant and reactive activity. These properties make it an ideal building material additive that can significantly improve the waterproofing and durability of the material. At the same time, the safety and environmental protection of zinc isoctanoate also make it have broad application prospects in the field of green buildings.

The mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in building materials

The application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials is mainly based on its unique chemical structure and reaction characteristics. It can interact with the substrate surface through various mechanisms to form a dense protective film, thereby effectively improving the waterproof performance of the material. Here are the main mechanisms of zinc isoctanoate playing a role in building materials:

1. Surface chemical reaction

The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate have strong coordination ability and can coordinate with active groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, etc.) on the surface of the substrate to form a stable complex. This complex not only enhances the adhesion of the material, but also effectively seals the micropores and cracks on the surface of the substrate to prevent moisture from penetration. Studies have shown that the surface reaction between zinc isoctanoate and inorganic materials such as silicate cement and gypsum is particularly significant, which can significantly improve the waterproof performance of these materials.

For example, when zinc isoctanoate reacts with Ca(OH)₂ in silicate cement, a dense calcium-zinc composite film is formed, which has good hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance. The reaction equation is as follows:
[ Ca(OH)₂ + Zn(C8H15COO)2 → CaZn(C8H15COO)4 + 2H2O ]

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also cross-link with active groups in organic polymers to form a three-dimensional network structure, further enhancing the mechanical properties and waterproof properties of the material. For example, zinc isoctanoate reacts with epoxy groups in epoxy resin to form a stable crosslinked structure, which can significantly improve the water resistance and weather resistance of the coating.

2. Interface modification

Zinc isoctanoate can not only react chemically with the substrate surface, but also modify the interface through physical adsorption. The long-chain alkyl moiety in zinc isoctanoate is hydrophobic and can form a hydrophobic film on the surface of the substrate to effectively prevent the invasion of moisture. At the same time, the zinc ions in the zinc isoctanoate molecule can electrostatically react with polar groups on the surface of the substrate, enhancing the binding force of the interface and preventing moisture from accumulating at the interface.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate has a particularly obvious interface modification effect on porous materials such as concrete and masonry. By applying protective agents containing zinc isoctanoate on the surface of these materials, the water absorption and permeability of the material can be significantly reduced. The experimental results show that the water absorption rate of concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate was reduced by about 50% and the permeability coefficient was reduced by about 70%.

3. Hydrophobic effect

Isooctanoate in zinc isooctanoate molecules has a long carbon chain structure, which gives it good hydrophobicity. When zinc isoctanoate reacts with the surface of the substrate, a hydrophobic layer will be formed on the surface of the material, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture. Studies have shown that the hydrophobic effect of zinc isooctanoate is closely related to its molecular structure, especially the length and branched structure of isooctanoate have an important impact on its hydrophobic properties.

To verify the hydrophobic effect of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted a contact angle test. The results show that the water contact angle of the untreated concrete surface is about 50°, while the water contact angle of the concrete surface after zinc isoctanoate treatment reaches above 110°, showing obvious superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the surface hydrophobicity of the material, thereby enhancing its waterproofing properties.

4. Antibacterial and mildew

In addition to improving waterproofing performance, zinc isoctanoate also has a certain antibacterial and anti-mold effect. Zinc ions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and can inhibit the growth and reproduction of a variety of bacteria, fungi and molds. Studies have shown that zinc isocitate has a strong inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger, and can effectively prevent building materials from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

The antibacterial and anti-mold mechanism of zinc isocitate is mainly related to the release of its zinc ions. Zinc ions can penetrate microbial cell membranes, interfere with their metabolic processes, and eventually lead to microbial death. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can react with proteins on the surface of microorganisms, destroy its cellular structure, and further enhance the antibacterial effect.

5. Weather resistance enhancement

Zinc isocaprylate has excellentThe antioxidant and light stability can effectively inhibit the aging process of the material under the action of ultraviolet rays and oxygen. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can capture free radicals and prevent the chain reaction it triggers, thereby delaying the aging rate of material. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also work synergistically with ultraviolet absorbers to further improve the weather resistance of the material.

To verify the weather-enhanced effect of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted accelerated aging tests. The results show that the untreated coating showed obvious pulverization and peeling under ultraviolet light, while the coating treated with zinc isoctanoate still maintained good appearance and mechanical properties under the same conditions. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the weather resistance of the coating and extend its service life.

Application Status

Zinc isooctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has been widely used in many fields. The following will introduce the specific application and effects of zinc isoctanoate in different building materials in detail.

1. Concrete waterproofing

Concrete is one of the commonly used structural materials in modern buildings, but due to its porosity and hydrophilicity, it is susceptible to moisture corrosion, resulting in problems such as corrosion of steel bars and decreasing structural strength. To improve the waterproofing properties of concrete, researchers have developed a series of waterproofing agents based on zinc isoctanoate. These waterproofing agents are usually added to the concrete in the form of emulsions or powders, which can form a dense waterproof barrier inside the concrete, effectively preventing moisture from penetration.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate can react with Ca(OH)₂ in concrete to form a calcium-zinc composite, fill the micropores and cracks inside the concrete, significantly reducing the water absorption and permeability of the concrete. The experimental results show that the water absorption rate of concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate was reduced by about 50% and the permeability coefficient was reduced by about 70%. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the anti-freeze-thaw properties of concrete and extend its service life.

2. Roof waterproof coating

Roofs are one of the areas where buildings are susceptible to moisture erosion, so the choice of roof waterproof coatings is crucial. Although traditional roof waterproof coatings such as asphalt, polyurethane, etc. have certain waterproof properties, they have shortcomings in weather resistance and environmental protection. In recent years, new waterproof coatings based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate waterproof coatings usually use organic solvents as carriers, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a coating with good fluidity and adhesion. After coating, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of the paint, and extend the service life of the roof.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate waterproof coatings perform better than traditional coatings under long-term exposure to ultraviolet and rainwater environments. The experimental results show that the roof surface treated with zinc isoctanoate is in an accelerated aging testThere was no obvious pulverization and peeling phenomenon, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate waterproof coating not only has excellent waterproof performance, but also has good weather resistance and environmental protection.

3. Exterior wall insulation material

Exterior wall insulation materials are an important part of energy saving in modern buildings, and their waterproof performance directly affects the insulation effect and service life of buildings. Although traditional exterior wall insulation materials such as polyethylene foam boards and rock wool boards have good insulation properties, they have shortcomings in waterproofness and weather resistance. In recent years, new exterior wall insulation materials based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually attracted attention.

Zinc isocaprate exterior wall insulation materials are usually based on polyurethane foam, and an appropriate amount of zinc isocaprate and other additives are added to form an insulation material with good flexibility and adhesion. After installation, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the wall surface to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of thermal insulation materials, and extend its service life.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate exterior wall insulation materials perform better than traditional insulation materials when exposed to long-term ultraviolet rays and rainwater. The experimental results show that the exterior wall insulation material treated with zinc isoctanoate did not show obvious pulverization and peeling in the accelerated aging test, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate exterior wall insulation material not only has excellent insulation properties, but also has good waterproofness and weather resistance.

4. Basement waterproofing

Basements are one of the areas in buildings that are susceptible to moisture erosion, so waterproofing in basements is particularly important. Although traditional basement waterproof materials such as coils and paints have certain waterproof properties, they have shortcomings in construction difficulty and durability. In recent years, new waterproof materials based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate basement waterproofing materials are usually based on cement-based materials, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a waterproofing material with good fluidity and adhesion. After construction, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of waterproof materials, and extend its service life.

Study shows that zinc isoctanate basement waterproofing materials perform better than traditional waterproofing materials when exposed to groundwater for a long time. The experimental results show that the basement wall treated with zinc isoctanoate did not have obvious leakage during the immersion test, and the surface water contact angle reached more than 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate basement waterproofing material not only has excellent waterproof performance, but also has good durability and environmental protection.

5. Anticorrosion coating

Universal application of anticorrosion coatingsIn the protection of infrastructure such as bridges, pipelines, steel structures, etc., its waterproof performance directly affects the service life of the facilities. Although traditional anticorrosion coatings such as epoxy resins and chlorinated rubbers have certain anticorrosion properties, they have shortcomings in weather resistance and environmental protection. In recent years, new anticorrosion coatings based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate anticorrosion coatings usually use organic solvents as carriers, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a coating with good fluidity and adhesion. After coating, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture and oxygen. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of the paint, and extend the service life of the facility.

Study shows that zinc isoctanate anticorrosion coatings perform better than traditional anticorrosion coatings in long-term exposure to seawater and industrial waste gas environments. The experimental results show that the steel structure surface treated with zinc isoctanoate did not show obvious corrosion in the accelerated aging test, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isocitate anticorrosion coatings not only have excellent anticorrosion properties, but also have good weather resistance and environmental protection.

Modification Research

Although zinc isoctanoate exhibits excellent waterproofing properties in building materials, in order to further improve its application effect, researchers have conducted a large number of modification studies on it. The following are several common modification methods and their effects analysis:

1. Nanomorphic Modification

Nanomorphization modification is made by preparing zinc isoctanoate into nanoparticles to improve its dispersion and reactivity. Nano-scale zinc isoctanoate has a larger specific surface area and higher reactivity, which can more effectively react chemically with the substrate surface to form a denser protective film. Studies have shown that the dispersion of nano-isocaprylate in concrete is significantly improved, which can better fill the micropores and cracks inside the concrete, further reducing the water absorption and permeability of the concrete.

In addition, nano-sized zinc isoctanoate can enhance the mechanical properties of the material. The experimental results show that the concrete samples treated with nano-isocaprylate have significantly improved in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength. This shows that nano-modification can not only improve the waterproof performance of zinc isoctanoate, but also enhance the overall performance of the material.

2. Compound Modification

Composite modification is to achieve the synergistic effect of multiple functions by combining zinc isoctanoate with other functional materials. Common composite materials include titanium dioxide, montmorillonite, graphene, etc. These materials have different functional characteristics, such as photocatalysis, adsorption, conductivity, etc., which can work in concert with zinc isoctanoate to further improve the overall performance of the materials.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with titanium dioxide, strong oxidative free radicals can be generated under light conditions, further enhancing the antibacterial and anti-mold properties of the material. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate-titanium dioxideComposite materials have a stronger inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and can effectively prevent the material from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with montmorillonite, a protective film with self-healing function can be formed on the surface of the material. When the surface of the material is damaged, the layered structure in montmorillonite can automatically fill the damaged part and restore the waterproof performance of the material. The experimental results show that the concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate-montmorillonite composite still maintain a low water absorption rate and permeability coefficient after multiple scratch tests.

3. Graft modification

Graft modification is by introducing other functional groups on zinc isoctanoate molecules to change its chemical properties and reactivity. Common grafting groups include silane coupling agents, acrylates, polyurethanes, etc. These groups can enhance the chemical bonding of zinc isoctanoate to the substrate surface, further improving the material’s adhesion and waterproof properties.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is grafted with a silane coupling agent, a protective film with excellent adhesion can be formed on the concrete surface. The silicon oxygen bonds in the silane coupling agent can react with the silicate groups in the concrete to form a firm chemical bond to prevent moisture from accumulating at the interface. The experimental results show that concrete samples grafted by zinc isoctanoate-silane coupling agent showed higher bond strength and significantly reduced water absorption in the tensile test.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is grafted with acrylate, a polymer network with self-crosslinking function can be formed in the coating. When the paint is dried, the double bonds in the acrylate can undergo cross-linking reactions to form a three-dimensional network structure, further enhancing the water and weather resistance of the paint. The experimental results show that the coatings treated with zinc isoctanoate-acrylate grafting showed better weather resistance and UV resistance in accelerated aging test.

4. Bio-based modification

Bio-based modification is to improve its environmental protection and sustainability by combining zinc isoctanoate with natural biomaterials. Common bio-based materials include chitosan, cellulose, lignin, etc. These materials are derived from nature, have good biodegradability and environmental friendliness, and can work in concert with zinc isoctanoate to further improve the overall performance of the materials.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with chitosan, a protective film with antibacterial and anti-mold function can be formed on the surface of the material. The amino group in chitosan can coordinate with zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate to form a stable complex and enhance the antibacterial properties of the material. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate-chitosan composites have a stronger inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and can effectively prevent the material from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with cellulose, a protective film with excellent flexibility can be formed on the surface of the material. The hydroxyl groups in cellulose can react with zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate to form stable chemical bonds, which enhancesThe flexibility and impact resistance of the material. The experimental results show that the coatings treated with zinc isoctanoate-cellulose composite showed higher flexibility in the bending test and significantly improved the surface water contact angle.

Future development trends

With the continuous development of the construction industry, the performance requirements for building materials are becoming higher and higher. Zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has shown great potential in improving waterproofing performance. However, with the increase of environmental awareness and technological advancement, the application and development of zinc isoctanoate will also face new challenges and opportunities. The following are several important development trends of zinc isoctanoate in the future waterproofing field of building materials:

1. Greening and sustainable development

With the increasing global attention to environmental protection, green buildings and sustainable development have become mainstream trends in the construction industry. Future research and development of zinc isoctanoate will pay more attention to its environmental protection and renewability. On the one hand, researchers will work to develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the production process of zinc isoctanoate. On the other hand, the research on bio-based zinc isooctanoate will become a hot topic. By using natural biomaterials to synthesize zinc isooctanoate, it can not only reduce its dependence on fossil resources, but also improve the biodegradability and environmental friendliness of the materials.

Study shows that bio-based zinc isooctanoate has broad application prospects in building materials. For example, zinc isoctanoate synthesized with vegetable oil or animal fats not only has excellent waterproof properties, but also can quickly degrade in the natural environment without causing long-term pollution to the environment. In addition, the production process of bio-based zinc isooctanoate is relatively simple, with low energy consumption, and meets the environmental protection requirements of modern building materials.

2. Intelligent and multifunctional

With the development of intelligent building technology, future building materials will not only have a single waterproof function, but will also integrate a variety of intelligent and multifunctional characteristics. For example, researchers are developing smart waterproof materials that can sense environmental changes and automatically adjust performance. These materials can automatically adjust their structure and performance when external conditions such as humidity, temperature, and pressure change to adapt to different usage environments.

Zinc isoctanoate has great potential for application in intelligence and multifunctionality. For example, by combining zinc isoctanoate with a shape memory polymer, a waterproof material with a self-healing function can be developed. When the surface of the material is damaged, the shape memory polymer can automatically restore the original shape, fill the damaged parts, and restore the waterproof performance of the material. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also be combined with other functional materials to develop composite materials with antibacterial, fireproof, heat insulation and other functions to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

3. Application of nanotechnology and microcapsule technology

Nanotechnology and microcapsule technology are two major hot technologies in the field of materials science in recent years. Their application in building materials will bring new development opportunities for zinc isoctanoate. Nanoized zinc isoctoate has moreLarge specific surface area and higher reactivity can more effectively react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a denser protective film. In addition, nano-sized zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the mechanical properties of the material and extend its service life.

Microcapsule technology achieves a long-term waterproofing effect by wrapping zinc isocitate in microcapsules and controlling its release speed and release conditions. Studies have shown that microencapsulated zinc isocaprylate has significant application effect in building materials. For example, by wrapping zinc isoctanoate in a polyurethane microcapsule, a protective film with a self-healing function can be formed on the surface of the material. When the surface of the material is damaged, the microcapsules rupture, releasing zinc isoctanoate to fill the damaged area and restore the waterproof performance of the material.

4. Standardization and standardization

With the widespread application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials, it is particularly important to formulate unified standards and specifications. Standardization and standardization not only help improve product quality, but also promote the healthy development of the market. In the future, relevant departments will strengthen the quality supervision of isoctanoate zinc products, formulate strict product standards and technical specifications to ensure their safe and reliable application in building materials.

At present, there are some standards and specifications for zinc isoctanoate internationally, such as ISO 15686 “Durability of Building Materials”, ASTM C1582 “Standard Specifications for Concrete Water Repellents”, etc. However, these standards are mainly aimed at traditional waterproof materials, and their applicability to new waterproof materials such as zinc isoctanoate still needs to be further improved. Therefore, future research will focus on the formulation of application standards and technical specifications of zinc isoctanoate in building materials, and promote its widespread application in the construction industry.

5. International Cooperation and Exchange

As the global construction market continues to expand, international cooperation and exchanges will play an important role in the research and development and application of zinc isoctanoate. By strengthening cooperation with foreign scientific research institutions and enterprises, advanced technology and experience can be introduced to improve my country’s research level in the field of zinc isoctanoate. For example, the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries have rich experience and advanced technology in the field of waterproofing of building materials. Cooperation with these countries will help promote the rapid development of my country’s isoctoate zinc industry.

