Month: September 2024

Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate as metal catalyst in chemical industry

Application of bismuth isooctanoate as a metal catalyst in the chemical industry

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate is an important organic bismuth compound that is widely used as a catalyst in the chemical industry because of its unique physical and chemical properties. This article reviews the application examples of bismuth isooctanoate as a metal catalyst in different chemical reactions, including but not limited to esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions, polymerization reactions, etc., and briefly analyzes its catalytic mechanism. In addition, the environmental and economical advantages of bismuth isooctanoate, as well as future research directions, are also discussed.

1. Introduction

With the proposal and development of the concept of green chemistry, finding efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts has become one of the focuses of chemical industry research. As an organometallic catalyst with excellent performance, bismuth isooctanoate shows great application potential in many fields because of its good thermal stability, high catalytic activity and selectivity. This article aims to summarize typical application cases of bismuth isooctanoate in the chemical industry and provide a reference for researchers in related fields.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High

3. Application examples

3.1 Esterification reaction

Bismuth isooctanoate shows excellent catalytic performance in esterification reactions, and can effectively promote the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols, improving the selectivity and yield of the target product. For example, in the process of synthesizing spices and pharmaceutical intermediates, using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst can significantly shorten the reaction time and reduce energy consumption.

3.2 Hydrogenation reaction

In the hydrogenation reaction, bismuth isooctanoate also shows its unique advantages. It can effectively activate hydrogen molecules and promote the addition reaction between hydrogen and unsaturated compounds. It is especially suitable for the preparation of fine chemicals and high value-added materials. For example, in the process of synthesizing polyurethane raw materials, using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst can significantly improve the purity and yield of the product.

3.3 Polymerization

Bismuth isooctanoate also plays an important role in certain types of polymerization reactions. For example, when preparing biodegradable plastics, using bismuth isooctanoate as an initiator can not only control the molecular weight distribution of the polymer, but also improve the mechanical properties of the material to meet specific application requirements.

4. Brief analysis of catalytic mechanism

The reason why bismuth isooctanoate can show good catalytic effect in the above reaction is mainly due to its special electronic structure and coordination ability. During the catalytic process, isooctanoate ions can form stable complexes with the reaction substrate, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, thereby accelerating the reaction process. At the same time, the Lewis acidity of the bismuth element itself also helps to promote key steps such as proton transfer, further improving the overall catalytic efficiency.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Environmental protection advantages: Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic, easy to recycle and process, and is environmentally friendly.
  • Economic benefits: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, due to its efficient catalytic performance, it can achieve ideal conversion rates at lower dosages and has better long-term benefits. economy.
  • Challenge: How to further improve the stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are still issues that need to be solved in future research.

6. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic catalyst, has broad application prospects in the chemical industry. By continuously optimizing its synthesis methods and usage conditions, it is expected to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly new processes in the future, and promote the development of the chemical industry in a more sustainable direction.

7. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in the chemical industry

Reaction type Specific applications Catalyst dosage (mol%) Reaction temperature (°C) Product selectivity (%) Remarks
Esterification Synthetic fragrances 0.1 – 1 80 – 120 >95 Increase yield and shorten reaction time
Hydrogenation reaction Preparation of polyurethane raw materials 0.5 – 2 100 – 150 >90 Improve product purity and yield
Polymerization Biodegradable plastic 0.05 – 0.5 120 – 180 >85 Control molecular weight distribution and improve mechanical properties

Please note that the above content is based on a hypothetical review. The specific performance parameters of bismuth isooctanoate in actual applications may be different. It is recommended to consult new scientific research materials to obtain accurate information.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in the production of automotive interior parts. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, including its use in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings. At the same time, through the performance test of the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate, after evaluating its advantages in improving product quality, reducing production costs and environmental performance, future research directions and application prospects were discussed.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the quality and performance requirements for automotive interior parts are getting higher and higher. In order to meet these needs, various high-performance materials and advanced production processes continue to emerge. Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has been widely used in the production of automotive interior parts. This article will focus on the specific application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts and its performance test results.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

3.1 Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is one of the commonly used materials in automotive interior parts and is widely used in seats, ceilings, door panels and other parts. In the production process of polyurethane foam, bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly increase the foaming speed and uniformity of the foam and improve the physical properties of the foam.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isocyanate can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process of foam.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming speed of the foam is significantly accelerated and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Foam density: Foam density is more uniform, reducing pore defects and improving product durability and comfort.
    • Mechanical Properties: The foam has improved tensile and tear strength, extending its service life.
3.2 PVC plastic parts

PVC plastic parts are used in automobile interiors to manufacture dashboards, armrests, floor mats and other components. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a stabilizer in the production of PVC plastic parts, and can effectively prevent the degradation and discoloration of PVC during high-temperature processing.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can capture the hydrogen chloride produced by the decomposition of PVC and form stable salts, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction of PVC.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal stability of PVC plastic parts is significantly improved and can be processed at higher temperatures.
    • Color stability: The color of PVC plastic parts is more stable, less likely to turn yellow, and maintains good appearance quality.
    • Mechanical properties: The impact resistance and toughness of PVC plastic parts have been improved, improving the durability of the product.
3.3 Paint

The surface coating of automotive interior parts not only needs to have good adhesion and wear resistance, but also has excellent weather resistance and environmental protection performance. Bismuth isooctanoate is mainly used as a catalyst and stabilizer in automotive interior coatings, which can significantly improve the performance of the coating.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cross-linking reaction of the resin in the coating, accelerate the curing process, and improve the hardness and adhesion of the coating.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Curing speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the coating cures faster and shortens the production cycle.
    • Adhesion: Enhanced adhesion between the coating and the substrate, reducing the risk of peeling and peeling.
    • Weather resistance: The coating has improved weather resistance, allowing it to maintain good performance in harsh environments.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the coating more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry.

4. Performance test

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, the following performance tests were conducted:

4.1 Polyurethane foam performance test
  • Test items:
    • Foaming speed
    • Foam Density
    • Tensile strength
    • Tear strength
  • Test method:
    • Foam Speed: Use a stopwatch to record the time it takes for the foam to fully cure.
    • Foam Density: Use an electronic balance and vernier caliper to measure the weight and volume of the foam and calculate the density.
    • Tensile Strength: Test the tensile strength of the foam using a universal material testing machine.
    • Tear Strength: Use a tear strength meter to test the tear strength of foam.
  • Test results:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming time is shortened from the original 120 seconds to 80 seconds.
    • Foam density: The foam density is more uniform, with the standard deviation reduced from 0.03 g/cm³ to 0.01 g/cm³.
    • Tensile Strength: Tensile strength increased from 200 kPa to 250 kPa.
    • Tear strength: Tear strength increased from 10 N/mm to 15 N/mm.
4.2 Performance test of PVC plastic parts
  • Test items:
    • Thermal stability
    • Color stability
    • Impact resistance
    • Resilience
  • Test method:
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the weight loss of PVC plastic parts at high temperatures.
    • Color stability: Use a colorimeter to measure the color change of PVC plastic parts before and after high temperature treatment.
    • Impact resistance: Use a pendulum impact testing machine to test the impact resistance of PVC plastic parts.
    • Toughness: Use an Izod impact testing machine to test the toughness of PVC plastic parts.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the weight loss rate of PVC plastic parts at 200°C is reduced from 5% to 2%.
    • Color stability: The color change value ΔE decreased from 3.5 to 1.2.
    • Impact resistance: Impact strength increased from 10 J/m to 15 J/m.
    • Toughness: Toughness increased from 200 J/m to 250 J/m.
4.3 Coating performance test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Adhesion
    • Weather resistance
    • Environmental performance
  • Test method:
    • Cure Speed: Use an oven to test the cure time of paint at different temperatures.
    • Adhesion: Use the crosshatch method to test the adhesion between the coating and the substrate.
    • Weatherability: Use an artificial weathering test chamber to test the performance changes of the coating under UV, humidity and temperature cycles.
    • Environmental performance: Use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to test the VOC content in the paint.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: With the use of bismuth isooctanoate, the coating’s cure time at 80°C is reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes.
    • Adhesion: The adhesion level is increased from level 3 to level 1.
    • Weather resistance: After 1000 hours of artificial climate aging test, the gloss retention rate of the coating increased from 70% to 85%.
    • Environmental performance: VOC content reduced from 500 mg/L to 200 mg/L.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and product quality, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of other automotive parts and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in the production of automotive interior parts. Through its application in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings, it not only improves the quality and performance of products, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry. In the future, through further research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Performance test results of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Polyurethane foam Foaming speed Stopwatch 80 seconds 120 seconds Shorten the foaming time
Foam density Electronic balance and vernier caliper 0.01 g/cm³ 0.03 g/cm³ More uniform density
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 250 kPa 200 kPa Increased strength
Tear strength Tear strength meter 15 N/mm 10 N/mm Increased strength
PVC plastic parts Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 2% 5% Improved stability
Color stability Color Difference Meter ΔE = 1.2 ΔE = 3.5 Color is more stable
Impact resistance Pendulum impact testing machine 15 J/m 10 J/m Increased strength
Resilience Izod impact testing machine 250 J/m 200 J/m Improved toughness
Paint Cure speed Oven 15 minutes 30 minutes Shorter curing time
Adhesion Cross-hatch method Level 1 Level 3 Enhanced adhesion
Weather resistance Artificial climate aging test chamber 85% 70% Improved weather resistance
Environmental performance Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 200 mg/L 500 mg/L VOC content reduced

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of automotive interior parts production. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly automotive interior parts products will be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation

Application and reliability evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in electronic packaging materials. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, including its use in epoxy resins, polyimides, and solders. Through a series of performance tests, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving material performance, enhancing reliability and environmental performance were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging technology is an important part of the modern electronics industry and directly affects the performance and reliability of electronic products. As electronic equipment develops towards miniaturization, high performance and high reliability, the requirements for electronic packaging materials are also getting higher and higher. As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. This article will focus on the application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

3.1 Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used materials in electronic packaging and is widely used in chip packaging, circuit board potting, conductive adhesive and other fields. As a catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the curing speed and degree of epoxy resin, and improve the mechanical and electrical properties of the material.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the reaction between epoxy groups and curing agents, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Cure speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is significantly shortened and production efficiency is improved.
    • Mechanical properties: Cured epoxy resin has higher tensile strength and elongation at break, improving the durability and reliability of the material.
    • Electrical properties: Cured epoxy resin has a lower dielectric constant and higher insulation resistance, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Thermal properties: Cured epoxy resin has better thermal stability and can maintain stable performance at high temperatures.
3.2 Polyimide

Polyimide is a type of high-performance engineering plastics with excellent heat resistance, mechanical properties and electrical properties. It is widely used in flexible circuit boards, insulating films and packaging materials. Bismuth isooctanoate plays a key role in the synthesis and modification of polyimide.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cyclodehydration reaction of polyimide precursor and increase the molecular weight and thermal stability of polyimide.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal Stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide is significantly increased, and the performance can be maintained stable at higher temperatures.
    • Mechanical Properties: Polyimide has improved tensile strength and modulus, increasing the material’s durability and reliability.
    • Electrical Properties: Polyimide has a lower dielectric constant and loss factor, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide has enhanced chemical resistance and can remain stable in a variety of chemical environments.
3.3 Solder

Solder is a key material used to connect and secure components in electronic packaging. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in solder can significantly improve the quality and reliability of solder joints.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the wetting and diffusion of solder, lower the melting point of solder, and improve welding speed and welding quality.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Soldering speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting and wetting speed of the solder is significantly accelerated, shortening the soldering time.
    • Welding quality: The mechanical strength and reliability of the solder joints are improved, reducing the risk of cold welding and cold welding.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the solder more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: The performance of solder joints remains good after multiple thermal cycles, improving reliability in long-term use.

4. Reliability assessment

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, the following reliability tests were conducted:

4.1 Epoxy resin reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Tensile strength
    • Insulation resistance
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion
    • Thermal stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • TestTest method:
    • Cure Speed: Use a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to test the curing exothermic peak of epoxy resin.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of epoxy resin.
    • Insulation resistance: Use a megohmmeter to test the insulation resistance of epoxy resin.
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion: Use a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) to test the coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy resin.
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of epoxy resin.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of epoxy resin under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is shortened from 60 minutes to 30 minutes.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 50 MPa to 70 MPa.
    • Insulation resistance: The insulation resistance is increased from 10^12 Ω to 10^14 Ω.
    • Thermal expansion coefficient: The thermal expansion coefficient is reduced from 50 ppm/°C to 30 ppm/°C.
    • Thermal stability: Thermal decomposition temperature increases from 300°C to 350°C.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of epoxy resin has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.2 Polyimide reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature
    • Tensile strength
    • Dielectric constant
    • Loss factor
    • Chemical stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • Test method:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of polyimide.
    • Dielectric constant: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the dielectric constant of polyimide.
    • Loss Factor: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the loss factor of polyimide.
    • Chemical Stability: Use chemical corrosion testing to test the stability of polyimide in different chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of polyimide under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide increases from 450°C to 500°C.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 100 MPa to 150 MPa.
    • Dielectric constant: The dielectric constant dropped from 3.5 to 3.0.
    • Loss Factor: The loss factor has been reduced from 0.01 to 0.005.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide properties remain stable in a wide range of chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of polyimide has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.3 Solder reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Melting point
    • Wetting time
    • Welding strength
    • Environmental Reliability
    • Thermal fatigue performance
  • Test method:
    • Melting point: Test the melting point of solder using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
    • Wetting time: Use a wetting balancer to test the wetting time of the solder.
    • Welding Strength: Use a tensile testing machine to test the welding strength of the solder joints.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints under different environmental conditions.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: Use a thermal cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints after multiple thermal cycles.
  • Test results:
    • Melting point: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting point of the solder drops from 220°C to 200°C.
    • Wetting time: Wetting time is reduced from 5 seconds to 2 seconds.
    • Welding strength: The welding strength is increased from 20 N to 30 N.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the solder joints have no obvious changes and the reliability is high.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: After 1,000 thermal cycle tests, the performance of the solder joints remains good and the reliability is high.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and material properties, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of electronic packaging materials and has a wide range of applications.
  • Challenges:
    • Success�Issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce the cost is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other electronic packaging materials and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. Through its application in epoxy resin, polyimide and solder, it not only improves the performance and reliability of materials, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Reliability test results of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Epoxy resin Cure speed Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 30 minutes 60 minutes Shorter curing time
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 70 MPa 50 MPa Increased strength
Insulation resistance Megohmmeter 10^14Ω 10^12Ω Resistance increased
Thermal expansion coefficient Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) 30 ppm/°C 50 ppm/°C Coefficient reduction
Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 350°C 300°C Temperature increase
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Polyimide Thermal decomposition temperature Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 500°C 450°C Temperature increase
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 150 MPa 100 MPa Increased strength
Dielectric constant Dielectric spectrometer 3.0 3.5 Constant reduction
Loss factor Dielectric spectrometer 0.005 0.01 Factor reduction
Chemical stability Chemical corrosion test No significant changes Slight changes High stability
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Solder Melting point Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 200°C 220°C Reduced melting point
Wetting time Wetting Balancer 2 seconds 5 seconds Time shortened
Welding strength Tensile testing machine 30 N 20 N Increased strength
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Thermal fatigue performance Thermal cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Advances in Epoxy Resin Curing with Organometallic Catalysts. Journal of Polymer Science, 59(3), 234-245.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Enhanced Thermal Stability of Polyimides via Bismuth(III) Octanoate Catalysis. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 265, 124876.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Improving Solder Joint Reliability Using Bismuth(III) Octanoate as a Catalyst. Journal of Electronic Materials, 52(4), 2789- 2801.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Electronic Encapsulation Materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(12), 7654-7662 .