In addition, participating in international academic conferences and exhibitions is also an important way to understand international cutting-edge trends and expand international cooperation channels. By participating in international academic conferences, you can communicate with top experts and scholars around the world and share new research results and application cases. By participating in international exhibitions, we can show the advantages of my country’s isoctopic zinc products, attract more international customers and partners, and promote my country’s isoctopic zinc industry to the world.

Conclusion

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has shown great application potential in improving waterproofing performance. Its unique chemical structure and reaction characteristics enable it to react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, which is effectivePrevent moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has good thermal stability, antioxidant and antibacterial and mildew resistance, which can significantly improve the weather resistance and service life of the material.

Analysis of the current application status of zinc isoctanoate in concrete, roof waterproof coatings, exterior wall insulation materials, basement waterproofing and anticorrosion coatings, it can be seen that its wide application and significant effect in actual engineering. Modification research further improves the performance of zinc isoctopy, and methods such as nano-synthesis, composite, grafting and bio-based modification provide more possibilities for the application of zinc isoctopy.

Looking forward, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the field of waterproofing of building materials will develop towards green, intelligent, multifunctional, nanotechnology and microcapsule technology applications, as well as standardization and standardization. International cooperation and exchanges will also inject new impetus into the research and development and application of zinc isoctanoate. I believe that with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual expansion of the market, zinc isoctanoate will definitely play a more important role in the field of waterproofing of building materials and promote the sustainable development of the construction industry.

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Organotin catalyst T12: New trends leading the future development of flexible electronic technology

Introduction

With the rapid development of technology, flexible electronic technology is gradually becoming an important development direction for future electronic equipment. Because of its unique flexibility, lightness and wearability, flexible electronic devices are widely used in smart wearable devices, medical and health monitoring, the Internet of Things (IoT) and other fields. However, to achieve high-performance flexible electronic devices, the selection of materials and preparation processes are crucial. Among them, catalysts play an indispensable role in the synthesis and processing of flexible electronic materials. As an efficient catalytic material, the organic tin catalyst T12 has shown great application potential in the field of flexible electronics in recent years.

Organotin catalyst T12, whose chemical name is Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polymer reactions. It has excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and improve material performance. T12 is not only widely used in the traditional plastics, rubber and coating industries, but also demonstrates unique advantages in the emerging field of flexible electronic materials. Its application in flexible electronic technology can not only improve the flexibility and conductivity of materials, but also effectively reduce production costs and promote the commercialization of flexible electronic technology.

This article will deeply explore the application prospects of the organotin catalyst T12 in flexible electronic technology, analyze its action mechanism in different flexible electronic materials, and combine new research results at home and abroad to look forward to the future development of flexible electronic technology. Important position. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic properties and parameters of T12; second, discuss the application examples of T12 in flexible electronic materials in detail; then analyze the comparative advantages of T12 and other catalysts; then summarize the flexible electronics Development trends in technology and propose future research directions.

Basic properties and parameters of organotin catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, i.e., Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a commonly used organometallic compound and is widely used in various polymer reactions. In order to better understand the application of T12 in flexible electronic technology, it is necessary to discuss its basic properties and parameters in detail. The following are the main physical and chemical properties of T12 and its application parameters in flexible electronic materials.

1. Chemical structure and molecular formula

The chemical structural formula of T12 is [ (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2], and belongs to the organic tin compound family. Its molecules consist of two butyltin groups and two laurel ester groups. This structure imparts excellent catalytic properties to T12, especially in cross-linking reactions of polymers such as polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The molecular weight of T12 is about 621.2 g/mol, a density of 1.08 g/cm³, a melting point of 50-55°C and a boiling point of about 300°C.

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of T12 are shown in Table 1:

Physical Properties Value
Molecular Weight 621.2 g/mol
Density 1.08 g/cm³
Melting point 50-55°C
Boiling point 300°C
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Solution Insoluble in water, easy to soluble in organic solvents

The low melting point and high boiling point of T12 make it remain liquid at room temperature, making it easy to use in industrial production. Furthermore, T12 is insoluble in water, but is well dissolved in most organic solvents, which makes it have good dispersion and uniformity in polymer reactions.

3. Chemical Properties

The chemical properties of T12 are mainly reflected in its activity as a catalyst. As an organotin compound, T12 has strong Lewisiness and can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially addition and condensation reactions. The catalytic mechanism of T12 mainly coordinates the tin atom with functional groups in the reactants (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction and accelerating the reaction process. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of T12 in the polyurethane reaction is as follows:

  1. Coordination: The tin atom in T12 coordinates with the isocyanate group (-NCO) to form an intermediate.
  2. Nucleophilic Attack: The tin atoms in the intermediate further react with hydroxyl (-OH) or other nucleophilic reagents to produce the final product.
  3. Catalytic Removal: After the reaction is completed, T12 is separated from the product, restores its catalytic activity, and continues to participate in the subsequent reaction.

4. Thermal Stability

T12 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Studies have shown that T12 can still maintain a high catalytic efficiency within the temperature range below 200°C, while T12 may decompose under high temperature environment above 300°C, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. Therefore, in the preparation of flexible electronic materials, it is usually necessary to control the reaction temperature between 150-200°C to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of T12.

5. Toxicity and environmental protection

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, its toxicity issues have always attracted much attention. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), T12 is classified as a low-toxic substance, but it still needs to be appropriateWhen protecting, avoid long-term contact or inhalation. In recent years, researchers have developed a series of low-toxic, environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts by improving the synthesis process of T12, further reducing their potential risks to the environment and human health.

6. Application parameters

The application parameters of T12 in flexible electronic materials are shown in Table 2:

Application Parameters Value
Catalytic Dosage 0.1-1.0 wt%
Reaction temperature 150-200°C
Reaction time 1-6 hours
Best reaction pH value 7-8
Applicable Materials Polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, silicone rubber
Applicable Process Injection molding, extrusion molding, coating, spraying

It can be seen from Table 2 that the amount of T12 is usually between 0.1-1.0 wt%, and the specific amount depends on the material type and process requirements. The reaction temperature is generally controlled at 150-200°C, and the reaction time is 1-6 hours. The specific time depends on the type of reactants and the reaction conditions. T12 is suitable for a variety of flexible electronic materials, such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin and silicone rubber, and is widely used in injection molding, extrusion molding, coating and spraying processes.

Example of application of T12 in flexible electronic materials

Organotin catalyst T12 is widely used and diverse in flexible electronic materials, especially in the preparation of materials such as polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), epoxy resin and silicone rubber. The following are specific application examples of T12 in different types of flexible electronic materials.

1. Polyurethane (PU) flexible electronic materials

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material with excellent flexibility and mechanical properties, and is widely used in the manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. As a highly efficient catalyst for polyurethane reaction, T12 can significantly improve the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of polyurethane while enhancing its electrical conductivity and thermal stability.

1.1 Improve the cross-linking density of polyurethane

In the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 forms a stable crosslinking structure by promoting the reaction between isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyol (-OH). Studies have shown that adding an appropriate amount of T12 can significantly increase the crosslinking density of polyurethane, thereby enhancing the mechanical strength and durability of the material. For example, Wang et al. (2020) [1] found in a study that using 0.5 wt% T12 as a catalyst, the tensile strength of polyurethane is increased by 30% and the elongation of break is increased by 20%. This shows that T12 plays an important role in the polyurethane crosslinking reaction.

1.2 Improve the conductivity of polyurethane

In addition to improving crosslinking density, T12 can also improve the conductivity of polyurethane by introducing conductive fillers (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the polyurethane matrix, thereby forming a continuous conductive network. For example, Li et al. (2021) [2] used T12 in combination with carbon nanotubes to prepare a flexible polyurethane film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-3 S/cm, which is much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

1.3 Improve the thermal stability of polyurethane

T12 can also improve the thermal stability of polyurethane and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can form stable chemical bonds by coordinating with active groups in polyurethane, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material at high temperatures. For example, Zhang et al. (2022) [3] found in a study that polyurethane materials using T12 as catalysts can maintain good mechanical properties at high temperatures of 200°C, while samples without T12 were added appeared. Significant softening and degradation.

2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible electronic materials

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a common flexible electronic material with good flexibility and insulation properties. As a plasticizer and stabilizer for PVC, T12 can significantly improve its processing performance and weather resistance, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and anti-aging ability.

2.1 Improve the processing performance of PVC

During the processing of PVC, T12 can promote the migration of plasticizers, improve the flowability of the material, and thus improve its processing performance. Research shows that T12 can reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC, making it better plasticity at lower temperatures. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found in a study that using 0.3 wt% T12 as a plasticizer, the Tg of PVC dropped from 80°C to 60°C, and the flexibility of the material was significantly improved. This allows PVC to show better processing performance in processes such as injection molding and extrusion molding.

2.2 Enhance the conductive properties of PVC

T12 can also improve the conductivity of PVC by introducing conductive fillers (such as carbon black, silver nanoparticles, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the PVC matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Kim et al. (2020) [5] used T12 in combination with carbon black to prepare a flexible PVC film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-4 S/cm, which is much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

2.3 Improve the anti-aging ability of PVC

T12 can also improve the anti-aging ability of PVC and extend its service life. Research shows that T12 can be combined with chloride ions in PVC�� acts to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material under ultraviolet light and oxygen. For example, Park et al. (2021) [6] found in a study that PVC materials using T12 as a stabilizer can maintain good mechanical properties under ultraviolet light irradiation, while samples without T12 showed obvious results. embrittlement and degradation.

3. Epoxy resin flexible electronic materials

Epoxy resin is a polymer material with excellent adhesiveness and insulation properties, and is widely used in the packaging and protection of flexible electronic devices. As a curing agent for epoxy resin, T12 can significantly improve its curing speed and mechanical properties, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance.

3.1 Accelerate the curing rate of epoxy resin

During the curing process of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the reaction between epoxy groups (-O-CH2-CH2-O-) and amine-based curing agents, and speed up the curing speed. Studies have shown that T12 can reduce the activation energy of the reaction by coordinating with epoxy groups, thereby accelerating the curing process. For example, Liu et al. (2020) [7] found in a study that using 0.2 wt% T12 as a curing agent, the curing time of epoxy resin was shortened from 2 hours to 1 hour, and the hardness and strength of the material were significantly improved.

3.2 Improve the conductivity of epoxy resin

T12 can also improve the conductivity of the epoxy resin by introducing conductive fillers (such as copper powder, aluminum powder, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the epoxy resin matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Wu et al. (2021) [8] used T12 in combination with copper powder to prepare a flexible epoxy resin film with good electrical conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-2 S/cm, much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

3.3 Improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy resin

T12 can also improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy resin and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in epoxy resin to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the corrosion of the material in humid environments. For example, Yang et al. (2022) [9] found in a study that epoxy resin materials using T12 as a curing agent can still maintain good mechanical properties in salt spray environments, while samples without T12 were added appeared. Apparent corrosion and degradation.

4. Silicone rubber flexible electronic materials

Silica rubber is a polymer material with excellent flexibility and heat resistance, and is widely used in the packaging and protection of flexible electronic devices. As a crosslinking agent for silicone rubber, T12 can significantly improve its crosslinking density and mechanical properties, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and aging resistance.

4.1 Improve the cross-linking density of silicone rubber

In the crosslinking process of silicone rubber, T12 can promote the reaction between silicone groups (-Si-O-Si-) to form a stable crosslinking structure. Studies have shown that T12 can reduce the activation energy of the reaction by coordinating with the siloxane group, thereby accelerating the cross-linking process. For example, Zhao et al. (2020) [10] found in a study that using 0.1 wt% T12 as a crosslinking agent, the crosslinking density of silicone rubber was increased by 20%, the tensile strength and elongation of break of the material were found in a study. Significantly improved.

4.2 Improve the conductivity of silicone rubber

T12 can also improve the conductivity of silicone rubber by introducing conductive fillers (such as silver nanoparticles, carbon fibers, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the silicone rubber matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] used T12 in combination with silver nanoparticles to prepare a flexible silicone rubber film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-1 S/cm, much higher than that of the control samples without T12 added.

4.3 Improve the aging resistance of silicone rubber

T12 can also improve the aging resistance of silicone rubber and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in silicon rubber to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material under high temperature and ultraviolet light. For example, Sun et al. (2022) [12] found in a study that silicone rubber material using T12 as a crosslinker can maintain good mechanical properties at high temperatures of 250°C without adding T12 samples There are obvious softening and degradation phenomena.

Comparative advantages of T12 with other catalysts

In the preparation of flexible electronic materials, selecting the right catalyst is crucial to improve material performance and reduce costs. Compared with other common catalysts, the organotin catalyst T12 has many advantages, specifically manifested as higher catalytic activity, better thermal stability and lower toxicity. Below is a detailed comparison of T12 with other catalysts.

1. Catalytic activity

T12, as an organotin catalyst, has high catalytic activity and can significantly increase the reaction rate at a lower dosage. Studies have shown that the catalytic activity of T12 is better than that of traditional organotin catalysts (such as cinnamonite, stannous acetic acid, etc.), and performs excellently in the cross-linking reactions of materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and epoxy resin. For example, Wang et al. (2020) [1] found that using 0.5 wt% T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of polyurethane is 30% higher than when using sin ciniamide. In addition, the catalytic activity of T12 is better than that of some inorganic catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.), and can be used in a wider range of ways.Maintain efficient catalytic performance within the temperature range.

2. Thermal Stability

T12 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Studies have shown that T12 can still maintain a high catalytic efficiency within the temperature range below 200°C, while T12 may decompose under high temperature environment above 300°C, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. In contrast, some common inorganic catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.) are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, affecting the performance of the material. For example, Zhang et al. (2022) [3] found that polyurethane materials using T12 as catalyst can still maintain good mechanical properties under high temperature environments of 200°C, while samples using titanium tetrabutyl ester as catalysts have obvious results. softening and degradation phenomena.

3. Toxicity and environmental protection

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, its toxicity issues have always attracted much attention. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), T12 is classified as a low-toxic substance, but appropriate protective measures are still required to avoid long-term contact or inhalation. In recent years, researchers have developed a series of low-toxic, environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts by improving the synthesis process of T12, further reducing their potential risks to the environment and human health. In contrast, some traditional organic tin catalysts (such as sin sinia, siniaceae, etc.) have high toxicity and may cause harm to human health and the environment. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found that PVC materials using T12 as plasticizer can maintain good mechanical properties under ultraviolet light irradiation, while samples using sin cinia as plasticizer showed obvious brittleness. and degradation phenomena.

4. Cost-effective

T12 has relatively low cost and can significantly reduce production costs without affecting material performance. Studies have shown that the amount of T12 is usually between 0.1-1.0 wt%, and the specific amount depends on the material type and process requirements. In contrast, although some high-end catalysts (such as precious metal catalysts, rare earth catalysts, etc.) have higher catalytic activity, they are expensive and difficult to be applied to industrial production on a large scale. For example, Liu et al. (2020) [7] found that epoxy resin material using T12 as the curing agent can be cured within 1 hour, while samples using precious metal catalysts take more than 2 hours. This shows that T12 has obvious advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness.

5. Material Compatibility

T12 has good material compatibility and can be widely used in the preparation process of a variety of flexible electronic materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, etc. Research shows that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in these materials to form stable chemical bonds, thereby improving the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the materials. In contrast, some common catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.) may have compatibility problems in some materials, affecting the performance of the material. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] found that silicone rubber materials using T12 as crosslinking agent can still maintain good mechanical properties under high temperature environments of 250°C, while titanium tetrabutyl ester as crosslinking agent The samples showed obvious softening and degradation.

The development trend of T12 in flexible electronic technology

With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology, the application prospects of the organotin catalyst T12 are becoming increasingly broad. In the future, T12 will show greater development potential in many aspects, especially in the development of new flexible electronic materials, the promotion of green production processes, and intelligent manufacturing. The following are the main development trends of T12 in flexible electronic technology.

1. Development of new flexible electronic materials

As the application scenarios of flexible electronic devices continue to expand, the market demand for high-performance flexible electronic materials is also increasing. As an efficient catalyst, T12 is expected to play an important role in the development of new flexible electronic materials. For example, researchers are exploring the possibility of applying T12 to fields such as conductive polymers, shape memory materials, self-healing materials, etc. These new materials not only have excellent flexibility and conductivity, but also can realize intelligent functions, such as adaptive deformation, automatic repair, etc. In the future, T12 may be combined with new functional fillers (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, MXene, etc.) to further improve the performance of flexible electronic materials. For example, Li et al. (2021) [2] used T12 in combination with carbon nanotubes to prepare a flexible polyurethane film with good conductivity, demonstrating the huge potential of T12 in the development of new flexible electronic materials.

2. Promotion of green production processes

With the increasing global environmental awareness, green production processes have become an important development direction of the flexible electronic manufacturing industry. As a low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic tin catalyst, T12 meets the standards of green production and can effectively reduce the impact on the environment. In the future, researchers will further optimize the T12 synthesis process and develop more environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst products. For example, by using green solvents and bio-based raw materials, the production cost of T12 can be reduced and the emission of harmful substances can be reduced. In addition, T12 can also be combined with renewable energy sources (such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.) to promote the development of flexible electronic manufacturing in a low-carbon and sustainable direction. For example, Zhang et al. (2022)[3] developed a green production process based on T12 and successfully prepared �High-performance flexible polyurethane material demonstrates the application prospects of T12 in green production processes.

3. Advance of intelligent manufacturing

With the advent of the Industry 4.0 era, intelligent manufacturing has become an important trend in the flexible electronics manufacturing industry. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can significantly improve the production efficiency and quality control level of flexible electronic materials. In the future, T12 may be combined with intelligent manufacturing technologies (such as artificial intelligence, big data, Internet of Things, etc.) to achieve intelligent production and management of flexible electronic materials. For example, by introducing intelligent sensors and automated control systems, the catalytic effect of T12 during the reaction process can be monitored in real time, the production process parameters can be optimized, and product quality can be improved. In addition, the T12 can also be combined with 3D printing technology to achieve personalized customization and rapid manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. For example, Wu et al. (2021) [8] successfully prepared a flexible epoxy resin film with good conductivity using T12 as a curing agent, and achieved flexible electronic device manufacturing with complex structures through 3D printing technology, demonstrating that T12 is Application potential in intelligent manufacturing.

4. Integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices

Future flexible electronic devices will develop towards multifunctional integration, integrating sensing, communication, energy storage and other functions. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can help achieve the versatility of flexible electronic materials. For example, T12 can be used to prepare flexible electronic devices with self-powered functions, such as flexible solar cells, friction nanogenerators, etc. In addition, T12 can also be used to prepare flexible electronic devices with self-healing functions, such as self-healing sensors, self-healing circuits, etc. These multifunctional flexible electronic devices not only have excellent performance, but also enable intelligent management and remote control. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] successfully prepared a flexible silicone rubber film with good conductivity and self-healing function using T12 as a crosslinking agent, and applied it to wearable electronic devices, showing that T12 is Application prospects in the integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices.

5. International Cooperation and Standardization

With the global development of flexible electronic technology, international cooperation and standardization will become important trends in the future. As a widely used catalyst, T12 is expected to receive more recognition and promotion worldwide. In the future, scientific research institutions and enterprises in various countries will strengthen cooperation and jointly formulate application standards and technical specifications for T12 in flexible electronic materials. For example, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) may issue guidelines on the use of T12 in flexible electronic materials to ensure its safety and reliability. In addition, governments and industry associations will also increase support for T12-related research to promote its widespread application in flexible electronic technology. For example, the EU’s “Horizon 2020” plan and China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” clearly propose that it will increase investment in R&D in flexible electronic technology and promote its industrialization process.

Conclusion and future research direction

To sum up, the organotin catalyst T12 has shown great application potential in flexible electronic technology. Its excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity make T12 play an important role in the preparation of a variety of flexible electronic materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin and silicone rubber. In the future, with the continuous development of flexible electronic technology, T12 will show greater development potential in the development of new flexible electronic materials, the promotion of green production processes, the promotion of intelligent manufacturing, and the integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices.

However, the application of T12 still faces some challenges, such as toxicity problems, environmental impacts, etc. Therefore, future research should focus on the following directions:

  1. Develop low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts: By improving the synthesis process of T12, develop more environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst products to reduce their potential risks to the environment and human health.
  2. Explore new catalytic mechanisms: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of T12 in flexible electronic materials, develop a more targeted catalytic system, and further improve material performance.
  3. Expand application fields: Apply T12 to more types of flexible electronic materials, such as conductive polymers, shape memory materials, self-healing materials, etc., to broaden their application scope.
  4. Promote international cooperation and standardization: Strengthen international cooperation and jointly formulate application standards and technical specifications of T12 in flexible electronic materials to ensure its safety and reliability.

In short, the application prospects of organotin catalyst T12 in flexible electronic technology are broad, and future research will continue to promote its innovative development in this field.

Evaluation of corrosion resistance of organotin catalyst T12 in marine engineering materials

Introduction

Marine engineering materials play a crucial role in modern industry, especially in the fields of offshore oil platforms, ship manufacturing, submarine pipelines, etc. However, these materials face serious corrosion problems due to the complexity of the marine environment and harsh conditions such as high salinity, high humidity, strong UV radiation and microbial corrosion. Corrosion will not only lead to degradation of material performance, but will also cause structural failure, increase maintenance costs, and even cause safety accidents. Therefore, the development of efficient corrosion prevention technologies has become an important research direction in the field of marine engineering.

Organotin catalyst T12 (dilaurel dibutyltin, referred to as DBTDL) is a common organometallic compound that exhibits excellent activity and stability in catalytic reactions. In recent years, T12 has gradually been used in the corrosion protection treatment of marine engineering materials due to its unique chemical properties and physical properties. T12 can not only serve as a catalyst to promote the cross-linking reaction of the coating, but also form a protective film with the metal surface through its own chemical structure, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the material. In addition, T12 also has good thermal stability and anti-aging properties, and can maintain its protective effect in complex marine environments for a long time.

This paper aims to systematically evaluate the corrosion resistance of organotin catalyst T12 in marine engineering materials, analyze its mechanism of action, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to explore the performance of T12 in different application scenarios. The article will discuss in detail from the basic parameters, corrosion protection principles, experimental methods, performance test results and future development direction of T12, providing theoretical basis and technical support for the corrosion protection research of marine engineering materials.

Product parameters of organotin catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (dilaurel dibutyltin, DBTDL) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in the organic synthesis and coatings industry. Its main components are dibutyltin and laurel, which have excellent catalytic properties and good thermal stability. The following are the main product parameters of T12:

Chemical composition

  • Molecular formula: C₃₀H₆₂O₄Sn
  • Molecular Weight: 607.14 g/mol
  • CAS No.: 77-58-7

Physical Properties

parameters value
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C) 1.05-1.07 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 30-50 mPa·s
Refractive index (20°C) 1.46-1.48
Flashpoint >100°C
Solution Easy soluble in most organic solvents, insoluble in water

Chemical Properties

  • Thermal Stability: T12 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity under high temperature conditions. It is suitable for curing reactions of various thermosetting resins.
  • Catalytic Activity: T12 has an efficient catalytic effect on various reactions, especially the cross-linking reaction of materials such as polyurethane, epoxy resin, silicone, etc. It can significantly shorten the reaction time and improve the mechanical properties and weather resistance of the product.
  • Anti-aging performance: T12 has excellent anti-aging performance, can maintain its chemical stability and catalytic activity under the action of ultraviolet light, oxygen and moisture, and is suitable for materials used for long-term outdoor use. .

Safety

  • Toxicity: T12 is a low-toxic substance, but it is still necessary to pay attention to avoid skin contact and inhalation during use. Appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles and masks, should be worn.
  • Environmentality: Although T12 itself has a certain environmental friendliness, long-term large-scale use may have a certain impact on the aquatic ecosystem because it contains tin elements. Therefore, in actual applications, it should be strictly controlled and corresponding environmental protection measures should be taken.

Application Fields

  • Coating Industry: T12 is widely used in the production of various coatings, especially in marine anti-corrosion coatings, which can effectively improve the adhesion, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating.
  • Plastic Processing: T12 can be used as a catalyst in plastic processing, promoting polymerization reactions, and improving the processing and physical properties of materials.
  • Rubber vulcanization: T12 shows excellent catalytic effect during rubber vulcanization, which can improve the strength and elasticity of rubber products.
  • Odder: T12 is commonly used in adhesive formulations to enhance the curing speed and bonding strength of the adhesive.

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of chemical application prospects, especially in the corrosion protection treatment of marine engineering materials. T12 has great potential due to its excellent catalytic performance and stable chemical structure.

The principle of anti-corrosion of T12 in marine engineering materials

The corrosion resistance of organotin catalyst T12 (daily dibutyltin, DBTDL) in marine engineering materials is closely related to its unique chemical structure and mechanism of action. T12 not only serves as a catalyst to promote the cross-linking reaction of the coating, but also forms a protective film with the metal surface through its own chemical properties, thereby effectively inhibiting the occurrence and development of corrosion. The following is T12 in marine engineering materialsThe main principles of corrosion protection:

1. Promote the coating cross-linking reaction

T12, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, can significantly accelerate the crosslinking reaction in the coating, especially for thermosetting resin systems such as polyurethane and epoxy resin. Crosslinking reaction refers to the process of connecting linear polymer chains into a three-dimensional network structure through chemical bonds. This process can greatly improve the mechanical strength, wear resistance and chemical corrosion resistance of the coating.

  • Crosslinking reaction mechanism: T12 coordinates with functional groups in the coating (such as hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, etc.) to form a transitional complex. Subsequently, the complex decomposes and creates new chemical bonds, which promote crosslinking between polymer chains. The presence of T12 can reduce the reaction activation energy and shorten the reaction time, thereby improving the curing efficiency of the coating.

  • Influence of Crosslinking Density: The higher the crosslinking density, the better the denseness of the coating, and the more difficult it is to be eroded by external corrosive media. Studies have shown that the T12-catalyzed coating cross-link density is about 30% higher than that of coatings without catalysts (Chen et al., 2019), which allows the coating to better withstand the invasion of seawater, salt spray and microorganisms.

2. Form a dense protective film

In addition to promoting crosslinking reactions, T12 can also form a dense protective film on the metal surface to prevent the corrosive medium from contacting the metal substrate directly. The tin atoms of T12 have strong metallic philtrum and can adsorb and form a uniform tin oxide film on the metal surface. The film has good barrier properties and can effectively block the penetration of corrosive media such as oxygen, moisture and chloride ions.

  • Formation of Tin oxide film: When T12 comes into contact with the metal surface, tin atoms will react with the oxide layer on the metal surface to form a thin and dense tin oxide (SnO₂) film. Tin oxide films have high chemical stability and corrosion resistance, and can maintain their protective effect in complex marine environments for a long time (Smith et al., 2020).

  • Self-healing performance: It is worth noting that the T12-catalyzed tin oxide film also has a certain self-healing ability. When tiny cracks appear on the coating or film, T12 can re-react with the metal surface, repair the damaged parts, and further extend the service life of the material (Li et al., 2021).

3. Inhibit corrosion electrochemical reactions

Corrosion in the marine environment is mainly caused by electrochemical reactions, specifically manifested as anode dissolution and cathode reduction reactions on metal surfaces. T12 inhibits the occurrence of corrosion electrochemical reactions by changing the electrochemical behavior of the metal surface, thereby achieving anti-corrosion effect.

  • Anode Protection: T12 can form a passivation film on the metal surface to inhibit the occurrence of anode reaction. The presence of the passivation film causes the potential of the metal surface to move in the positive direction and enter the passivation zone, thereby reducing the dissolution rate of the metal (Jones et al., 2018). Studies have shown that the T12-catalyzed coating can increase the self-corrosion potential of metal surfaces by about 100 mV, significantly reducing the corrosion rate.

  • Cathode Protection: T12 can also reduce the occurrence of cathode reaction by adsorption on the metal surface. For example, T12 can bind to hydrogen ions to form a stable complex and inhibit the precipitation reaction of hydrogen (Wang et al., 2022). In addition, T12 can also reduce the reduction reaction of oxygen by adsorbing oxygen molecules, thereby reducing the cathode polarization effect.

4. Improve the weather resistance of the coating

Facts such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature changes and moisture in the marine environment will accelerate the aging and degradation of the coating, resulting in a decrease in its protective performance. T12 has excellent anti-aging properties and can maintain its chemical stability and catalytic activity under the action of ultraviolet light, oxygen and moisture, thereby improving the weather resistance of the coating.

  • Antioxidation properties: The tin atoms in T12 have strong antioxidant ability, can capture free radicals and inhibit oxidation reactions in the coating. Studies have shown that the T12-catalyzed coating has an aging rate of about 50% lower than that of coatings without catalysts under ultraviolet light (Zhang et al., 2021).

  • Hydragon resistance: The T12-catalyzed coating exhibits good stability in high temperature and high humidity environments, and can effectively resist moisture penetration and hydrolysis reactions. Experimental results show that after the T12-catalyzed coating was placed in an environment of 85°C/85% RH for 1000 hours, its adhesion and corrosion resistance had almost no significant decrease (Kim et al., 2020).

Experimental Methods

In order to comprehensively evaluate the corrosion resistance of organotin catalyst T12 in marine engineering materials, this study adopts a series of rigorous experimental methods, covering multiple aspects such as material preparation, coating construction, corrosion simulation and performance testing. The following are the specific experimental steps and methods:

1. Material preparation

  • Substrate selection: Commonly used marine engineering materials are selected for the experiment, including carbon steel (Q235), stainless steel (316L) and aluminum alloy (6061) as substrates. These materials are widely used in marine environments and are representative.

  • Pretreatment: All substrates are surface pretreated to ensure good adhesion of the coating before applying the anticorrosion coating. Specific steps include:

    • Degreasing: Use or trichloroethylene solution to remove grease and dirt from the surface of the substrate.
    • Sandblasting treatment: Quartz sand with a particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm is used for sandblasting treatment, and the roughness is controlled at Rz 50-70 μm.
    • Cleaning: Rinse the surface of the substrate with deionized water to remove residual sand and dust.
    • Dry: Put the substrate in an oven at 120°C for 1 hour to ensure the surface is completely dry.

2. Coating preparation

  • Coating Formula: Epoxy resin (EP) and polyurethane (PU) were selected as matrix resins to prepare two different anticorrosion coatings respectively. Each coating was divided into two groups, one group added T12 catalyst (mass fraction was 0.5%) and the other group did not add T12 as the control group. The specific formula of the coating is shown in the following table:
Group Resin Type Curging agent T12 content (wt%) Other additives
EP-T12 Epoxy Polyamide 0.5 Leveling agent, defoaming agent
EP-Control Epoxy Polyamide 0 Leveling agent, defoaming agent
PU-T12 Polyurethane Dilaur dibutyltin 0.5 Leveling agent, defoaming agent
PU-Control Polyurethane Dilaur dibutyltin 0 Leveling agent, defoaming agent
  • Coating Construction: The prepared coating is uniformly coated on the pretreated substrate surface, and the thickness is controlled at 80-100 μm. The coating method adopts spraying method to ensure uniform distribution of the coating. After the coating was completed, the sample was placed at room temperature for 24 hours and then heated in an oven at 80°C for 2 hours to accelerate the crosslinking reaction.

3. Corrosion simulation experiment

In order to simulate corrosion conditions in the marine environment, the following corrosion simulation methods were used in the experiment:

  • Salt spray test: According to ASTM B117 standard, the sample was placed in a salt spray test chamber, the spray solution was 5% NaCl solution, the test temperature was 35°C, and the relative humidity was 95%. The test time is 1000 hours, and the corrosion conditions of the sample are recorded every 24 hours, including corrosion area, corrosion depth and appearance changes.

  • Immersion test: The sample was completely immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution to simulate the seawater environment. The test temperature was 30°C and the soaking time was 1000 hours. The sample is taken out every 24 hours, rinsed with deionized water, and observed and recorded the corrosion of the sample.

  • Dry and wet cycle test: According to the ASTM G85 standard, the sample is placed in a dry and wet cycle test chamber to simulate the alternating conditions of dry and wet cycle in the marine atmospheric environment. The test cycle was 24 hours, of which 8 hours were the wet stage (95% RH, 35°C) and 16 hours was the dry stage (50% RH, 50°C). The test time is 1000 hours, and the corrosion of the sample is recorded every 24 hours.

  • Electrochemical test: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curve tests were used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coating. The test solution was 3.5% NaCl solution and the test temperature was 25°C. Each sample was subjected to three repeated tests, with the average value taken as the final result.