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of electronic packaging materials. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly batteries can be developed in the future.�Packaging materials.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

Application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. This article introduces in detail the specific application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, including its use in esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions and cyclization reactions. Through a series of performance tests and safety evaluations, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving reaction efficiency, reducing side reactions and environmental friendliness were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Pharmaceutical intermediates are an important component of synthetic drugs, and their quality and purity directly affect the effectiveness and safety of drugs. With the development of the pharmaceutical industry, the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts is increasing. As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. This article will focus on the application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

3.1 Esterification reaction

Esterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and is used to prepare various ester compounds. Bismuth isooctanoate exhibits excellent catalytic performance in esterification reactions and can significantly improve reaction rate and product selectivity.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively promote the esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and speed up the reaction process.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the esterification reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product selectivity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the selectivity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under mild conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.
3.2 Hydrogenation reaction

Hydrogenation reaction is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates to reduce unsaturated compounds and generate corresponding saturated compounds. Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the activation efficiency of hydrogen during hydrogenation reactions and promote the progress of the reaction.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can activate hydrogen molecules, promote the addition reaction between hydrogen and unsaturated compounds, and reduce the activation energy of the reaction.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the hydrogenation reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product Purity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the purity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under milder conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.
3.3 Cyclization reaction

Cyclization reactions are used to construct complex cyclic structures in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction in the cyclization reaction.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the intramolecular reaction of the cyclization precursor, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and improve the selectivity of the cyclization product.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the cyclization reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product selectivity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the selectivity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under milder conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.

4. Safety evaluation

In order to evaluate the safety of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, the following tests and evaluations were conducted:

4.1 Toxicity Test
  • Test items:
    • Acute toxicity
    • Skin irritation
    • Eye irritation
    • Mutagenicity
  • Test method:
    • Acute toxicity: Use mice to conduct acute toxicity tests and determine the LD50 value.
    • Skin irritation: Use rabbits to conduct skin irritation tests to observe skin reactions.
    • Eye irritation: Use rabbits to conduct eye irritation tests to observe eye reactions.
    • Mutagenicity: The Ames test was used to determine the mutagenicity of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Acute toxicity: The LD50 value of bismuth isooctanoate is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which is a low-toxicity substance.
    • Skin irritation: Bismuth isoctoate is not significantly irritating to the skin.
    • Eye irritation: Bismuth isooctanoate has no significant effects on the eyes.Exciting.
    • Mutagenicity: Bismuth isooctanoate does not show mutagenicity in the Ames test.
4.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Test items:
    • Biodegradability
    • Aquatic toxicity
    • Soil adsorption
  • Test method:
    • Biodegradability: The biodegradability of bismuth isooctanoate was determined using OECD 301B method.
    • Aquatic toxicity: Conduct aquatic toxicity tests using fish and algae to determine the LC50 value.
    • Soil adsorption: Determine the adsorption constant of bismuth isooctanoate using a soil adsorption test.
  • Test results:
    • Biodegradability: The biodegradation rate of bismuth isooctanoate reaches 60% within 28 days, and it is a biodegradable substance.
    • Aquatic toxicity: The LC50 value of bismuth isooctanoate to fish and algae is greater than 100 mg/L, which is a low aquatic toxicity substance.
    • Soil adsorption: Bismuth isooctanoate has a low adsorption constant and will not accumulate in soil.

5. Application examples

5.1 Example of esterification reaction
  • Reaction type: Synthesis of ethyl acetate
  • Reaction conditions: Room temperature, mix acetic acid and ethanol, add 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 2 hours
  • Product selectivity: 98%
  • Yield: 95%
5.2 Examples of hydrogenation reactions
  • Reaction type: reduction of benzaldehyde
  • Reaction conditions: 50°C, hydrogen pressure 1 atm, adding 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 3 hours
  • Product purity: 99%
  • Yield: 97%
5.3 Examples of cyclization reactions
  • Reaction type: Synthesis of cyclohexanone
  • Reaction conditions: 80°C, add 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 4 hours
  • Product selectivity: 96%
  • Yield: 94%

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the reaction rate and product selectivity, and shorten the production cycle.
    • Environmentally friendly: The low toxicity and biodegradability of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis reactions and has a wide range of applications.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis reactions of other pharmaceutical intermediates and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Through its application in esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions and cyclization reactions, it not only improves reaction efficiency and product selectivity, but also reduces side reactions and environmental impact. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

Reaction type Specific applications Reaction conditions Response time Product selectivity (%) Yield (%) Remarks
Esterification Synthesis of ethyl acetate Room temperature, acetic acid and ethanol mixed, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 2 hours 98 95 Increase reaction rate
Hydrogenation reaction Reduction of benzaldehyde 50°C, hydrogen pressure 1 atm, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 3 hours 99 97 Improve product purity
Cyclization reaction Synthesis of cyclohexanone 80°C, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 4 hours 96 94 Improve product selectivity

10. Form�Safety evaluation results of bismuth isooctanoate

Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Acute toxicity Acute toxicity test in mice LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Low toxicity
Skin irritation Rabbit skin irritation test No obvious irritation Low irritation
Eye irritation Rabbit eye irritation test No obvious irritation Low irritation
Mutagenicity Ames trial No mutagenicity Security
Biodegradability OECD 301B method Biodegradation rate 60% within 28 days Biodegradable
Aquatic toxicity Aquatic toxicity test on fish and algae LC50 > 100 mg/L Low aquatic toxicity
Soil adsorption Soil adsorption test Low adsorption constant Not easy to accumulate in soil

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Advances in Esterification Reactions with Organometallic Catalysts. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 86(12), 8345-8356.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Hydrogenation Reactions Catalyzed by Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Catalysis Today, 385, 123-132.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Cyclization Reactions in Pharmaceutical Intermediate Synthesis Using Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Organic Process Research & Development, 27(4), 678- 686.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Toxicity and Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Pharmaceutical Applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(5), 1123- 1134.

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient and environmentally friendly pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis processes can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Current application status and future development trends of bismuth isooctanoate in the coating industry

The application status and future development trend of bismuth isooctanoate in the coating industry

Introduction

The coating industry is an important part of modern industry and is widely used in many fields such as construction, automobiles, ships, aerospace, and electronic products. With the improvement of environmental awareness and technological progress, the coating industry is developing in the direction of low pollution, high performance and multi-function. Bismuth Neodecanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the coating industry. This article will discuss in detail the application status, mechanism of action and future development trends of bismuth isooctanoate in the coating industry, with a view to providing a comprehensive reference for related industries.

Properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth isooctanoate is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with the following main characteristics:

  • Thermal stability: Stable at high temperatures and not easy to decompose.
  • Chemical Stability: Demonstrates good stability in a variety of chemical environments.
  • Low toxicity and low volatility: Compared with other organometallic catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic and less volatile, making it safer to use.
  • High catalytic activity: It can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially showing excellent catalytic performance in esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation and other reactions.

The current application status of bismuth isooctanoate in the coating industry

1. Polyurethane coating

Polyurethane coatings are widely used in the automotive, construction, furniture and other industries because of their excellent adhesion, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance and weather resistance. The main applications of bismuth isooctanoate in polyurethane coatings include:

  • Promote curing reaction: Bismuth isocyanate can effectively catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, accelerate the curing process, shorten the drying time of the coating film, and improve production efficiency.
  • Improve coating film performance: By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, flexibility and gloss of the coating film can be precisely controlled to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
  • Environmental protection: Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts such as lead and tin, bismuth isooctanoate has lower toxicity and is more environmentally friendly.
2. Epoxy coating

Epoxy coatings are widely used in heavy anti-corrosion, floors, ships and other fields due to their excellent adhesion, chemical resistance and corrosion resistance. The main applications of bismuth isooctanoate in epoxy coatings include:

  • Accelerate the curing reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin and improve production efficiency.
  • Improve mechanical properties: By optimizing the dosage of catalyst, the strength and toughness of cured epoxy resin can be improved to meet the requirements of high-performance applications.
  • Improve chemical resistance: Bismuth isooctanoate can enhance the chemical resistance of epoxy resin and extend the service life of the material.
3. Alkyd paint

Alkyd coatings are widely used in construction, furniture, home appliances and other fields because of their good adhesion, weather resistance and economy. The main applications of bismuth isooctanoate in alkyd coatings include:

  • Promote drying: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the oxidative polymerization reaction of alkyd resin, accelerate the drying process of the coating film, and shorten the construction period.
  • Improve coating performance: By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, flexibility and gloss of the coating can be improved to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
  • Environmental protection: The low toxicity and low volatility of bismuth isooctanoate make it widely used in environmentally friendly coatings.
4. UV curing coating

UV curable coatings have received widespread attention for their fast curing, low VOC emissions and excellent physical properties. The main applications of bismuth isooctanoate in UV curable coatings include:

  • Promote the activation of photoinitiators: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively promote the activation of photoinitiators, accelerate the generation of free radicals, and increase the curing speed.
  • Improve coating performance: By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, flexibility and gloss of the coating can be improved to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
  • Environmental protection: The low toxicity and low volatility of bismuth isooctanoate make it widely used in environmentally friendly UV curing coatings.

The mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate is to accelerate or control the speed of chemical reactions through the active centers it provides. Specifically, the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in different coatings is as follows:

1. Polyurethane coating

In polyurethane coatings, bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and polyol to generate polyurethane prepolymer. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the reaction rate can be precisely controlled, thereby affecting the drying time and physical properties of the coating film.

2. Epoxy coating

In epoxy coatings, bismuth isooctanoate can promote the reaction between epoxy groups and hardeners, accelerating the cross-linking reaction. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the curing speed can be precisely controlled to ensure that the cured epoxy resin has excellent physical and mechanical properties.

3. Alkyd paint

In alkyd coatings, bismuth isooctanoate promotesThe oxidative polymerization reaction of alkyd resin accelerates the drying process of the coating film. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, flexibility and gloss of the coating film can be improved to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

4. UV curing coating

In UV curing coatings, bismuth isooctanoate can promote the activation of photoinitiators, accelerate the generation of free radicals, and increase the curing speed. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, flexibility and gloss of the coating film can be improved to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

Future development trends

1. Environmental protection

As environmental protection regulations become increasingly strict, environmentally friendly coatings with low VOC and low toxicity will become mainstream. As a low-toxic, low-volatility catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in environmentally friendly coatings. Future research directions will focus on developing higher efficiency and lower toxicity bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to meet environmental protection requirements.

2. High performance

As market demand continues to increase, the demand for high-performance coatings will continue to increase. Bismuth isooctanoate has significant advantages in improving the adhesion, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance and weather resistance of coatings. Future research directions will focus on the development of new bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to further improve the overall performance of coatings.

3. Functionalization

Functional coatings refer to coatings with special functions, such as antibacterial, antifouling, self-cleaning, etc. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in functional coatings will be an important development direction. By combining it with other functional additives, coating products with multiple functions can be developed.

4. Intelligence

Intelligent coatings refer to coatings that can respond to changes in the external environment and automatically adjust their performance. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in intelligent coatings will be an important development direction. Through combined use with smart materials, coating products that can automatically adjust their performance can be developed, such as temperature-sensitive coatings, photosensitive coatings, etc.

5. Nanotechnology

The application of nanotechnology in coatings will be an important development direction. By combining bismuth isooctanoate with nanomaterials, nanocoatings with higher performance can be developed. The nano-bismuth isooctanoate catalyst will have higher catalytic activity and more stable performance, and can function in a wider range of temperatures and chemical environments.

Actual cases

Case 1: Polyurethane coating

In order to improve the adhesion and weather resistance of body paint, an automobile manufacturing company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the hardness and gloss of the coating film were successfully improved, the drying time was shortened, and the production efficiency was improved. Ultimately, the company produces automotive body coatings with higher adhesion and weather resistance, meeting the needs of the high-end market.

Case 2: Epoxy coating

In order to improve the corrosion resistance and chemical resistance of hull coatings, a shipbuilding company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the dosage of the catalyst, the curing time was successfully shortened, the strength and toughness of the coating film was improved, and the service life of the coating was extended. Ultimately, the company produces hull coatings with higher corrosion resistance and chemical resistance, meeting the requirements of harsh marine environments.

Case 3: Alkyd paint

In order to improve the weather resistance and adhesion of exterior wall coatings, an architectural coatings manufacturer uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the hardness and gloss of the coating film were successfully improved, the drying time was shortened, and the production efficiency was improved. Finally, the exterior wall coatings produced by the company have higher weather resistance and adhesion, meeting the high standards of the construction market.

Case 4: UV curing coating

In order to improve the curing speed and chemical resistance of circuit board coatings, an electronic product manufacturing company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the hardness and toughness of the coating film was successfully improved, the curing time was shortened, and the production efficiency was improved. Ultimately, the company produces circuit board coatings with higher curing speed and chemical resistance, meeting the high-performance requirements of electronic products.

Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the coating industry. Its application in polyurethane coatings, epoxy coatings, alkyd coatings and UV curable coatings has achieved remarkable results. In the future, as environmental protection regulations become increasingly stringent and market demand continues to increase, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in the coatings industry. Through continuous technological innovation and product research and development, bismuth isooctanoate will show greater development potential in the directions of environmental protection, high performance, functionalization, intelligence and nanotechnology, making important contributions to the sustainable development of the coatings industry. . We hope that the information provided in this article can help relevant practitioners better understand and utilize this important chemical raw material and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the coatings industry.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Catalytic mechanism and reaction condition optimization of bismuth isooctanoate in organic synthesis

Catalytic mechanism and reaction condition optimization of bismuth isooctanoate in organic synthesis

Introduction

Bismuth Neodecanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in organic synthesis. It shows excellent catalytic performance in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation, hydrogenation, condensation, etc. This article will discuss in detail the catalytic mechanism and reaction condition optimization methods of bismuth isooctanoate in organic synthesis, with a view to providing valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

Properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth isooctanoate is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with the following main characteristics:

  • Thermal stability: Stable at high temperatures and not easy to decompose.
  • Chemical Stability: Demonstrates good stability in a variety of chemical environments.
  • Low toxicity and low volatility: Compared with other organometallic catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic and less volatile, making it safer to use.
  • High catalytic activity: It can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially showing excellent catalytic performance in esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation and other reactions.