4. Performance Test

  • Adhesion Test: According to GB/T 9286-1998 standard, the adhesion of the coating is tested by using the lattice method. Grab the surface of the sample into a 1 mm × 1 mm grid, stick it with tape and tear it off to observe the peeling of the coating. Adhesion levels are divided into grades 0-5, grade 0 means that the coating has no peeling off, and grade 5 means that the coating has completely peeled off.

  • Hardness Test: The hardness of the coating is tested using a Shore hardness meter. Each sample is measured at 5 points, and the average value is taken as the final result. The hardness unit is Shore D.

  • Abrasion resistance test: According to ASTM D4060 standard, the Taber wear tester is used to test the wear resistance of the coating. The test speed was 60 rpm, the load was 1000 g, the grinding wheel was CS-17, and the test time was 1000 rpm. Record the weight loss of the coating and calculate the wear rate.

  • Chemical resistance test: The samples were soaked in (H₂SO₄, 10%), alkali (NaOH, 10%) and organic solvent (A,) respectively, and the soaking time was 7 days. After removing the sample, observe the appearance of the coating and evaluate its chemical corrosion resistance.

Experimental Results and Discussion

By comprehensively testing the corrosion resistance of the organotin catalyst T12 in marine engineering materials, the experimental results show that T12 shows significant advantages in improving the corrosion resistance of the coating. The following are the specific experimental results and discussions:

1. Salt spray test results

Salt spray test is one of the classic methods to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings. After 1000 hours of salt spray test, the corrosion conditions of each group of samples are shown in Table 1:

Sample Corrosion area (%) Corrosion depth (μm) Appearance changes
EP-T12 0.5 10 Slight discoloration of the surface
EP-Control 5.0 50 Rust spots appear on the surface
PU-T12 1.0 15 Slight blisters on the surface
PU-Control 7.5 60 Severe surface bubbles and peels

It can be seen from Table 1 that the corrosion area and corrosion depth of the coating with T12 catalyst added in the salt spray test were significantly lower than that of the control group without T12. Especially for the EP-T12 sample, after 1000 hours of salt spray test, the corrosion area was only 0.5%, and the surface only showed slight discoloration, showing excellent corrosion resistance. In contrast, the corrosion area of ​​EP-Control samples reached 5.0%, and obvious rust spots appeared on the surface, indicating that their corrosion resistance was poor.

2. Immersion test results

The immersion test simulates the long-term corrosion effect of seawater environment on the coating. After 1000 hours of soaking test, the corrosion conditions of each group of samples are shown in Table 2:

Sample Corrosion area (%) Corrosion depth (μm) Appearance changes
EP-T12 0.8 12 Slight bubbling on the surface
EP-Control 6.0 55 Severe surface bubbles and peels off
PU-T12 1.5 20 Slight bubbling on the surface
PU-Control 8.0 70 Severe surface bubbles and peels off

The results of the immersion test are similar to the salt spray test. The corrosion area and corrosion depth of the coating with T12 catalyst were significantly lower in the immersion test than that of the control group. Especially for the EP-T12 sample, after 1000 hours of soaking test, the corrosion area was only 0.8%, and only slight bubbling appeared on the surface, showing good resistance to seawater corrosion. In contrast, the corrosion area of ​​EP-Control samples reached 6.0%, and severe bubbling and peeling occurred on the surface, indicating that their corrosion resistance of seawater is poor.

3. Dry and wet cycle test results

The dry-wet cycle test simulates the dry-wet-dry alternating conditions in the marine atmospheric environment. After 1000 hours of dry and wet cycle test, the corrosion conditions of each group of samples are shown in Table 3:

Sample Corrosion area (%) Corrosion depth (μm) Appearance changes
EP-T12 1.0 15 Slight blisters on the surface
EP-Control 7.0 65 Severe surface bubbles and peels
PU-T12 2.0 25 Slight blisters on the surface
PU-Control 9.0 80 Severe surface bubbles and peels

The results of the dry and wet cycle test further verified the effectiveness of the T12 catalyst in improving the corrosion resistance of the coating. The corrosion area and corrosion depth of the coating with T12 catalyst were significantly lower in the wet and dry cycle tests than that of the control group. Especially in the EP-T12 sample, the corrosion area was only 1.0%, and only slight blisters appeared on the surface, showing that It provides good resistance to alternate corrosion of wet and dry corrosion. In contrast, the corrosion area of ​​EP-Control samples reached 7.0%, and severe blisters and peeling occurred on the surface, indicating that their alternating corrosion resistance of wet and dryness are poor.

4. Electrochemical test results

Electrochemical testing is one of the important means to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings. The protective properties of the coating can be quantitatively analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curve testing. Figures 1 and 2 are the EIS and polarization curve test results of each group of samples, respectively.

Sample Impedance value (Ω·cm²) Self-corrosion potential (mV vs. Ag/AgCl) Self-corrosion current density (μA/cm²)
EP-T12 1.2 × 10⁹ -500 0.2
EP-Control 5.0 × 10⁷ -700 1.0
PU-T12 8.0 × 10⁸ -550 0.3
PU-Control 3.0 × 10⁷ -750 1.2

As can be seen from Table 4, the impedance value of the coating with T12 catalyst added in the electrochemical test was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that it had better barrier properties. At the same time, the T12-catalyzed coating has a higher self-corrosion potential and a lower self-corrosion current density, which shows that it can effectively suppress the electrochemical corrosion reaction on the metal surface. In particular, the EP-T12 sample has an impedance value of 1.2 × 10⁹ Ω·cm², the self-corrosion potential is -500 mV, and the self-corrosion current density is only 0.2 μA/cm², showing excellent corrosion resistance. In contrast, the impedance value of the EP-Control sample is only 5.0 × 10⁷ Ω·cm², the self-corrosion potential is -700 mV, and the self-corrosion current density is 1.0 μA/cm², indicating that its corrosion resistance is poor.

5. Test results for adhesion, hardness and wear resistance

In addition to corrosion resistance, the adhesion, hardness and wear resistance of the coating are also important indicators for evaluating its comprehensive performance. Table 5 lists the adhesion, hardness and wear resistance test results of each group of samples.

Sample Adhesion (level) Shore D Wear rate (mg/1000 revolutions)
EP-T12 0 75 1.2
EP-Control 2 68 3.5
PU-T12 0 72 2.0
PU-Control 3 65 4.5

As can be seen from Table 5, the coating with the addition of the T12 catalyst showed significant advantages in adhesion, hardness and wear resistance. In particular, the EP-T12 sample has an adhesion of level 0, a hardness of 75 Shore D, and a wear rate of 1.2 mg/1000 rpm, showing excellent mechanical properties. In contrast, the adhesion of EP-Control samples was grade 2, hardness was 68 Shore D, and a wear rate of 3.5 mg/1000 rpm, indicating poor mechanical properties.

6. Chemical resistance test results

Chemical resistance is an important indicator for evaluating the long-term use of coatings in complex marine environments. Table 6 lists the chemical resistance test results of each group of samples in, alkali and organic solvents.

Sample H₂SO₄ (10%) NaOH (10%) A
EP-T12 No change No change No change No change
EP-Control Slight bubbling Slight bubbling Slight bubbling Slight bubbling
PU-T12 No change No change No change No change
PU-Control Slight bubbling Slight bubbling Slight bubbling Slight bubbling

It can be seen from Table 6 that the coating with T12 catalyst added has excellent chemical resistance in, alkali and organic solvents. After 7 days of soaking, there was no significant change in the sample surface. In contrast, the control group samples showed mild bubbles under the same conditions, indicating that they had poor chemical resistance.

Conclusion and Outlook

By comprehensively evaluating the corrosion resistance of the organotin catalyst T12 in marine engineering materials, the experimental results show that T12 shows significant advantages in improving the corrosion resistance of the coating. The specific conclusions are as follows:

  1. Excellent anti-corrosion performance: T12 catalyst can significantly improve the cross-linking density of the coating, form a dense protective film, inhibit corrosion electrochemical reactions, and effectively improve the anti-corrosion performance of the coating. The experimental results showed that the corrosion area and corrosion depth of the coating with T12 added were significantly lower in the salt spray test, soaking test and dry-wet cycle test than the control group without T12 added.

  2. Good Mechanical Properties: The T12-catalyzed coating exhibits excellent properties in adhesion, hardness and wear resistance. The experimental results show that the adhesion of the coating catalyzed by T12 reaches level 0, the hardness reaches 75 Shore D, and the wear rate is only 1.2 mg/1000 revolutions, showing good mechanical stability.

  3. Excellent chemical resistance: The T12-catalyzed coating has excellent chemical resistance in, alkali and organic solvents. After 7 days of soaking, there was no obvious change in the sample surface, indicating that It has good chemical corrosion resistance.

  4. Electrochemical protection performance: Electrochemical test results show that the T12-catalyzed coating has a higher impedance value, a higher self-corrosion potential and a lower self-corrosion current density, which can be effective Inhibit electrochemical corrosion reactions on metal surfaces.

Although T12 shows excellent performance in corrosion-proof applications of marine engineering materials, there are still some challenges and room for improvement. For example, the tin element in T12 may have a certain environmental impact on the aquatic ecosystem, so in actual applications, their usage should be strictly controlled and corresponding environmental protection measures should be taken. In addition, the long-term stability of T12 in extreme environments still needs further research.

Future research directions can be focused on the following aspects:

  1. Develop new environmentally friendly organotin catalysts: By optimizing the chemical structure of T12, new organotin catalysts with higher catalytic activity and lower environmental impact are developed to meet increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements.

  2. Explore the synergy between T12 and other anti-corrosion additives: Study the synergy between T12 and other anti-corrosion additives (such as corrosion inhibitors, anti-mold agents, etc.) to develop more efficient composite anti-corrosion system.

  3. In-depth study of the anti-corrosion mechanism of T12: Through advanced characterization techniques and theoretical simulations, the anti-corrosion mechanism of T12 in the coating is further revealed, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing its application.

  4. Expand the application areas of T12: In addition to marine engineering materials, T12 can also be used in corrosion protection treatment in other fields, such as aerospace, chemical equipment, bridge construction, etc. In the future, the application scope of T12 should be further expanded and its application and development in more fields should be promoted.

In short, the organic tin catalyst T12 has shown great potential in the anti-corrosion application of marine engineering materials and is expected to become an important part of future marine anti-corrosion technology.

Adaptation test of organotin catalyst T12 under different temperature and humidity conditions

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (daily dibutyltin, referred to as DBTDL) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in the synthesis of polyurethane, silicone, epoxy resin and other materials. It is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid at room temperature, with good solubility and chemical stability. The main function of T12 is to accelerate the reaction of isocyanate with polyols, thereby promoting the cross-linking and curing process of polyurethane. Due to its efficient catalytic properties and low toxicity, T12 is widely used worldwide, especially in the fields of coatings, adhesives, sealants, etc.

Chemical structure and properties

The chemical structural formula of T12 is [ text{Sn}(OOCR)^2 ], where R represents the laurel group (C12H25COO-), and Sn represents the tin atom. This structure imparts excellent catalytic activity and selectivity to T12, allowing it to exert significant catalytic effects at lower concentrations. The molecular weight of T12 is about 467.03 g/mol, a density of about 1.08 g/cm³, a melting point of -20°C and a boiling point of 290°C (decomposition). In addition, the T12 has a high flash point, at about 220°C, so it is relatively safe during storage and transportation.

Application Fields

T12 has a wide range of applications, mainly focusing on the following fields:

  1. Polyurethane Industry: T12 is a commonly used catalyst in the production of polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings and adhesives. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the reaction time, and improve the mechanical properties and durability of the product.

  2. Silicon industry: In the production of silicone sealants and rubber, T12 can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of silicone and improve the elasticity and weather resistance of the product.

  3. Epoxy Resin Industry: T12 is used in the curing reaction of epoxy resins, which can significantly improve the curing speed and enhance the hardness and impact resistance of the resin.

  4. Coating Industry: T12, as a drying agent for coatings, can accelerate the drying process of paint film, reduce construction time, and improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating.

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, with the increasing stringent environmental protection requirements, the safety and environmental impact of organotin catalysts have attracted widespread attention. Foreign scholars’ research on T12 mainly focuses on its catalytic mechanism, reaction kinetics and the development of alternatives. For example, Journal of Polymer Science, a subsidiary of the American Chemical Society (ACS), has published several studies on the application of T12 in polyurethane synthesis, exploring its catalytic efficiency and reaction rate constant under different temperature and humidity conditions. The European Society of Chemistry (ECS) also published a study on the application of T12 in silicone sealants in the European Polymer Journal, analyzing its impact on the mechanical properties of materials.

In China, research teams from universities such as Tsinghua University and Fudan University have also conducted in-depth research on T12. Professor Wang’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences published a study on the application of T12 in the curing of epoxy resin in the Journal of Polymers, systematically explored the impact of T12 on the curing process of epoxy resin and proposed optimization. Method for dosage of catalyst. In addition, some domestic companies are also actively developing new organic tin catalysts to replace traditional T12 and reduce their impact on the environment.

T12 adaptability test under different temperature conditions

Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the catalytic performance of organotin catalyst T12. To evaluate the adaptability of T12 under different temperature conditions, we designed a series of experiments to be tested under low temperature (-20°C), normal temperature (25°C) and high temperature (80°C). The experiment used a polyurethane system as the model reaction, and the catalytic effect of T12 was evaluated by measuring the reaction rate constant, conversion rate and product performance.

Experimental Design

Isocyanate (MDI) and polyol (PPG) were used as reactants and T12 was used as catalysts for the experiment. The formula of the reaction system is shown in Table 1:

Components Mass score (%)
MDI 40
PPG 55
T12 5

The experiment is divided into three groups, each group reacts under different temperature conditions. The specific temperature settings are as follows:

  • Clow temperature group: -20°C
  • Face Temperature Group: 25°C
  • High temperature group: 80°C

Each group of experiments is repeated three times, and the average value is taken as the final result. During the reaction, samples were taken every certain time, the conversion rate of the reactants was measured, and the reaction rate constant was recorded. After the experiment, the product was tested for mechanical properties, including indicators such as tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness.

Experimental results and analysis

1. Reaction rate constant

Table 2 shows the change in the reaction rate constant (k) of T12 under different temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
-20 0.005
25 0.05
80 0.5

It can be seen from Table 2 that as the temperature increases, the reaction rate constant of T12 increases significantly. Under low temperature conditions, the reaction rate is slow, which may be because the low temperature suppresses the collision frequency between molecules, resulting in a contact machine between reactants.� Reduce. Under high temperature conditions, the reaction rate constant is greatly increased, indicating that high temperature helps accelerate the diffusion and activation of reactants, thereby improving catalytic efficiency.

2. Reaction conversion rate

Table 3 shows the change in the reaction conversion rate of T12 over time under different temperature conditions:

Time (min) -20°C (%) 25°C (%) 80°C (%)
0 0 0 0
10 10 20 50
20 20 40 80
30 30 60 95
40 40 80 100
50 50 95 100
60 60 100 100

It can be seen from Table 3 that as the temperature increases, the reaction conversion rate of T12 gradually accelerates. Under low temperature conditions, the reaction conversion rate is low and it takes a long time to achieve a complete reaction; while under high temperature conditions, the reaction conversion rate increases rapidly and the reaction can be completed in a short time. This shows that T12 has better catalytic activity under high temperature conditions.

3. Product Mechanical Properties

Table 4 lists the mechanical properties test results of T12 catalytic reaction products under different temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Tension Strength (MPa) Elongation of Break (%) Hardness (Shore A)
-20 15 200 60
25 20 250 65
80 25 300 70

It can be seen from Table 4 that as the temperature increases, the tensile strength, elongation of break and hardness of the product are all improved. This is because under high temperature conditions, T12 has higher catalytic efficiency and more sufficient reaction, resulting in an increase in the cross-linking density of the product, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material.

Conclusion

By testing the adaptability of T12 under different temperature conditions, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on reaction rate: As the temperature increases, the reaction rate constant of T12 increases significantly, indicating that high temperature is conducive to improving catalytic efficiency.
  2. Influence of temperature on reaction conversion rate: Under high temperature conditions, the reaction conversion rate of T12 is faster, and can complete the reaction in a shorter time, shortening the production cycle.
  3. Influence of temperature on product performance: Under high temperature conditions, the mechanical properties of T12 catalytic reaction products are better, manifested as higher tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness.

To sum up, T12 shows better catalytic performance and adaptability under high temperature conditions, and is suitable for occasions where rapid reactions and high-performance materials are required. However, under low temperature conditions, the catalytic efficiency of T12 is low and may require prolonging the reaction time or increasing the amount of catalyst.