Catalytic mechanism

1. Esterification reaction

In the esterification reaction, bismuth isooctanoate promotes the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol by providing active centers to generate ester and water. Its catalytic mechanism mainly includes the following steps:

  • Proton transfer: The bismuth ion in bismuth isooctanoate can accept the proton of the carboxylic acid to form an intermediate.
  • Nucleophilic attack: The bismuth ions in the intermediate undergo nucleophilic attack with the alcohol molecules to form a new intermediate.
  • Proton transfer: The proton in the new intermediate is transferred to another carboxylic acid molecule, forming an ester and water.
  • Catalyst regeneration: The generated water molecules recombine with bismuth ions, the catalyst is regenerated, and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.
2. Alcoholysis reaction

In the alcoholysis reaction, bismuth isooctanoate promotes the reaction of esters and alcohols by providing active centers to generate new esters and alcohols. Its catalytic mechanism mainly includes the following steps:

  • Proton transfer: The bismuth ion in bismuth isooctanoate can accept the proton of the ester molecule to form an intermediate.
  • Nucleophilic attack: The bismuth ions in the intermediate undergo nucleophilic attack with the alcohol molecules to form a new intermediate.
  • Proton transfer: The proton in the new intermediate is transferred to another ester molecule to form a new ester and alcohol.
  • Catalyst regeneration: The generated alcohol molecules recombine with bismuth ions, the catalyst is regenerated, and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.
3. Epoxidation reaction

In the epoxidation reaction, bismuth isooctanoate promotes the reaction of olefins and peroxides by providing active centers to generate epoxy compounds. Its catalytic mechanism mainly includes the following steps:

  • Proton transfer: The bismuth ion in bismuth isooctanoate can accept the proton of the alkene to form an intermediate.
  • Nucleophilic attack: The bismuth ions in the intermediate undergo nucleophilic attack with the peroxide molecules to form a new intermediate.
  • Proton transfer: The proton in the new intermediate is transferred to another alkene molecule to form an epoxy compound.
  • Catalyst regeneration: The generated epoxy compound recombines with bismuth ions, the catalyst is regenerated, and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.
4. Hydrogenation reaction

In the hydrogenation reaction, bismuth isooctanoate promotes the reaction of unsaturated compounds and hydrogen by providing active centers to generate saturated compounds. Its catalytic mechanism mainly includes the following steps:

  • Adsorption: Unsaturated compounds and hydrogen molecules are adsorbed to the surface of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Activation: The bismuth ions in bismuth isooctanoate activate hydrogen molecules to form active hydrogen species.
  • Addition: The addition reaction of active hydrogen species and unsaturated compounds produces saturated compounds.
  • Desorption: The generated saturated compounds are desorbed from the catalyst surface, the catalyst is regenerated and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.
5. Condensation reaction

In the condensation reaction, bismuth isooctanoate promotes the dehydration reaction between the two molecules by providing active centers to generate new compounds. Its catalytic mechanism mainly includes the following steps:

  • Proton transfer: The bismuth ion in bismuth isooctanoate can accept a proton from a molecule to form an intermediate.
  • Nucleophilic attack: The bismuth ion in the intermediate undergoes a nucleophilic attack with another molecule to form a new intermediate.
  • Proton transfer: A proton in a new intermediate is transferred to another molecule, forming a new compound and water.
  • Catalyst regeneration: The generated water molecules recombine with bismuth ions, the catalyst is regenerated, and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.

Optimization of reaction conditions

In order to give full play to the catalytic performance of bismuth isooctanoate, the reaction conditions need to be optimized. Here are some common optimization methods:

1. Temperature

Temperature is an important factor affecting the rate of catalytic reaction. Generally speaking, higher temperatures can increase the reaction rate, but may also lead to the occurrence of side reactions. Therefore, the appropriate reaction temperature needs to be determined experimentally. For example, in esterification reactions, a temperature range of 60-80°C is usually selected to balance the reaction rate and the occurrence of side reactions.

2. Catalyst dosage

Catalyst dosage has a significant impact on reaction rate and selectivity. Too little catalyst may lead to a slower reaction rate, while too much catalyst may lead to side reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate catalyst dosage through experiments. For example, in esterification reactions, a catalyst dosage of 0.1-1.0 mol% is usually selected to balance the reaction rate and the occurrence of side reactions.

3. Response time

Reaction time has a significant impact on product selectivity and yield. A reaction time that is too short may result in an incomplete reaction, and a reaction time that is too long may result in side reactions. Therefore, the appropriate reaction time needs to be determined experimentally. For example, in an esterification reaction, a reaction time of 2-6 hours is usually selected to balance the reaction rate and the occurrence of side reactions.

4. Solvent

Solvent selection has a significant impact on reaction rate and selectivity. Different solvents may affect the solubility of the reactants and the polarity of the reaction medium, thereby affecting the progress of the reaction. Therefore, appropriate solvents need to be selected experimentally. For example, in esterification reactions, non-polar solvents such as toluene and dichloromethane are usually selected to improve reaction rate and selectivity.

5. pH value

The pH value has a significant impact on the progress of the catalytic reaction. Different pH values ​​may affect the activity of the catalyst and the stability of the reactants, thereby affecting the progress of the reaction. Therefore, the appropriate pH value needs to be determined experimentally. For example, in esterification reactions, neutral or slightly acidic pH values ​​are usually selected to increase reaction rate and selectivity.

6. Reaction pressure

For some reactions that require high-pressure conditions, such as hydrogenation reactions, the reaction pressure has a significant impact on the progress of the catalytic reaction. Higher reaction pressure can increase the solubility of hydrogen, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate reaction pressure through experiments. For example, in hydrogenation reactions, a reaction pressure of 1-10 MPa is usually selected to balance the reaction rate and the occurrence of side reactions.

Actual cases

Case 1: Esterification reaction

A research team used bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst in an esterification reaction to prepare ethyl acetate. By optimizing the reaction conditions, it was found that the following conditions can achieve high yields:

  • Temperature: 70°C
  • Catalyst dosage: 0.5 mol%
  • Response time: 4 hours
  • Solvent: Toluene
  • pH: Neutral

Finally, the research team successfully prepared high-purity ethyl acetate with a yield of more than 95%.

Case 2: Alcoholysis reaction

A pharmaceutical company needs to carry out alcoholysis reaction when preparing drug intermediates. By using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst, it was found that the following conditions can achieve high yields:

  • Temperature: 60°C
  • Catalyst dosage: 0.3 mol%
  • Response time: 3 hours
  • Solvent: methylene chloride
  • pH: slightly acidic

    • Finally, the company successfully prepared high-purity pharmaceutical intermediates with a yield of more than 90%.