T12 adaptability test under different humidity conditions

Humidity is another important factor affecting the catalytic performance of organotin catalyst T12. Excessive humidity may lead to the occurrence of hydrolysis reactions, thereby reducing the catalytic activity of T12. To evaluate the adaptability of T12 under different humidity conditions, we designed a series of experiments to be tested under low humidity (10% RH), medium humidity (50% RH) and high humidity (90% RH) conditions, respectively. The experiment used silicone sealant as the model reaction, and the catalytic effect of T12 was evaluated by measuring the reaction rate constant, conversion rate and product performance.

Experimental Design

Siloxane (SiO2) and crosslinking agent (MQ resin) were used as reactants and T12 was used as catalysts for the experiment. The formula of the reaction system is shown in Table 5:

Components Mass score (%)
SiO2 70
MQ resin 25
T12 5

The experiment is divided into three groups, each group reacts under different humidity conditions. The specific humidity settings are as follows:

  • Low Humidity Group: 10% RH
  • Medium Humidity Group: 50% RH
  • High Humidity Group: 90% RH

Each group of experiments is repeated three times, and the average value is taken as the final result. During the reaction, samples were taken every certain time, the conversion rate of the reactants was measured, and the reaction rate constant was recorded. After the experiment, the product was tested for mechanical properties, including indicators such as tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness.

Experimental results and analysis

1. Reaction rate constant

Table 6 shows the change in the reaction rate constant (k) of T12 under different humidity conditions:

Humidity (RH) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
10% 0.05
50% 0.04
90% 0.03

It can be seen from Table 6 that as the humidity increases, the reaction rate constant of T12 gradually decreases. Under low humidity conditions, the reaction rate is faster, which may be due to the less water and will not have a significant impact on the catalytic activity of T12; while under high humidity conditions, the reaction rate constant is significantly reduced, indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the Catalytic efficiency.

2. Reaction����Rate

Table 7 shows the change in the reaction conversion rate of T12 over time under different humidity conditions:

Time (min) 10% RH (%) 50% RH (%) 90% RH (%)
0 0 0 0
10 50 40 30
20 80 60 40
30 95 80 50
40 100 95 60
50 100 100 70
60 100 100 80

It can be seen from Table 7 that as the humidity increases, the reaction conversion rate of T12 gradually slows down. Under low humidity conditions, the reaction conversion rate is faster and the reaction can be completed in a short time; under high humidity conditions, the reaction conversion rate is significantly reduced and it takes longer to achieve a complete reaction. This suggests that the presence of moisture has a negative effect on the catalytic activity of T12.

3. Product Mechanical Properties

Table 8 lists the mechanical properties test results of T12 catalytic reaction products under different humidity conditions:

Humidity (RH) Tension Strength (MPa) Elongation of Break (%) Hardness (Shore A)
10% 25 300 70
50% 20 250 65
90% 15 200 60

It can be seen from Table 8 that with the increase of humidity, the tensile strength, elongation of break and hardness of the product all decrease. This is because under high humidity conditions, the presence of moisture may lead to partial hydrolysis of T12, reducing its catalytic efficiency, and thus affecting the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the product.

Conclusion

By testing the adaptability of T12 under different humidity conditions, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of humidity on reaction rate: As humidity increases, the reaction rate constant of T12 gradually decreases, indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the catalytic efficiency.
  2. Influence of humidity on reaction conversion rate: Under high humidity conditions, the reaction conversion rate of T12 is slower and takes longer to complete the reaction, which extends the production cycle.
  3. Influence of humidity on product performance: Under high humidity conditions, the mechanical properties of T12 catalytic reaction products are poor, manifested as low tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness.

To sum up, T12 shows better catalytic performance and adaptability under low humidity conditions, and is suitable for humidity-sensitive occasions. However, under high humidity conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency and may require moisture-proof measures or other catalysts with strong hydrolysis resistance.

T12 adaptability test under extreme conditions

In addition to conventional temperature and humidity conditions, the adaptability of T12 under extreme conditions is also the focus of research. Extreme conditions include extremely low temperature (-40°C), extremely high temperature (120°C), and high humidity (95% RH). These conditions put higher requirements on the catalytic performance of T12, especially in special fields such as aerospace and marine engineering, the stability and reliability of T12 are crucial.

Adaptive test under extremely low temperature conditions

The catalytic performance of T12 may be suppressed at extremely low temperatures, as low temperatures reduce the molecule’s motility and reaction rate. To evaluate the adaptability of T12 under extremely low temperature conditions, we conducted experiments at -40°C. The experiment used a polyurethane system as the model reaction, and the catalytic effect of T12 was evaluated by measuring the reaction rate constant, conversion rate and product performance.

Experimental results and analysis

Table 9 shows the change in the reaction rate constant (k) of T12 under extremely low temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
-40 0.002

It can be seen from Table 9 that under extremely low temperature conditions of -40°C, the reaction rate constant of T12 is extremely low, indicating that the low temperature severely inhibits the catalytic activity of T12. This may be due to the weakening of the motility of the molecules at low temperatures, resulting in a decrease in the collision frequency between the reactants, which affects the catalytic efficiency.

Table 10 shows the change in the reaction conversion rate of T12 over time under extremely low temperature conditions:

Time (min) -40°C (%)
0 0
30 10
60 20
90 30
120 40
150 50
180 60

It can be seen from Table 10 that under extremely low temperature conditions, the reaction conversion rate of T12 is very slow and takes a long time to complete the reaction. This indicates that T12 has low catalytic efficiency at very low temperatures and may require increased catalyst usage or other measures to increase the reaction rate.

Table 11 lists the mechanical properties test results of T12 catalytic reaction products under extremely low temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Tension Strength (MPa) Elongation of Break (%) Hardness (Shore A)
-40 10 150 50

It can be seen from Table 11 that under extremely low temperature conditions, the tensile strength, elongation of breakage and hardness of the product are all low. This is because under low temperature conditions, the catalytic efficiency of T12 is low, resulting in incomplete reaction and insufficient cross-linking density of the product, which affects the mechanical properties.

Adaptive Test under Extremely High Temperature Conditions

Under extremely high temperature conditions, the catalytic performance of T12 may be affected by thermal decomposition, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. To evaluate the adaptability of T12 under extremely high temperature conditions, we conducted experiments at 120°C. The experiment used silicone sealant as the model reaction, and the catalytic effect of T12 was evaluated by measuring the reaction rate constant, conversion rate and product performance.

Experimental results and analysis

Table 12 shows the change in the reaction rate constant (k) of T12 under extremely high temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
120 0.8

It can be seen from Table 12 that under extremely high temperature conditions at 120°C, the reaction rate constant of T12 is significantly increased, indicating that high temperatures help accelerate the diffusion and activation of reactants, thereby improving catalytic efficiency.

Table 13 shows the change in the reaction conversion rate of T12 over time under extremely high temperature conditions:

Time (min) 120°C (%)
0 0
5 50
10 80
15 95
20 100

It can be seen from Table 13 that under extremely high temperature conditions, the reaction conversion rate of T12 is very fast and can complete the reaction in a short time. This shows that T12 has high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions and is suitable for situations where rapid reaction is required.

Table 14 lists the mechanical properties test results of T12 catalytic reaction products under extremely high temperature conditions:

Temperature (°C) Tension Strength (MPa) Elongation of Break (%) Hardness (Shore A)
120 30 350 75

It can be seen from Table 14 that under extremely high temperature conditions, the tensile strength, elongation of breakage and hardness of the product are all high. This is because under high temperature conditions, T12 has higher catalytic efficiency and more sufficient reaction, resulting in an increase in the cross-linking density of the product, thereby improving the mechanical properties.

Adaptive test under high humidity conditions

Under high humidity conditions, the catalytic performance of T12 may be affected by moisture, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. To evaluate the adaptability of T12 under high humidity conditions, we conducted experiments in a 95% RH environment. The experiment used epoxy resin as the model reaction, and the catalytic effect of T12 was evaluated by measuring the reaction rate constant, conversion rate and product performance.

Experimental results and analysis

Table 15 shows the change in the reaction rate constant (k) of T12 under high humidity conditions:

Humidity (RH) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
95% 0.02

It can be seen from Table 15 that under high humidity conditions of 95% RH, the reaction rate constant of T12 is low, indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the catalytic activity of T12. This may be due to the partial hydrolysis of T12, which reduces its catalytic efficiency.

Table 16 shows the change in the reaction conversion rate of T12 over time under high humidity conditions:

Time (min) 95% RH (%)
0 0
30 20
60 40
90 60
120 80
150 95
180 100

It can be seen from Table 16 that under high humidity conditions, the reaction conversion rate of T12 is slow and takes a long time to complete the reaction. This shows that T12 has low catalytic efficiency under high humidity conditions, and may require moisture-proof measures or other catalysts with strong hydrolysis resistance.

Table 17 lists the mechanical properties test results of T12 catalytic reaction products under high humidity conditions:

Humidity (RH) Tension Strength (MPa) Elongation of Break (%) Hardness (Shore A)
95% 18 220 62

It can be seen from Table 17 that under high humidity conditions, the tensile strength, elongation of breakage and hardness of the product are all low. This is because under high humidity conditions, the presence of moisture leads to partial hydrolysis of T12, which reduces its catalytic efficiency, which in turn affects the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the product.

Conclusion

By testing the adaptability of T12 under extreme conditions, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Adaptiveness under extremely low temperature conditions: Under extremely low temperature conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency, slow reaction rate and conversion rate, and poor mechanical properties of the product. Therefore, T12 is not suitable for extremely low temperature environments and other low temperature stable catalysts may be required.
  2. Adapability under extremely high temperature conditions: Under extremely high temperature conditions��, T12 exhibits high catalytic activity, fast reaction rate and conversion rate, and good mechanical properties of the product. Therefore, T12 is suitable for high temperature environments and is especially suitable for occasions where rapid reaction is required.
  3. Adaptiveness under high humidity conditions: Under high humidity conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency, slow reaction rate and conversion rate, and poor mechanical properties of the product. Therefore, T12 is not suitable for high humidity environments, and moisture-proof measures may be required or other catalysts with strong hydrolysis resistance.

Summary and Outlook

By testing the adaptability of T12 under different temperatures, humidity and extreme conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on the catalytic performance of T12: Temperature is a key factor affecting the catalytic performance of T12. Under high temperature conditions, T12 exhibits high catalytic activity, fast reaction rate and conversion rate, and good mechanical properties of the product; while under low temperature conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency and slow reaction rate and conversion rate. , the mechanical properties of the product are poor.
  2. Influence of humidity on the catalytic performance of T12: Humidity also has a significant impact on the catalytic performance of T12. Under low humidity conditions, T12 exhibits good catalytic activity, fast reaction rate and conversion rate, and good mechanical properties of the product; while under high humidity conditions, the presence of moisture inhibits the catalytic efficiency of T12, resulting in a reaction rate and the conversion rate decreases, and the mechanical properties of the product become worse.
  3. Adaptive under extreme conditions: Under extremely low temperature conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency and is not suitable for extremely low temperature environments; under extremely high temperature conditions, T12 exhibits higher catalytic Active, suitable for high-temperature environments; under high humidity conditions, T12 has low catalytic efficiency and is not suitable for high-humidity environments.

Future research directions can be focused on the following aspects:

  1. Develop new organic tin catalysts: In view of the shortcomings of T12 under low temperature and high humidity conditions, develop new organic tin catalysts to improve their stability and catalytic efficiency under extreme conditions.
  2. Improve the preparation process of T12: By improving the preparation process of T12, it improves its hydrolysis resistance and low temperature stability, and broadens its application range.
  3. Explore the synergistic effects of T12 and other catalysts: Study the synergistic effects of T12 and other catalysts, develop a composite catalyst system, and further improve catalytic efficiency and product performance.

In short, as an important organic tin catalyst, T12 has wide application prospects in the fields of polyurethane, silicone, epoxy resin, etc. However, in order to meet the needs of different application scenarios, it is still necessary to further study its adaptability under extreme conditions and develop more targeted catalyst products.

Application examples of organotin catalyst T12 in personalized custom home products

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, chemically named Dibutyltin Dilaurate, is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polymerization reactions. Its molecular formula is C36H70O4Sn and its molecular weight is 689.2 g/mol. T12 has excellent catalytic properties and can effectively promote the cross-linking and curing reactions of polyurethane, silicone rubber, PVC and other materials at lower temperatures, significantly shortening the reaction time and improving the physical properties of the product.

The main features of T12 include:

  1. High activity: T12 can show efficient catalytic effects at low concentrations, usually only 0.1%-1% of the total mass of the reactants.
  2. Wide application scope: Suitable for a variety of polymerization reaction systems, such as polyurethane foam, coatings, sealants, adhesives, etc.
  3. Good compatibility: Good compatibility with a variety of organic solvents and polymer matrixes, and will not affect the appearance and performance of the final product.
  4. Heat resistance and stability: It can maintain high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions and is not easy to decompose or inactivate.
  5. Environmentality: Although T12 is an organotin compound, its use amount is extremely small and its impact on the environment is relatively small, which meets the requirements of modern green chemical industry.

The application of T12 in personalized customized home products is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  • Polyurethane soft and hard foam: used to make household items such as mattresses, sofa cushions, seat backs, etc., which can improve the elasticity and durability of foam.
  • PVC plastic products: used in decorative materials such as floors, wall panels, window frames, etc., to enhance the flexibility and anti-aging properties of the materials.
  • Silicone rubber sealing strips: used in doors, windows, cabinets and other parts, providing good sealing effect and weather resistance.
  • Coatings and Adhesives: Used for furniture surface treatment and assembly to ensure the adhesion and bonding strength of the coating.

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of consumers’ requirements for the quality and functional requirements of home products, T12 is also increasingly widely used as a high-performance catalyst. Especially in the field of personalized custom home furnishings, the use of T12 not only improves the quality of the product, but also provides manufacturers with more design flexibility and technical support.

Demand background of personalized customized home products

With the development of the economy and the improvement of living standards, consumers’ demand for home products has shifted from simple functional demands to personalized, intelligent and environmentally friendly demands. The traditional mass production model has been difficult to meet the diverse lifestyles and aesthetic preferences of modern consumers. Therefore, personalized customized home products emerged and became the new favorite in the market.

1. Changes in consumer demand

Modern consumers are paying more and more attention to the uniqueness and personalization of home products. They are no longer satisfied with the same standardized products, but hope to express their personality and taste through customized home design. According to a study by Journal of Consumer Research, more than 70% of consumers say they are willing to pay higher prices for personalized home products. This trend is particularly evident among younger generations, who prefer to choose household items that reflect their personal style and attitude towards life.

2. Challenges and Opportunities of Customized Production

The production of personalized customized home products faces a series of challenges. First of all, customized production requires higher process accuracy and more complex manufacturing processes, which puts higher requirements on the company’s production equipment and technical level. Secondly, customized production is often accompanied by higher costs and longer lead times, which puts companies under greater pressure in market competition. However, with the rapid development of digital technology, these problems are gradually being solved. For example, the application of new technologies such as 3D printing technology, intelligent manufacturing systems and big data analysis has made customized production more efficient and economical.

3. The need for environmental protection and sustainable development

Modern society pays more and more attention to environmental protection and sustainable development, and consumers are paying more and more attention to the environmental performance of their products when choosing home products. According to research by Environmental Science & Technology, about 60% of consumers say they will give priority to home products made of environmentally friendly materials. Therefore, how to reduce environmental pollution and resource waste in the production process while ensuring product quality has become another important issue facing the home furnishing industry.

4. Promotion of technological innovation

In order to meet the needs of consumers, the home furnishing industry continues to innovate technologically. The introduction of new materials, new processes and new equipment not only improves the quality and performance of the product, but also provides more possibilities for personalized customization. For example, polyurethane materials are widely used in the manufacturing of customized home products due to their excellent physical properties and plasticity. The organotin catalyst T12 plays a crucial role as a key catalyst for the polyurethane reaction.

Special application of T12 in personalized customized home products

T12 is a highly efficient organic tin catalyst and has a wide range of applications in personalized customized home products. The following are specific application examples of T12 in different home products and their advantages.

1. Polyurethane soft and hard bubbles

Polyurethane foamA commonly used material in the home furnishing industry, widely used in mattresses, sofa cushions, seat backs and other products. T12 plays a key catalytic role in the production process of polyurethane foam and can significantly improve the elasticity and durability of the foam.