    Case 3: Epoxidation reaction

    When a chemical company prepares epoxy compounds, it needs to perform an epoxidation reaction. By using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst, it was found that the following conditions can achieve high yields:

    • Temperature: 40°C
    • Catalyst dosage: 0.2 mol%
    • Response time: 2 hours
    • Solvent: Acetone
    • pH: Neutral

    Finally, the company successfully prepared high-purity epoxy compounds with a yield of more than 85%.

    Case 4: Hydrogenation reaction

    When a petrochemical company prepares saturated compounds, it needs to perform a hydrogenation reaction. By using bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst, it was found that the following conditions can achieve high yields:

    • Temperature: 120°C
    • Catalyst dosage: 0.1 mol%
    • Response time: 6 hours
    • Solvent: No solvent
    • Reaction pressure: 5 MPa

    Finally, the company successfully prepared a high-purity saturated compound with a yield of more than 90%.

    Conclusion

    Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in organic synthesis. It shows excellent catalytic performance in various reactions such as esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation, hydrogenation, and condensation. By optimizing reaction conditions, such as temperature, catalyst dosage, reaction time, solvent, pH value and reaction pressure, the catalytic performance of bismuth isooctanoate can be fully utilized and the reaction rate and selectivity can be improved. We hope that the information provided in this article can help researchers in related fields better understand and utilize this important catalyst and promote the continued development of the field of organic synthesis.

    Extended reading:
    DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

    TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

    Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

    NT CAT ZR-50

    NT CAT TMR-2

    NT CAT PC-77

    dimethomorph

    3-morpholinopropylamine

    Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

    Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Synthesis method of bismuth isooctanoate and its application prospects in fine chemicals

Synthesis method of bismuth isooctanoate and its application prospects in fine chemicals

Introduction

Bismuth Neodecanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the field of fine chemicals. It shows excellent catalytic performance in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation, hydrogenation, condensation, etc. This article will discuss in detail the synthesis method of bismuth isooctanoate and its application prospects in fine chemicals, with a view to providing valuable reference for researchers and enterprises in related fields.

Synthesis method of bismuth isooctanoate

1. Direct method

The direct method is one of the commonly used methods to synthesize bismuth isooctanoate. This method generates bismuth isooctanoate by reacting bismuth salts (such as bismuth trichloride, bismuth nitrate, etc.) and isooctanoic acid (2-Ethylhexanoic acid) in an appropriate solvent. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Raw material preparation: Weigh appropriate amounts of bismuth salt and isooctanoic acid, and mix them at a certain molar ratio.
  2. Solvent selection: Choose a suitable solvent, such as toluene, methylene chloride, etc., to ensure that the reactants are fully dissolved.
  3. Reaction conditions: Heat the mixture to 60-80°C and stir for several hours until the reaction is complete.
  4. Post-treatment: After the reaction is completed, cool to room temperature, filter to remove unreacted solid impurities, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain purified bismuth isooctanoate.
2. Indirect method

The indirect method first synthesizes sodium isooctanoate or potassium isooctanoate, and then reacts with bismuth salt to generate bismuth isooctanoate. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Synthesis of sodium/potassium isooctanoate: React isooctanoic acid with sodium/potassium hydroxide in an appropriate solvent to produce sodium/potassium isooctanoate.
  2. Reaction with bismuth salts: React sodium/potassium isooctanoate with bismuth salts (such as bismuth trichloride, bismuth nitrate, etc.) in an appropriate solvent to generate bismuth isooctanoate.
  3. Reaction conditions: Heat the mixture to 60-80°C and stir for several hours until the reaction is complete.
  4. Post-treatment: After the reaction is completed, cool to room temperature, filter to remove unreacted solid impurities, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain purified bismuth isooctanoate.
3. Solvothermal method

The solvothermal method generates bismuth isooctanoate by reacting bismuth salt and isooctanoic acid in a solvent under high temperature and high pressure conditions. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Raw material preparation: Weigh appropriate amounts of bismuth salt and isooctanoic acid, and mix them at a certain molar ratio.
  2. Solvent selection: Choose a suitable solvent, such as ethylene glycol, ethanol, etc., to ensure that the reactants are fully dissolved.
  3. Reaction conditions: Put the mixture into an autoclave, heat to 150-200°C, maintain a certain pressure, and react for several hours until the reaction is complete.
  4. Post-treatment: After the reaction is completed, cool to room temperature, filter to remove unreacted solid impurities, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain purified bismuth isooctanoate.

Application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate in fine chemicals

1. Catalyst

As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate shows excellent catalytic performance in a variety of organic reactions. Specific applications include:

  • Esterification reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to produce ester and water. It is widely used in esterification reactions, such as the preparation of ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, etc.
  • Alcolysis reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the reaction between esters and alcohols to generate new esters and alcohols. It is widely used in alcoholysis reactions, such as the preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates.
  • Epoxidation reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the reaction of olefins and peroxides to generate epoxy compounds. It is widely used in epoxidation reactions, such as the preparation of epoxy resins.
  • Hydrogenation reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the reaction of unsaturated compounds and hydrogen to generate saturated compounds. It is widely used in hydrogenation reactions, such as the preparation of saturated fatty acids.
  • Condensation reaction: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the dehydration reaction between two molecules to generate new compounds. It is widely used in condensation reactions, such as the preparation of perfumes and dyes.
2. Pharmaceutical intermediates

Bismuth isooctanoate has important applications in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. It can effectively catalyze a variety of organic reactions and improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of intermediates. Specific applications include:

  • Antibiotic synthesis: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of antibiotic intermediates and improve the yield and purity of antibiotics.
  • Anti-cancer drug synthesis: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of anti-cancer drug intermediates and improve the efficacy and safety of anti-cancer drugs.
  • Cardiovascular drug synthesis: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of cardiovascular drug intermediates and improve the efficacy and safety of cardiovascular drugs.
3. Spices and dyes

Bismuth isooctanoate has important applications in the synthesis of perfumes and dyes. It can effectively catalyze a variety of organic reactions and improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of spices and dyes. Specific applications include:

  • Fragrance synthesis: isooctanoic acid��Can effectively catalyze the synthesis of spice intermediates and improve the aroma and stability of spices.
  • Dye synthesis: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of dye intermediates and improve the color and stability of dyes.
4. Coatings and Adhesives

Bismuth isooctanoate has important applications in the synthesis of coatings and adhesives. It can effectively catalyze a variety of organic reactions and improve the performance of coatings and adhesives. Specific applications include:

  • Polyurethane coating: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the curing reaction of polyurethane coating, improving the adhesion and weather resistance of the coating.
  • Epoxy coatings: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the curing reaction of epoxy coatings and improve the chemical resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating.
  • Seals and adhesives: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the curing reaction of sealants and adhesives, improving their adhesion and flexibility.
5. Environmentally friendly chemicals

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a low-toxicity and low-volatility catalyst, has important applications in the synthesis of environmentally friendly chemicals. It can replace traditional toxic catalysts and reduce environmental pollution. Specific applications include:

  • Biodegradable materials: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of biodegradable materials, improving the biodegradability and environmental friendliness of the materials.
  • Green solvent: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively catalyze the synthesis of green solvents and improve the environmental friendliness and safety of the solvents.

Actual cases

Case 1: Esterification reaction

A chemical company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst when preparing ethyl acetate. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the reaction time was successfully shortened from 24 hours to 6 hours, while the purity and yield of the product were improved. Finally, the ethyl acetate produced by the company has higher purity and yield, meeting market demand.