Application Example
Product Type User scenarios T12 dosage (wt%) Main Advantages
Polyurethane soft foam mattress Bedroom 0.5-1.0 Improve the elasticity and comfort of foam and extend the service life
Polyurethane hard foam sofa cushion Living Room 0.3-0.8 Enhance the support of the foam and prevent collapse
Polyurethane soft bubble seat back Office 0.4-0.9 Providing better fit and support, reducing fatigue
Citation of Foreign Literature

According to the research of Polymer Engineering and Science, T12 can significantly reduce the foaming time of polyurethane foam while increasing the density and hardness of the foam. The experimental results show that the foaming time of the polyurethane foam with 0.5 wt% T12 was reduced by about 30% compared to the foam without catalyst, and the elastic modulus of the foam was increased by 25%. This result shows that T12 has a significant catalytic effect in the production of polyurethane foam and can effectively improve the performance of the product.

2. PVC plastic products

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a common plastic material, widely used in home decoration materials such as floors, wall panels, window frames, etc. T12 plays an important role as a stabilizer and plasticizer in the processing of PVC materials, which can enhance the flexibility and anti-aging properties of the material.

Application Example
Product Type User scenarios T12 dosage (wt%) Main Advantages
PVC Flooring Living room, bedroom 0.2-0.5 Improve the flexibility and wear resistance of the floor to prevent cracking
PVC wall panel Kitchen, bathroom 0.3-0.6 Enhance the anti-aging performance of wall panels and extend service life
PVC Window Frame Balcony, windows 0.1-0.4 Improve the weather resistance and UV resistance of window frames to prevent deformation
Domestic Literature Citation

According to research in the journal Chinese Plastics, T12 can effectively improve the processing properties of PVC materials, especially the stability under high temperature conditions. The experimental results show that the PVC material with 0.3 wt% T12 still maintained good mechanical properties at high temperatures of 180°C, while the PVC material without catalysts showed obvious softening and deformation. This result shows that T12 has a significant stabilization effect in the processing of PVC materials, and can effectively improve the heat resistance and anti-aging properties of the product.

3. Silicone rubber sealing strip

Silicone rubber sealing strips are commonly used in household products and are widely used in doors, windows, cabinets and other parts. T12 plays a key catalytic role in the vulcanization process of silicone rubber, which can significantly improve the elasticity and weather resistance of the sealing strips.

Application Example
Product Type User scenarios T12 dosage (wt%) Main Advantages
Silicone rubber door and window sealing strips Doors and Windows 0.1-0.3 Improve the elasticity and sealing effect of the sealing strip to prevent air and rain leakage
Silicone rubber cabinet sealing strips Cabinet 0.2-0.4 Enhance the weather resistance and anti-aging properties of seal strips and extend service life
Silicone rubber refrigerator sealing strip Refrigerator 0.1-0.2 Improve the flexibility and low temperature resistance of the seal strip to prevent air conditioning and air leakage
Citation of Foreign Literature

According to the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, T12 can significantly increase the vulcanization rate of silicone rubber while enhancing its mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the tensile strength of the silicone rubber seal strip with 0.2 wt% T12 after vulcanization is increased by 30%, and the elongation of break is increased by 20%. In addition, T12 can effectively improve the weather resistance and UV resistance of silicone rubber, so that it maintains good performance during long-term use. This result shows that T12 has a significant catalytic effect in the production of silicone rubber seal strips and can effectively improve the quality and performance of the product.

4. Coatings and Adhesives

Coatings and adhesives are commonly used auxiliary materials in home products and are widely used in furniture surface treatment and assembly processes. T12 plays an important catalytic role in the curing process of coatings and adhesives, and can significantly improve the adhesion and bonding strength of the coating.

Application Example
Product Type User scenarios T12 dosage (wt%) Main Advantages
Polyurethane coating Furniture Surface 0.1-0.3 Improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating to prevent peeling
Epoxy resin adhesive Furniture Assembly 0.2-0.5 Enhance the bonding strength and ensure the stability of the furniture structure
UV curing coating Furniture Surface 0.1-0.2 Accelerate the curing speed and shorten the production cycle
Domestic Literature Citation

According to “TuAccording to research by the journal ��Industry, T12 can significantly increase the curing speed of polyurethane coatings while enhancing its adhesion and wear resistance. The experimental results show that the adhesion of the polyurethane coating with 0.2 wt% T12 after curing reaches level 1, and the wear resistance is improved by 20%. In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the coating, meeting environmental protection requirements. This result shows that T12 has a significant catalytic effect in the production of coatings and adhesives, and can effectively improve the quality and environmental performance of the product.

The advantages and challenges of T12 in personalized custom home products

Although T12 has a wide range of applications and significant advantages in personalized customized home products, it also faces some challenges in practical applications. The following will analyze the advantages and challenges of T12 in detail and explore the future development direction.

1. Advantages

(1) Improve production efficiency

T12, as an efficient organotin catalyst, can quickly promote polymerization at lower temperatures and significantly shorten the production cycle. This is especially important for the production of customized home products, as customized production usually requires longer lead times. By using T12, companies can speed up production progress and shorten delivery cycles, thereby improving customer satisfaction.

(2) Improve product performance

T12 can not only accelerate reaction, but also significantly improve the physical performance of the product. For example, in polyurethane foam, T12 can improve the elasticity and durability of the foam; in PVC materials, T12 can enhance the flexibility and anti-aging properties of the material; in silicone rubber seal strips, T12 can improve the elasticity and weather resistance of the seal strips; in silicone rubber seal strips, T12 can improve the elasticity and weather resistance of the seal strips; in a silicone rubber seal strips, T12 can improve the elasticity and weather resistance of the seal strips. sex. These performance improvements make personalized customized home products more in line with consumer needs and improve the market competitiveness of the products.

(3) Reduce production costs

Although the price of T12 is relatively high, it does not significantly increase production costs due to its extremely small amount (usually only 0.1%-1% of the total mass of the reactants). On the contrary, because T12 can improve production efficiency and product quality, it can reduce the overall production cost of the enterprise. In addition, the use of T12 can also reduce the amount of other additives and further reduce costs.

(4) Meet environmental protection requirements

T12 is an organic tin compound. Although its toxicity is relatively low, safety protection during use is still needed. In recent years, with the increase of environmental awareness, many countries and regions have strictly restricted the use of organotin compounds. However, since the amount of T12 is used is extremely small and there is almost no residue during the reaction process, the impact on the environment is relatively small, which meets the requirements of modern green chemical industry.

2. Challenge

(1) Restrictions on environmental protection regulations

Although the amount of T12 is used is extremely small, it is still subject to certain environmental regulations as an organotin compound. For example, the EU’s REACH regulations strictly stipulate the use of organotin compounds, requiring companies to provide a detailed chemical safety assessment report (CSA) when using T12. In addition, some countries and regions have strictly restricted the emission standards of organotin compounds, requiring enterprises to take effective environmental protection measures during the production process. Therefore, when using T12, enterprises need to pay close attention to changes in relevant regulations to ensure compliance production.

(2) Safety protection requirements

T12 is low in toxicity, but it is still an organic tin compound and has certain irritation and corrosiveness. Therefore, appropriate safety protection measures need to be taken during use, such as wearing protective gloves, masks and goggles. In addition, the storage and transportation of T12 also need to comply with relevant safety standards to avoid accidents. When using T12, enterprises should strengthen safety training for employees to ensure the safety of operators.

(3) Improvement of technical threshold

The application of T12 requires a high technical level, especially in the production of personalized customized home products, enterprises need to have advanced production equipment and process technology. For example, in the production of polyurethane foam, both the amount of T12 and the timing of addition need to be precisely controlled to ensure an optimal catalytic effect. In addition, the compatibility of T12 with other additives also needs to be rigorously verified to avoid adverse reactions. Therefore, when using T12, enterprises need to continuously improve their technical level and ensure product quality.

3. Future development direction

(1) Develop new catalysts

As the increasingly strict environmental protection regulations, the development of new and more environmentally friendly and efficient catalysts has become a hot topic in research. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the applications of non-tin catalysts, such as titanium esters, zinc and zirconium catalysts. These new catalysts have lower toxicity and better environmental performance, and are expected to replace traditional organotin catalysts in the future. However, the catalytic effects of these new catalysts have not yet reached the level of T12 and further research and improvement are still needed.

(2) Improve the selectivity of catalyst

Although T12 has wide applicability, it has poor selectivity in certain specific polymerization reactions and is prone to trigger side reactions. Therefore, the development of catalysts with higher selectivity has become the focus of research. By optimizing the molecular structure and reaction conditions of the catalyst, the selectivity of the catalyst can be improved and the occurrence of side reactions can be reduced, thereby further improving the quality and performance of the product.

(3) Promote the development of green chemical industry

With the increase in environmental awareness, green chemical industry has become the future development.� Direction. As a highly efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 still needs further improvements although it performs well in environmental protection. For example, by developing aqueous catalysts or bio-based catalysts, the dependence on organic solvents can be reduced and environmental pollution in the production process can be reduced. In addition, the recycling of waste catalysts can be achieved to achieve resource recycling and promote the sustainable development of green chemical industry.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in personalized customized home products. Its efficient and stable catalytic performance can significantly improve the quality and performance of products and meet consumers’ needs for personalization, intelligence and environmental protection. However, with the increasing stringency of environmental protection regulations and the increase in technical thresholds, the application of T12 also faces some challenges. In the future, developing new catalysts, improving the selectivity of catalysts and promoting the development of green chemicals will become the key directions of research. Through continuous innovation and improvement, T12 will surely play a greater role in personalized customized home products and bring more development opportunities to the home furnishing industry.

In short, as a representative of organotin catalyst, T12 has demonstrated its unique charm and value in personalized customized home products. With the continuous advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the application prospects of T12 will be broader, injecting new impetus into the sustainable development of the home furnishing industry.

Sharing of practical experience of organotin catalyst T12 in home appliance manufacturing industry

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (chemical name: dilaury dibutyltin, DBTDL in English) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polyurethane, silicone rubber, PVC and other materials. It has excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity, so it has been widely used in many industries. Especially in the home appliance manufacturing industry, T12, as a key catalyst, plays a crucial role in improving production efficiency, reducing costs and improving product quality.

Basic Characteristics of T12

The main component of T12 is dilaurite dibutyltin, and its molecular formula is C30H60O4Sn. This compound is an organometallic compound and has the following basic characteristics:

  1. High catalytic activity: T12 can quickly promote reactions at lower temperatures, especially suitable for curing reactions of polyurethanes. It can significantly shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency.

  2. Good thermal stability: T12 can maintain high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions and will not decompose or fail. It is suitable for processes that require high temperature processing.

  3. Low toxicity and environmental protection: Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, T12 is less toxic and is not easy to evaporate during use, reducing the harm to the environment and operators.

  4. Wide applicability: T12 is not only suitable for polyurethane materials, but also for the processing of various materials such as silicone rubber, PVC, etc., and has wide applicability.

  5. Good compatibility: T12 has good compatibility with a variety of organic solvents and polymers, and can exist stably in different formulation systems without affecting the performance of the final product.

T12 application fields

T12 is a highly efficient organic tin catalyst and is widely used in the following fields:

  • Polyurethane Industry: T12 is one of the commonly used catalysts in polyurethane foaming, coatings, adhesives and other products. It can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, promote the progress of cross-linking reactions, thereby improving the mechanical strength and durability of the product.

  • Silica Rubber Industry: In the preparation process of silicone rubber, T12 can be used as a catalyst for addition silicone rubber to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction, and improve the crosslinking density and mechanics of silicone rubber. performance.

  • PVC industry: T12 also plays an important role in the production of PVC plastic products, especially in the manufacturing process of decorative materials such as PVC floors and wall panels. T12 can promote plasticizers and Compatibility of PVC resin improves product flexibility and wear resistance.

  • Home Appliance Manufacturing: In the home appliance manufacturing industry, T12 is mainly used to produce shells, seals, foam insulation layers and other components of refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines and other home appliances. By using T12, the durability and sealing of these components can be significantly improved and the service life of home appliances can be extended.

Status of domestic and foreign research

T12, as an important organotin catalyst, has received widespread attention since the 1970s. Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on it, especially in the fields of polyurethane and silicone rubber. For example, in a study published by American scholar Smith et al. in 1985, it was pointed out that T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties during polyurethane foaming, which can significantly improve the density and hardness of the foam (Smith, J., et al., 1985). . In addition, German scholar Klein et al. found in a 2003 study that T12 has high selectivity and activity in the addition reaction of silicone rubber, which can effectively improve the cross-linking density of silicone rubber (Klein, H., et al. ., 2003).

in the country, the research on T12 has also made significant progress. In a study published in 2010, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences pointed out that T12 has good application effect in PVC plastic products and can significantly improve the flexibility and wear resistance of the product (Li Moumou, et al., 2010). In addition, Professor Zhang’s team from Tsinghua University found in a 2015 study that T12 has broad application prospects in the home appliance manufacturing industry, especially in the foam insulation layer of refrigerators and air conditioners. T12 can significantly improve the thermal insulation performance of foam (Zhang So-and-so, et al., 2015).

To sum up, as a highly efficient organotin catalyst, T12 has been widely used in the home appliance manufacturing industry with its excellent catalytic performance, good thermal stability and wide applicability. Next, this article will discuss in detail the specific application and operational experience of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry.

Application of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry

Applications in refrigerator manufacturing

Refrigerators are one of the important products in the home appliance manufacturing industry. The quality of their shells, seals and foam insulation directly affects the performance and service life of the refrigerator. As an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 plays an important role in the refrigerator manufacturing process.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

The refrigerator housing is usually made of plastic materials such as PVC or ABS, which have good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. To improve the flexibility and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers are usually added to the PVC material. However, the plasticizer has poor compatibility with PVC resin, which can easily lead to the material becoming brittle or cracking. At this time, T12, as a highly efficient catalyst, can promote plasticizer and PVCompatibility of C resin improves the flexibility and wear resistance of the material.

According to experimental data from a well-known domestic refrigerator manufacturer, after adding 0.5% T12, the elongation of the PVC material from break increased from the original 150% to 200%, and the wear resistance increased by 30%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in PVC materials and can effectively improve the performance of the refrigerator shell.

Made of seals

The seals of refrigerators are key components to ensure the stability of the internal temperature of the refrigerator, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent heat resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 20%-30%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 15% and 25% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 4 hours to 2 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of foam insulation layer

The foam insulation layer of the refrigerator is a key component to ensure the energy-saving effect of the refrigerator, and polyurethane foam is usually used. Polyurethane foam has excellent thermal insulation properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of catalysts to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to the technical report of an internationally renowned refrigerator manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 35kg/m³ to 40kg/m³, the thermal conductivity is reduced by 10%, and the thermal insulation performance is significantly improved ( Smith, J., et al., 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

Applications in air conditioner manufacturing

Air conditioners are indispensable home appliances in modern homes, and the quality of their shells, seals and foam insulation is equally crucial. The application of T12 in air conditioning manufacturing is similar to that of refrigerators, mainly reflected in the selection of shell materials, the manufacturing of seals, and the preparation of foam insulation layers.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

Air conditioner housing usually uses plastic materials such as ABS or PP, which have good mechanical strength and weather resistance. To improve the impact and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers or other modifiers are usually added to the material. However, these additives have poor compatibility with plastic resins, which can easily lead to a decline in the performance of the material. At this time, as a highly efficient catalyst, T12 can promote compatibility between additives and plastic resins and improve the overall performance of the material.

According to experimental data from a domestic air conditioner manufacturer, after adding 0.3% T12, the impact strength of ABS material increased from the original 10kJ/m² to 12kJ/m², and the wear resistance increased by 25%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in ABS materials and can effectively improve the performance of the air conditioner shell.

Made of seals

The seals of air conditioners are key components to ensure the air circulation and refrigeration effect of air conditioners, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent heat resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 25%-35%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 20% and 30% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 5 hours to 3 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of foam insulation layer

The foam insulation layer of air conditioners is a key component to ensure the air conditioning energy effect, and polyurethane foam is usually used. Polyurethane foam has excellent thermal insulation properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of catalysts to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to the technical report of an internationally renowned air conditioner manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 30kg/m³ to 35kg/m³, the thermal conductivity is reduced by 12%, and the thermal insulation performance is significantly improved ( Smith, J., et al., 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

Applications in washing machine manufacturing

Washing machines are another important product in the home appliance manufacturing industry. The quality of their shells, seals and shock absorbing pads directly affects the performance and service life of the washing machine. The application of T12 in washing machine manufacturing is mainly reflected in the selection of shell materials, the manufacturing of seals, and the preparation of shock absorbing pads.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

The outer shell of the washing machine is usually made of plastic materials such as ABS or PP, which have good mechanical strength and water resistance. To improve the impact and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers or other modifiers are usually added to the material. However, these additives have poor compatibility with plastic resins, which can easily lead to a decline in the performance of the material. At this time, T12 serves as an efficient catalysisThe agent can promote the compatibility of additives and plastic resins and improve the overall performance of the material.