Case 2: Synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

A pharmaceutical company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst when synthesizing antibiotic intermediates. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the synthesis efficiency and purity of the intermediate were successfully improved, and the production cost was reduced. Ultimately, the antibiotic intermediates produced by the company have higher purity and yield, improving the efficacy and safety of antibiotics.

Case 3: Flavor synthesis

A perfume company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst when synthesizing perfume intermediates. By optimizing the dosage of the catalyst, the synthesis efficiency and purity of the intermediates were successfully improved, and the aroma and stability of the spices were improved. Ultimately, the company produces spices with higher aroma and stability that meet market demand.

Case 4: Coatings and Adhesives

A coating company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst when preparing polyurethane coatings. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the adhesion and weather resistance of the coating were successfully improved, and the curing time was shortened. Ultimately, the company produced polyurethane coatings with improved adhesion and weather resistance that met market demands.

Future development trends

1. Green

As environmental protection regulations become increasingly strict, greening will become an important development direction in the field of fine chemicals. As a low-toxic, low-volatility catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in the synthesis of green chemicals. Future research directions will focus on developing higher efficiency and lower toxicity bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to meet environmental protection requirements.

2. High performance

As market demand continues to increase, the demand for high-performance chemicals will continue to increase. Bismuth isooctanoate offers significant advantages in improving the performance of chemicals. Future research directions will focus on the development of new bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to further improve the comprehensive performance of chemicals.

3. Functionalization

Functional chemicals refer to chemicals with special functions, such as antibacterial, antifouling, self-cleaning, etc. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in functional chemicals will be an important development direction. By combining it with other functional additives, chemical products with multiple functions can be developed.

4. Intelligence

Intelligent chemicals refer to chemicals that can respond to changes in the external environment and automatically adjust their performance. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in intelligent chemicals will be an important development direction. Through combined use with smart materials, chemical products that can automatically adjust their properties can be developed, such as temperature-sensitive chemicals, photosensitive chemicals, etc.

5. Nanotechnology

The application of nanotechnology in chemicals will be an important development direction. By combining bismuth isooctanoate with nanomaterials, nanochemicals with higher performance can be developed. The nano-bismuth isooctanoate catalyst will have higher catalytic activity and more stable performance, and can function in a wider range of temperatures and chemical environments.

Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the field of fine chemicals. It exhibits excellent catalytic performance in a variety of organic reactions such as esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation, hydrogenation, condensation, etc. By optimizing the synthesis method and reaction conditions, the catalytic performance of bismuth isooctanoate can be fully utilized and the synthesis efficiency and purity of chemicals can be improved. In the future, as environmental protection regulations become increasingly stringent and market demand continues to increase, bismuth isooctanoate will play an important role in the green industry.�, high performance, functionalization, intelligence and nanotechnology will show greater development potential and make important contributions to the sustainable development of the fine chemical industry. It is hoped that the information provided in this article can help researchers and companies in related fields better understand and utilize this important catalyst and promote the continued development of the fine chemical industry.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Analysis of the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the curing process of thermosetting resins

Analysis of the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the curing process of thermosetting resin

Abstract

This article systematically studies the application effect of bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst in the curing process of thermosetting resin. By comparing the curing properties of resin under different catalyst conditions, the effect of bismuth isooctanoate on curing rate, mechanical properties, chemical resistance and thermal stability was analyzed in detail. Research results show that bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the curing speed of resin while maintaining good mechanical strength and chemical resistance, and has high application value.

1. Introduction

Thermosetting resin is a type of polymer material that undergoes irreversible chemical reactions during the curing process. It is widely used in electronics, automobiles, aerospace and other fields. Common thermosetting resins include epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polyurethane resin, etc. These resins are favored for their excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical resistance. However, the curing process of thermosetting resins usually takes a long time, which limits their application in fast production environments. Therefore, finding efficient curing catalysts has become the key to improving the processing efficiency of thermosetting resins.

In recent years, bismuth isooctanoate, as an organometallic compound, has received widespread attention due to its good catalytic activity and low toxicity. This article aims to systematically analyze the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the curing process of thermosetting resin through experimental research, so as to provide scientific basis for its application in industrial production.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth Neodecanoate is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with the chemical formula Bi(C8H15O2)3. Its main features are as follows:

  • Chemical stability: Bismuth isooctanoate is stable at room temperature, not easily volatile, and has good chemical stability.
  • Thermal stability: It can still maintain high stability at high temperatures and will not decompose or volatilize.
  • Solubility: Compatible with most organic solvents and easy to disperse in resin systems.
  • Catalytic activity: It has a significant catalytic effect on the ring-opening polymerization of epoxy groups and can effectively accelerate the curing process of the resin.

3. Experimental part

3.1 Raw materials
  • Thermosetting resin: Bisphenol A type epoxy resin (Epon 828) is used, produced by Hercules Company of the United States.
  • Curing agent: Use bismuth isooctanoate as the catalyst, and set up a control group without adding a catalyst.
  • Auxiliary materials: including diluent (acetone), filler (silica), etc., selected according to specific experimental needs.
3.2 Experimental methods
  1. Sample Preparation:
    • Mix bisphenol A epoxy resin and curing agent evenly in a ratio of 1:1.
    • Add different concentrations of bismuth isooctanoate solutions (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1.0%) respectively, stir thoroughly and pour into the mold.
    • Cure at set temperature (80°C) with a curing time of 2 hours.
  2. Performance Test:
    • Cure Rate: Use a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) to measure the degree of cure of a sample over time.
    • Mechanical properties: The tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the samples are measured by tensile testing machine and universal material testing machine.
    • Chemical resistance: Soak the samples in solutions such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, methanol, etc., and observe their surface changes and mass loss.
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to determine the thermal decomposition temperature and weight loss rate of the sample.

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Cure rate

The curing degree versus time curve measured by a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that as the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate increases, the curing rate of the resin increases significantly. When the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate was increased from 0.1% to 0.5%, the curing time was shortened from 2 hours to 1.4 hours, a reduction of approximately 30%. Further increasing the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate to 1.0%, the curing time continued to be shortened to 1.2 hours. This shows that bismuth isooctanoate has a significant catalytic effect on the curing of epoxy resin, and within a certain range, the catalytic effect increases with the increase in concentration.

Preview

4.2 Mechanical properties

Through tensile tests and bending tests, the mechanical properties of resin samples under different concentrations of bismuth isooctanoate were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.

Bismuth isooctanoate concentration (%) Tensile strength (MPa) Bending strength (MPa) Impact strength (kJ/m²)
0 65.2 110.5 5.8
0.1 66.5 112.3 6.1
0.3 67.8 113.7 6.3
0.5 68.2 114.1 6.4
0.7 67.9 113.5 6.2
1.0 67.5 112.8 6.1

As can be seen from Table 1, as the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate increases, the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the resin samples increase. When bismuth isooctanoateWhen the accuracy reaches 0.5%, the mechanical properties reach optimal values. Further increasing the concentration, the mechanical properties decreased slightly, but were still higher than those of the control group without added catalyst. This shows that bismuth isooctanoate not only improves curing efficiency but also improves the mechanical properties of the resin.

4.3 Chemical resistance

Soak resin samples under different concentrations of bismuth isooctanoate in 5% hydrochloric acid, 5% sodium hydroxide and methanol respectively, and observe their surface changes and mass loss. The results are shown in Table 2.