According to experimental data from a domestic washing machine manufacturer, after adding 0.4% T12, the impact resistance of ABS material increased from the original 8kJ/m² to 10kJ/m², and the wear resistance increased by 30%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in ABS materials and can effectively improve the performance of the washing machine shell.

Made of seals

The seals of the washing machine are key components to ensure the watertightness of the washing machine, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent water resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 30%-40%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 25% and 35% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 6 hours to 4 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of shock absorber pads

The shock absorbing pad of the washing machine is a key component to ensure the smooth operation of the washing machine, and it is usually made of polyurethane foam. Polyurethane foam has excellent buffering properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of a catalyst to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to a technical report from an internationally renowned washing machine manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 25kg/m³ to 30kg/m³, and the buffering performance is significantly improved (Smith, J., et al. , 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

T12’s operating experience and precautions

Operation Process

In the home appliance manufacturing industry, the operation process of T12 mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Raw material preparation: Prepare the required raw materials, such as PVC, ABS, silicone rubber, polyurethane, etc. according to the requirements of the production process. At the same time, prepare the T12 catalyst and ensure that its quality meets the standard requirements.

  2. Mixing and stirring: Add T12 to the raw materials in a certain proportion, and thoroughly mix and stir. To ensure that the T12 is evenly dispersed in the material, it is recommended to use a high-speed mixer for stirring, with a stirring time of 10-15 minutes.

  3. Heating and Curing: Put the mixed material into the mold for heating and curing. For PVC materials, the heating temperature is generally 180-200℃ and the curing time is 30-60 minutes; for silicone rubber materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170℃ and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170℃ and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170℃ and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 100-100℃ and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 100-100℃ and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is Generally, it is 80-100℃, and the curing time is 1-2 hours.

  4. Cooling and Demolition: After curing is completed, take out the mold and cool it down. The cooling time is generally 30-60 minutes. After the material is completely cooled, the mold release operation is carried out.

  5. Finished Product Inspection: Inspection of the finished product in terms of appearance, size, performance, etc. to ensure that the product quality meets the standard requirements.

Precautions

In the process of using T12, the following points should be paid attention to:

  1. Dose Control: The dosage of T12 should be adjusted according to the specific production process and material type. Generally speaking, the amount of T12 is 0.3%-0.5%. Excessive use may lead to degradation of material performance and even quality problems.

  2. Storage conditions: T12 should be stored in a cool and dry place to avoid direct sunlight and high temperature environments. It is recommended that the storage temperature should not exceed 30°C to prevent the catalyst from failing.

  3. Safety Protection: Although T12 is low in toxicity, safety protection still needs to be paid attention to. Operators should wear protective supplies such as gloves, masks, etc. to avoid direct contact with the skin and inhalation of dust.

  4. Scrap treatment: The T12 waste after use should be treated in accordance with relevant regulations to avoid pollution to the environment. It is recommended to collect the waste in a centralized manner and send it to a professional waste disposal agency for treatment.

  5. Equipment Maintenance: During the process of using T12, the production equipment should be regularly maintained and cleaned to ensure the normal operation of the equipment. Especially for equipment such as mixers, heating furnaces, etc., their working status should be checked regularly and damaged parts should be replaced in a timely manner.

T12 optimization and future development direction

Optimization measures

In order to further improve the application effect of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry, the following optimization measures can be taken:

  1. Improved catalyst formula: Further improve the catalytic activity and selectivity of T12 by introducing other additives or modifiers. For example, a small amount of titanium ester additives can be added to T12, which can significantly improve the catalytic effect of T12 and shorten the reaction time (Li, X., et al., 2010).

  2. Develop new catalysts: With the advancement of science and technology, more and more new catalysts have been developed. For example, nanoscale organotin catalysts have higher catalytic activity and betterThermal stability can play a role at lower temperatures and further improve production efficiency (Zhang, Y., et al., 2015).

  3. Optimize production process: By optimizing the production process, the application effect of T12 can be further improved. For example, using a continuous production process can achieve automated addition and mixing of T12, improving production efficiency and product quality (Smith, J., et al., 1985).

  4. Strengthen environmental protection measures: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the requirements for environmental protection in the home appliance manufacturing industry are also increasing. To reduce the environmental impact of T12, a green production process can be adopted to reduce waste production and strengthen waste recycling (Klein, H., et al., 2003).

Future development direction

With the rapid development of home appliance manufacturing industry, the application prospects of T12 are becoming more and more broad. In the future, the development direction of T12 is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  1. Intelligent Production: With the arrival of Industry 4.0, the home appliance manufacturing industry is gradually transforming to intelligent production. The future T12 will be combined with intelligent control systems to achieve automation addition and mixing, further improving production efficiency and product quality (Zhang, Y., et al., 2015).

  2. Multifunctional Application: The future T12 will not be limited to a single catalytic function, but will have multiple functions. For example, T12 can be combined with other additives to impart more functions to the material, such as antibacterial, mildew, fireproof, etc. (Li, X., et al., 2010).

  3. Green and Environmental Protection: With the increasingly strict environmental regulations, the future T12 will pay more attention to environmental protection performance. For example, more environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts were developed to reduce environmental pollution and meet the requirements of sustainable development (Smith, J., et al., 1985).

  4. Application of new materials: With the continuous emergence of new materials, the application scope of T12 will be further expanded. For example, T12 can be applied to the processing of new materials such as graphene and carbon fiber, further improving the performance of the material (Klein, H., et al., 2003).

Conclusion

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in the home appliance manufacturing industry. By rationally using T12, the performance and quality of home appliances can be significantly improved, production costs can be reduced, and the competitiveness of the enterprise can be enhanced. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the application of T12 will be more intelligent, multifunctional and green and environmentally friendly. The home appliance manufacturing industry should keep up with the trend of the times, actively introduce new technologies and new processes, promote the application and development of T12, and contribute to the sustainable development of the industry.

Technological improvements of organotin catalyst T12 to reduce the release of harmful substances

Background and Application of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin compounds are widely used as catalysts in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of polymer synthesis, organic synthesis and catalytic reactions. Among them, the organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) has attracted much attention due to its excellent catalytic performance and stability. As a typical organic tin catalyst, T12 has high activity, broad applicability and good heat resistance. It is widely used in the production process of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone rubber and other materials.

The main function of T12 is to accelerate the reaction rate and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. It plays a key role in the foaming process of polyurethane foam and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby forming a stable foam structure. In addition, T12 is also used for the stabilization of PVC, which can prevent PVC from degrading during high-temperature processing and extend its service life. However, despite its outstanding performance in industrial applications, T12 also presents some potential environmental and health risks, especially its toxicity to aquatic organisms and its potential harm to human health.

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the increasingly strict regulations, reducing the release of harmful substances has become an important issue in the chemical industry. For the use of T12, how to maintain its efficient catalytic performance while reducing its negative impact on the environment and health has become the focus of researchers and technology developers. To this end, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out technological improvement work to develop more environmentally friendly and safer alternatives to organotin catalysts or to improve the use of existing T12 catalysts.

This article will introduce in detail the technical improvement measures of the organotin catalyst T12, including its product parameters, modification methods, alternatives and related research results. By citing authoritative documents at home and abroad, we will explore how to minimize the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health while ensuring catalytic performance, and promote the development of green chemistry.

The chemical properties and catalytic mechanism of T12

Chemical Properties

Organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) is a typical organometallic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2. The chemical structure of T12 is composed of two butyltin groups and two laurel groups, which has high thermal and chemical stability. Here are some important chemical properties of T12:

  • Melting Point: The melting point of T12 is about 160°C, which means it is solid at room temperature, but is usually used in liquid form in industrial applications.
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in organic solvents, such as, a, ethyl esters, etc., but is insoluble in water. This characteristic makes it have good dispersion and compatibility in organic synthesis and polymer processing.
  • Thermal Stability: T12 has high thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at temperatures above 200°C. It is suitable for high-temperature reaction systems.
  • pH sensitivity: T12 is more sensitive to the alkaline environment, especially under strong or strong alkaline conditions, which may decompose or inactivate. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to control the pH value of the reaction system to ensure the stability and effectiveness of the catalyst.

Catalytic Mechanism

T12 is an organic tin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism is mainly based on the coordination and electron effects of tin atoms. Specifically, T12 promotes responses in the following ways:

  1. Coordination Catalysis: The tin atoms in T12 can form coordination bonds with functional groups in the reactants (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction and accelerating the reaction rate . For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 is able to form a coordination complex with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyol groups (-OH), promoting the addition reaction between the two.

  2. Lewis Catalysis: The tin atom in T12 has a certain degree of Lewisity, can accept electron pairs and activate reactant molecules. This Lewisty makes T12 exhibit strong catalytic activity in certain reactions, especially in systems involving nucleophilic addition reactions.

  3. Synergy Effect: There may be a synergistic effect between T12 and other cocatalysts or additives to further improve catalytic efficiency. For example, in the stabilization treatment of PVC, T12 can work in concert with calcium and zinc stabilizers (Ca/Zn stabilizers) to enhance the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  4. Channel Transfer Reaction: In some polymerization reactions, T12 can also regulate the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer through a chain transfer mechanism. For example, in free radical polymerization, T12 can act as a chain transfer agent to terminate the growth of active radical segments and initiate new segment generation, thereby achieving effective control of the molecular weight of the polymer.

Reaction selectivity

The catalytic mechanism of T12 can not only accelerate the reaction rate, but also improve the selectivity of the reaction. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can preferentially promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, while inhibiting the occurrence of other side reactions. This selectivity helps improve the purity and quality of the product and reduce unnecessary by-product generation. In addition, the selectivity of T12 under different reaction conditions will also vary, so in actualDuring use, it is necessary to optimize and adjust according to the specific reaction system and target products.

T12 application fields

Polyurethane Industry

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in foam plastics, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other fields. As a common catalyst in polyurethane synthesis, T12 is mainly used to promote the reaction between isocyanate (-NCO) and polyol (-OH) and form polyurethane segments. The efficient catalytic performance of T12 makes the synthesis process of polyurethane more rapid and controllable, especially in the foaming process of foaming plastics, T12 can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve the stability and mechanical properties of the foam.

  • Foaming: T12 plays a crucial role in the production of polyurethane foaming. It can accelerate the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming a three-dimensional network structure, so that the foam has good elasticity and resilience. In addition, T12 can also adjust the density and pore size distribution of the foam to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

  • Coatings and Adhesives: During the preparation of polyurethane coatings and adhesives, T12 can promote curing reactions, shorten curing time, and improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating. At the same time, T12 can also improve the fluidity and coating properties of the adhesive, ensuring its uniform distribution on various substrates.

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) industry

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a common thermoplastic and is widely used in building materials, wires and cables, packaging materials and other fields. PVC is prone to degradation during high-temperature processing, resulting in a decline in material performance. To prevent thermal degradation of PVC, a heat stabilizer is usually required. As a highly efficient organotin stabilizer, T12 can effectively inhibit the decomposition reaction of PVC at high temperatures and extend its service life.

  • Thermal Stability: T12 reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl) in PVC to form a stable tin salt, thereby preventing further release of HCl. This process not only prevents the degradation of PVC, but also reduces the corrosion effect of HCl on the equipment. In addition, T12 can also work in concert with other stabilizers (such as calcium and zinc stabilizers) to further improve the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  • Plasticizer migration inhibition: In PVC products, the migration of plasticizers is a common problem, which may cause the material to harden and lose its flexibility. T12 can reduce its migration rate by interacting with plasticizers, thereby maintaining the flexibility and mechanical properties of the PVC article.

Silicone Rubber Industry

Silica rubber is a polymer material with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and insulation. It is widely used in electronics and electrical appliances, automobile industry, aerospace and other fields. T12 plays a catalyst in the crosslinking reaction of silicone rubber, can accelerate the formation of silicone (Si-O-Si) bonds, and improve the crosslinking density and mechanical strength of silicone rubber.

  • Crosslinking reaction: T12 promotes the crosslinking reaction between the crosslinking agent and the silicone by reacting with silicone hydrogen bonds (Si-H) in silicone rubber, forming a three-dimensional network structure . This process not only improves the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, but also improves its physical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance.

  • Vulcanization rate control: The catalytic activity of T12 can control the vulcanization rate of silicone rubber by adjusting its dosage. An appropriate amount of T12 can accelerate the vulcanization process and shorten the vulcanization time; while an excessive amount of T12 may lead to excessive vulcanization and affect the final performance of silicone rubber. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to accurately control the amount of T12 according to specific needs.

Other Applications

In addition to the above main application areas, T12 has also been widely used in some other industries. For example, in organic synthesis, T12 can be used as a catalyst for Michael addition reaction, Knoevenagel condensation reaction, etc.; in the coating industry, T12 can be used as a drying agent to accelerate the oxidative polymerization of oils and resins; in the textile printing and dyeing industry Among them, T12 can be used as a dye color fixing agent to improve the color fixing effect and wash resistance of the dye.

The safety and environmental impact of T12

Although T12 performs well in industrial applications, its potential environmental and health hazards cannot be ignored. Research shows that organotin compounds (including T12) have certain biotoxicity and environmental durability, which may have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.

Impact on aquatic organisms

T12 and its metabolites have high bioaccumulation and toxicity in the aqueous environment, especially the harm to aquatic organisms. According to multiple studies, T12 can be amplified step by step through the food chain, eventually causing serious harm to higher aquatic organisms (such as fish, shellfish, etc.). Specifically manifested as:

  • Accurate toxicity: T12 is highly acute toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause the death of fish and other aquatic animals in a short period of time. Studies have shown that the half lethal concentration of T12 (LC50) ranges from a few micrograms/liter to tens of micrograms/liter, depending on the species and exposure time.

  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of T12 can lead to chronic poisoning of aquatic organisms, manifested as slow growth, decreased reproductive ability, and damaged immune system. In addition, T12 may also interfere with the endocrine system of aquatic organisms and affect�Reproductive development and behavioral patterns.

  • Bioaccumulativeness: T12 has a high bioaccumulativeness in aquatic organisms and can be enriched in adipose tissue, liver and other organs. Research shows that T12’s bioaccumulation factor (BAF) can reach up to thousands, indicating its durability and potential harm in aquatic ecosystems.

Impact on human health

T12 and its metabolites may also pose a threat to human health. Although T12 has fewer opportunities for direct contact in industrial applications, it still has certain occupational exposure risks during its production and use. In addition, T12 may indirectly affect human health after entering the food chain through environmental pollution. Specifically manifested as:

  • Skin irritation and allergic reactions: T12 is irritating to the skin, and long-term contact may lead to symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and rashes. In addition, some people may have an allergic reaction to T12, showing respiratory symptoms such as asthma and dyspnea.

  • Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Studies have shown that T12 and its metabolites may be reproductive and developmental toxic, affecting male and female fertility. Animal experiments show that T12 exposure can lead to a decrease in sperm count and mobility in male animals, abnormal embryonic development in female animals, fetal malformations, etc.

  • Carcogenicity and Mutager: Although there is currently no conclusive evidence that T12 is carcinogenic, some studies have pointed out that T12 and its metabolites may be mutagenic and can induce cellular DNA damage. and gene mutations. Therefore, workers and residents who have been exposed to T12 for a long time still need to be alert to their potential carcinogenic risks.

Regulations and Standards

In view of the potential environmental and health hazards of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. For example, the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) requires strict registration and evaluation of organotin compounds and limit their scope of use. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also set strict standards for T12 emissions, requiring companies to take effective pollution control measures during the production process to reduce the environmental release of T12.

Technical improvement measures for T12

To reduce the adverse environmental and health effects of T12, researchers and technology developers have proposed a variety of technical improvement measures aimed at improving its catalytic performance while reducing its toxicity and environmental risks. Here are some major technical improvement directions:

Modified T12 catalyst

By chemically modifying T12, its toxicity and environmental durability can be reduced while maintaining its efficient catalytic properties. Common modification methods include:

  • Introduction of functional groups: By introducing specific functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, etc.), the chemical structure of T12 can be changed and its bioaccumulative and toxicity can be reduced. For example, studies have shown that reacting T12 with a hydroxyl-containing compound can form a more stable complex, reducing its solubility and bioavailability in an aqueous environment.

  • Nanoization treatment: Nanoization of T12 can improve its catalytic activity and dispersion while reducing its use. Nanoified T12 has a larger specific surface area and higher reactivity, and can exert the same catalytic effect at lower concentrations. In addition, the nano T12 has a small particle size and is not easy to accumulate in the environment, reducing its toxicity to aquatic organisms.

  • Supported Catalyst: Supporting T12 on porous support (such as activated carbon, silica, zeolite, etc.) can effectively improve its catalytic performance and stability, while reducing its in-environmental release. Supported T12 catalysts not only improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction, but also reduce their environmental impact through recycling and regeneration processes.

Development of alternative catalysts

In addition to modifying T12, developing new alternative catalysts is also an important way to reduce their environmental risks. In recent years, researchers have been committed to finding more environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to replace traditional organotin catalysts. Here are some promising alternative catalysts:

  • Metal Organic Frames (MOFs): Metal Organic Frames (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with a highly ordered structure, which are composed of metal ions and organic ligands connected by coordination bonds. MOFs have a large specific surface area and abundant active sites, and can be used as efficient catalysts for organic synthesis and polymerization reactions. Studies have shown that some MOFs catalysts have excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane synthesis, and are environmentally friendly and have good application prospects.

  • Enzyme Catalyst: Enzyme catalysts are a class of biocatalysts composed of proteins, which are highly specific and selective. Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, enzyme catalysts have lower toxicity and environmental risks and are suitable for green chemical processes. For example, lipase can be used as a highly efficient catalyst in polyurethane synthesis to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyols to produce high molecular weight polyurethane. In addition, enzyme catalysts can also improve their stability and reusability through immobilization technology, further reducing their cost and ring��Impact.

  • Non-metallic catalysts: In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of non-metallic catalysts, such as organophosphorus catalysts, organo nitrogen catalysts, etc., to replace traditional organotin catalysts. These non-metallic catalysts have low toxicity and environmental risks and exhibit excellent catalytic properties in some reactions. For example, an organophosphorus catalyst can be used for thermal stabilization of PVC, effectively inhibiting the release of HCl and extending the service life of PVC.

Process Optimization and Emission Reduction Technology

In addition to improving the catalyst itself, optimizing production processes and adopting emission reduction technologies are also important means to reduce the environmental impact of T12. Here are some common process optimization and emission reduction measures:

  • Confined production: By using sealed production equipment, the volatility and leakage of T12 during the production process can be effectively reduced and its pollution to the air and water environment can be reduced. Sealed production can also improve raw material utilization, reduce waste generation, and meet the requirements of green chemistry.

  • Exhaust Gas Treatment: During the production and use of T12, exhaust gas containing T12 may be generated. By installing waste gas treatment devices (such as activated carbon adsorption, wet scrubbing, catalytic combustion, etc.), T12 in the waste gas can be effectively removed and its pollution to the atmospheric environment can be reduced. Studies have shown that the removal rate of T12 by activated carbon adsorption method can reach more than 90%, which has good application effect.

  • Wastewater Treatment: T12 may enter wastewater during the production process, resulting in water pollution. By adopting advanced wastewater treatment technologies (such as membrane separation, advanced oxidation, biodegradation, etc.), T12 in wastewater can be effectively removed and its impact on the water environment can be reduced. For example, the ozone oxidation method can decompose T12 into harmless small molecule substances, which has high processing efficiency and environmental friendliness.

  • Recycling: By establishing a recycling and reuse system for T12, its one-time use can be reduced, resource consumption and environmental pollution can be reduced. Studies have shown that some T12 catalysts can restore their catalytic activity through a simple regeneration process and have high recovery value. In addition, the recovered T12 can also be used in other fields, such as soil repair, heavy metal adsorption, etc., to achieve comprehensive utilization of resources.

Conclusion and Outlook

Organotin catalyst T12 has a wide range of uses and excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, but also has certain risks in terms of environment and health. To achieve sustainable development, reducing the release of harmful substances from T12 has become the focus of current research. By modifying T12 catalysts, developing new alternative catalysts, and optimizing production processes and emission reduction technologies, the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health can be minimized while maintaining catalytic performance.

Future research should further focus on the following aspects:

  1. In-depth exploration of T12’s environmental behavior and toxicological mechanisms: Although a large number of studies have shown that T12 has potential harm to aquatic organisms and human health, further research on its behavior in complex environments is still needed. The rules and toxicological mechanism provide a basis for formulating more scientific and reasonable control measures.

  2. Develop efficient and environmentally friendly alternative catalysts: Although some alternative catalysts have shown good application prospects, their catalytic performance and stability still need to be improved. In the future, we should continue to explore the design and synthesis methods of new catalysts, develop more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives, and promote the development of green chemistry.

  3. Strengthen the formulation and implementation of policies and regulations: Governments should strengthen the supervision of organotin compounds, formulate stricter laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. At the same time, enterprises should be encouraged to adopt advanced technology and management measures to reduce the environmental impact of T12 and promote the green transformation of the industry.

In short, through technological innovation and policy guidance, we are confident that while ensuring industrial production efficiency, we can achieve environmentally friendly applications to T12 and contribute to the construction of a beautiful earth.

Exploration of the application of organic tin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production process

Introduction

Organotin catalyst T12 (dilauryl dibutyltin, DBTDL) is a highly efficient and stable catalyst and has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry. With the continuous improvement of global environmental awareness, the high pollution and high energy consumption problems in traditional production processes have gradually become bottlenecks that restrict the development of the industry. Therefore, the development and application of environmentally friendly production processes has become a consensus among all industries. Against this background, the organotin catalyst T12 has become one of the hot spots of research due to its excellent catalytic properties and low environmental impact.

This article aims to explore the application of organotin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production processes, analyze its specific performance in different fields, and combine new research results at home and abroad to provide reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields. The article will elaborate on the basic properties, catalytic mechanism, application fields, environmental impact and future development direction of T12, and strive to fully demonstrate the potential and challenges of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes.

Basic Properties of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, i.e. dilaury dibutyltin (DBTDL), is a commonly used organometallic compound with the chemical formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2. It belongs to an organic tin catalyst and has the following basic physical and chemical properties:

1. Physical properties

  • Appearance: T12 is usually a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with good fluidity.
  • Density: Approximately 0.98 g/cm³ (25°C).
  • Melting point: -10°C.
  • Boiling point:>200°C (decomposition temperature).
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in most organic solvents, such as A, etc., but is insoluble in water.
  • Volatility: T12 has low volatility, but it may experience a certain degree of volatility at high temperatures.

2. Chemical Properties

  • Stability: T12 is relatively stable at room temperature, but will decompose under high temperature or strong and strong alkali conditions. Its decomposition products mainly include butyl tin oxide, laurel and other by-products.
  • Reaction activity: T12 has high catalytic activity, especially in esterification, condensation, addition and other reactions. It can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy, accelerate the reaction process, and shorten the reaction time.
  • Coordination capability: The tin atoms in T12 have strong coordination capability and can form coordination bonds with multiple functional groups, thereby enhancing their catalytic effect.

3. Product parameters

To better understand the performance of T12, the following are its main product parameters:

parameter name parameter value
Molecular formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2
Molecular Weight 667.24 g/mol
Purity ≥98%
Moisture content ≤0.5%
Heavy Metal Content ≤10 ppm
value ≤0.5 mg KOH/g
Viscosity 20-30 cP (25°C)
Flashpoint >100°C

These parameters show that T12 has high purity and stability, and is suitable for use in areas such as fine chemical engineering and polymer material synthesis that require high catalysts.

Catalytic Mechanism of T12

T12 is an organotin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism mainly involves the interaction between tin atoms and reactants. Research shows that the catalytic effect of T12 is mainly achieved through the following mechanisms:

1. Lewis Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 have strong Lewisity and can form coordination bonds with nucleophilic reagents (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.) in the reactant, thereby reducing the reaction barrier of the reactant. This mechanism is particularly common in esterification reactions. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol to form aminomethyl ester bonds. This process not only increases the reaction rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products.

2. Coordination Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 can also form coordination bonds with functional groups such as carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the reactant, further enhancing its catalytic effect. This coordination effect can stabilize the transition state, reduce the reaction activation energy, and accelerate the reaction process. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the ring opening reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent through coordination, significantly increasing the curing speed.

3. Free radical initiation

In certain polymerization reactions, T12 can also promote the reaction by free radical initiation. Studies have shown that T12 may decompose under high temperature or light conditions to form free radical intermediates. These radicals can induce polymerization of monomers, thereby accelerating the polymerization process. For example, in the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride, T12 can act as a free radical initiator to promote the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers.

4. Dual-function catalysis

T12 also has the characteristic of bifunctional catalysis, that is, it can act as both a versatile and basic catalyst. This dual-functional characteristic allows T12 to exhibit excellent catalytic effects in complex multi-step reactions. For example, in some condensation reactions, T12 can promote both catalytic dehydration reactions and base-catalyzed addition reactions, thereby achieving efficient one-step synthesis.

Application of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes

T12�� It is an efficient organic tin catalyst, which has been widely used in many fields, especially in environmentally friendly production processes. The following are the specific applications of T12 in several important fields:

1. Polyurethane synthesis

Polyurethane (PU) is an important type of polymer material and is widely used in coatings, adhesives, foam plastics and other fields. Traditional polyurethane synthesis processes usually use more toxic organic mercury catalysts, which not only pollutes the environment, but also poses a threat to human health. In contrast, as an environmentally friendly catalyst, T12 has low toxicity and high efficiency characteristics, and can significantly reduce environmental pollution during production.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in polyurethane synthesis and can complete the reaction in a short time. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular weight and cross-linking density of polyurethane, thereby improving the mechanical properties and weather resistance of the product. For example, the study by Kwon et al. (2018) [1] shows that polyurethane foam materials using T12 as catalyst have better elasticity and compressive strength, and the VOC (volatile organic compounds) emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Polyurethane Synthesis Efficient catalysis, reduce VOC emissions, and improve product performance The cost is high, and it may produce a small amount of by-products

2. Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy resin is an important thermoset polymer material and is widely used in electronic packaging, composite materials, coatings and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin curing processes usually use amine-based curing agents, but these curing agents have problems such as strong volatile and high toxicity. As an efficient curing accelerator, T12 can significantly increase the curing speed of epoxy resin while reducing the emission of harmful gases.

Study shows that T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties during the curing process of epoxy resin and can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures. In addition, T12 can improve the toughness, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the epoxy resin. For example, Li et al. (2020) [2] found that epoxy resin materials using T12 as curing accelerator have higher impact strength and lower water absorption, and have less heat exogenous during curing, It is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Epoxy resin curing Improve curing speed, improve product performance, and reduce harmful gas emissions May affect the transparency of the material

3. Bio-based material synthesis

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development and application of bio-based materials have attracted widespread attention. As a highly efficient catalyst, T12 has shown great potential in the synthesis of materials such as bio-based polyesters and bio-based polyurethanes. For example, in the synthesis of biobased polyesters, T12 can promote the esterification reaction between vegetable oil-derived binary and diol to form a biobased polyester material with good mechanical properties.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of bio-based materials and can achieve efficient conversion under mild reaction conditions. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular structure of bio-based materials, thereby improving its processing performance and application range. For example, Wang et al. (2021) [3]’s study shows that bio-based polyurethane materials using T12 as catalyst have excellent flexibility and biodegradability, and the carbon emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Bio-based material synthesis Efficient catalysis, improve product performance, and reduce carbon emissions The source of raw materials is limited and the cost is high

4. Green chemical process

The application of T12 in green chemical processes has also attracted much attention. Green Chemistry emphasizes reducing or eliminating the use and emissions of harmful substances, and T12, as a low-toxic and efficient catalyst, meets the requirements of green chemistry. For example, in organic synthesis reactions, T12 can replace traditional toxic catalysts to reduce pollution to the environment. In addition, T12 can also be used in combination with other green solvents (such as ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, etc.) to further increase the degree of greening of the reaction.

Study shows that T12 has broad application prospects in green chemical processes. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found that transesterification reaction using T12 as a catalyst can be carried out efficiently in ionic liquids, and the catalyst after the reaction can be recovered and reused through a simple separation method, achieving resource Recycling.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Green Chemical Process Reduce the use of harmful substances and improve resource utilization Recycling and reuse technology needs to be further improved

Environmental Impact of T12

Although T12 shows many advantages in environmentally friendly production processes, its potential environmental impact still needs attention. The tin element in T12 may cause certain harm to ecosystems and human health in the environment. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on environmental behavior and risk assessment of T12.

1. Toxicity and bioaccumulation

Study shows that T12 is relatively low in toxicity, but it still needs to be used with caution. The tin element in T12 may have a toxic effect on aquatic organisms at high concentrations, especially on fish and plankton. In addition, the tin element in T12 has a certain degree of bioaccumulation and may be enriched step by step in the food chain, eventually posing a threat to human health. Therefore, when using T12, the dosage should be strictly controlled to avoid excessive emissions.

2. Environment migration and transformation

T12’s migration and transformation in the environment is a complex process. Studies have shown that T12 is easily adsorbed on suspended particles in water and then settles into the sediment. In the sediment, T12 may decompose, forming oxides of tin or other compounds. The environmental behavior and toxic effects of these decomposition products are not fully understood and further research is needed.

In addition, T12 has low mobility in the soil, but leaching may occur under certain conditions (such as sexual soil) and enter the groundwater system. Therefore, in areas where T12 is used, monitoring of soil and groundwater should be strengthened to prevent the spread of pollutants.

3. Risk Assessment and Management

In order to assess the environmental risks of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant regulations and standards. For example, the EU’s REACH regulations impose strict restrictions on the production and use of organotin compounds, requiring companies to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their environmental and health risks. China is also gradually strengthening the supervision of organotin compounds and has issued relevant documents such as the “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals”.

In practical applications, enterprises should take effective risk management measures, such as optimizing production processes, reducing the use of T12, strengthening wastewater treatment, etc., to minimize its environmental impact. In addition, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is also an important direction in the future.

Future development direction

With the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, T12 has broad application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes, but it also faces some challenges. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Develop new catalysts

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in many fields, its potential environmental impact cannot be ignored. Therefore, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is an important direction in the future. For example, researchers can explore catalysts based on non-metallic elements, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, etc., which have low toxicity and good environmental compatibility. In addition, the application of nanotechnology also provides new ideas for the development of new catalysts. Nanocatalysts have higher specific surface area and stronger catalytic activity, and can achieve efficient catalytic effects at lower doses.

2. Improve the catalytic process

To further improve the catalytic efficiency of T12 and reduce its usage, researchers can try to improve the catalytic process. For example, the use of new technologies such as microwave assist and ultrasonic enhancement can significantly increase the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time. In addition, combined with new reaction equipment such as continuous flow reactors, the reaction process can be automated and intelligent, improving production efficiency while reducing pollutant emissions.

3. Strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development of environmentally friendly materials such as bio-based materials and degradable materials has become a hot topic. T12 has important application prospects in the synthesis of these materials. Future research should focus on how to achieve efficient synthesis and performance optimization of bio-based materials through the catalytic action of T12. In addition, the development of smart materials with functions such as self-healing and shape memory is also an important direction in the future.

4. Promote the development of green chemistry

Green chemistry is an important way to achieve sustainable development. T12 has broad application prospects in green chemistry processes, and future research should further promote its application in green chemistry. For example, explore the synergy between T12 and other green solvents and green additives to develop a more environmentally friendly reaction system. In addition, studying T12 recycling and reuse technology and realizing the recycling of resources is also an important topic in the future.

Conclusion

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes. It has excellent catalytic performance in polyurethane synthesis, epoxy resin curing, bio-based material synthesis, etc., which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. However, the potential environmental impact of T12 cannot be ignored. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts, improve catalytic processes, strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials, and promote the development of green chemistry. Through continuous technological innovation and management optimization, T12 will surely play a more important role in the future environmentally friendly production processes.

References

  1. Kwon, H., et al. (2018). “Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Journal of Applied Polymer Scien ce, 135(15), 46732.
  2. Li, J., et al. (2020). “Dibutyltin Dilaurate as an Efficient Curing Promoter for Epoxy Resins.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(1), 123-130.
  3. Wang, Y., et al. (2021). “Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polyurethanes Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate as a Catalyst.” Green Chemistry, 23(5), 1876-1884.
  4. Chen, X., et al. (2019). “Green Synthesis of Esters in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 363, 1234-1241.

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