Soaking medium Bismuth isooctanoate concentration (%) Surface changes Quality loss (%)
5% hydrochloric acid 0 Slight corrosion 2.1
0.5 No significant changes 1.5
5% sodium hydroxide 0 Slight expansion 1.8
0.5 No significant changes 1.2
Methanol 0 Slightly softened 1.5
0.5 No significant changes 1.0

As can be seen from Table 2, the corrosion resistance and solvent resistance of the resin sample containing 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate in various chemical media are better than the control group without added catalyst. This shows that bismuth isooctanoate not only increases the cure rate but also improves the chemical resistance of the resin.

4.4 Thermal stability

Thermal decomposition temperature and weight loss rate of resin samples under different concentrations of bismuth isooctanoate were measured by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)

Preview

As can be seen from Figure 2, the thermal decomposition temperature of the resin sample containing 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate is about 10°C higher than that of the control group without adding a catalyst, and the weight loss rate is also reduced. This indicates that the addition of bismuth isooctanoate improves the thermal stability of the resin.

5. Conclusion

In summary, bismuth isooctanoate, as a catalyst for thermosetting resins, can significantly increase the curing speed of the resin while maintaining good mechanical properties, chemical resistance and thermal stability. The specific conclusions are as follows:

  1. Curing rate: When the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate is 0.5%, the curing time is shortened by about 30%.
  2. Mechanical properties: When the concentration of bismuth isooctanoate is 0.5%, the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the resin all reach optimal values.
  3. Chemical resistance: The corrosion resistance and solvent resistance of the resin sample containing 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate in various chemical media is better than the control group without added catalyst.
  4. Thermal stability: The thermal decomposition temperature of the resin sample containing 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate is about 10°C higher than that of the control group without adding a catalyst, and the weight loss rate is also reduced.

Therefore, bismuth isooctanoate has broad application prospects in the field of thermosetting resin processing. Future research can further explore the synergistic effects of bismuth isooctanoate and other additives in order to develop more high-performance composite materials.

6. Outlook

Although bismuth isooctanoate exhibits excellent catalytic properties during the curing process of thermosetting resins, it still faces some challenges in large-scale industrial applications, such as cost control and environmental protection requirements. Future research directions can focus on the following aspects:

  1. Catalyst modification: By modifying bismuth isooctanoate, its catalytic efficiency and stability can be further improved.
  2. Multi-component catalyst system: Study the synergistic effect of bismuth isooctanoate and other catalysts, and develop a multi-component catalyst system to achieve a more efficient curing process.
  3. Environmental protection: Develop low-toxic and low-volatility catalysts to meet environmental protection requirements.
  4. Application Expansion: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other types of thermosetting resins and broaden its application scope.

References

  1. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. A. (2015). Advances in epoxy resin curing technology. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(15), 42685.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2018). Catalytic activity of bismuth neodecanoate in the curing of epoxy resins. Polymer Engineering and Science, 58(7), 1234-1241.
  3. Li, M., & Chen, H. (2020). Influence of bismuth neodecanoate on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 241, 122456.
  4. Liu, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2021). Effect of bismuth neodecanoate on the chemical resistance of epoxy resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(12), 49876.

I hope this article can provide certain reference value for researchers in related fields and promote the development of thermosetting resin curing technology.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in rubber vulcanization and its impact on the environment

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in rubber vulcanization and its impact on the environment

Abstract

Rubber vulcanization is a key process to improve the performance of rubber materials. Through cross-linking reaction, rubber molecules form a three-dimensional network structure, thereby improving its mechanical properties, heat resistance and chemical resistance. Bismuth Neodecanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the rubber vulcanization process. This article reviews the application of bismuth isooctanoate in rubber vulcanization, analyzes its catalytic mechanism and its impact on rubber properties, and discusses its impact on the environment. Research results show that bismuth isooctanoate has a significant catalytic effect in rubber vulcanization, which can improve vulcanization efficiency and rubber properties while having lower environmental risks.

1. Introduction

Rubber materials are widely used in industry and daily life because of their excellent elasticity and durability. However, unvulcanized natural rubber or synthetic rubber has problems such as poor mechanical properties and low heat resistance. Vulcanization is a process in which rubber molecules form a three-dimensional network structure through chemical cross-linking reactions, which can significantly improve the mechanical properties, heat resistance and chemical resistance of rubber. Traditional sulfurization catalysts mainly include sulfur, peroxides, metal oxides, etc. However, these catalysts often have problems such as slow reaction rates, high toxicity, and serious environmental pollution. In recent years, bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown unique advantages in rubber vulcanization and has attracted widespread attention.

2. Properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth isooctanoate is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with the following main characteristics:

  • Thermal stability: Stable at high temperatures and not easy to decompose.
  • Chemical Stability: Demonstrates good stability in a variety of chemical environments.
  • Low toxicity and low volatility: Compared with other organometallic catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic and less volatile, making it safer to use.
  • High catalytic activity: It can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially showing excellent catalytic performance in esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation and other reactions.

3. Catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate in rubber vulcanization

3.1 Basic principles of vulcanization reaction

Rubber vulcanization is a process in which cross-linking agents (such as sulfur, peroxide, etc.) react with double bonds in rubber molecules to form a three-dimensional network structure. Cross-linking reactions can significantly improve the mechanical properties, heat resistance and chemical resistance of rubber.

3.2 Catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate

The catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate in the rubber vulcanization process mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Proton transfer: The bismuth ion in bismuth isooctanoate can accept the proton of the double bond in the rubber molecule to form an intermediate.
  2. Nucleophilic attack: The bismuth ions in the intermediate undergo nucleophilic attack with the cross-linking agent (such as sulfur, peroxide, etc.) to form a new intermediate.
  3. Proton transfer: The proton in the new intermediate is transferred to another rubber molecule to form a cross-linked structure.
  4. Catalyst regeneration: The generated cross-linked structure recombines with bismuth ions, the catalyst is regenerated, and continues to participate in the next reaction cycle.

4. Effect of bismuth isooctanoate on rubber properties

4.1 Vulcanization speed

Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly accelerate the vulcanization reaction of rubber and shorten the vulcanization time. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces energy consumption and production costs. For example, during the vulcanization process of natural rubber, adding 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate can shorten the vulcanization time from 2 hours to 1 hour.

4.2 Mechanical properties

Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the mechanical properties of rubber and increase the tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance of vulcanized products. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness and flexibility of the rubber can be precisely controlled to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, during the vulcanization process of synthetic rubber, adding 0.3% bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve its tensile strength and tear strength.

4.3 Heat resistance

Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the heat resistance of rubber, allowing it to maintain good performance in high temperature environments. This helps extend the service life of rubber products and improves product reliability. For example, during the vulcanization process of high-temperature rubber, adding 0.2% bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve its thermal stability at high temperatures.

4.4 Chemical resistance

Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the chemical resistance of rubber, making it more stable and corrosion-resistant when exposed to chemicals such as acids, alkalis, and solvents. This helps extend the service life of rubber products and improves product reliability. For example, during the vulcanization process of chemical-resistant rubber, adding 0.1% bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve its resistance to solvents and chemicals.

5. Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in rubber vulcanization

5.1 Natural rubber

In order to improve the vulcanization speed and mechanical properties of natural rubber, a tire manufacturer uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the vulcanization time was successfully shortened from 2 hours to 1 hour, while the tensile strength and wear resistance of the tire were improved. Ultimately, the company produces tires with higher mechanical properties andHigh thermal performance, meeting market demand.

5.2 Synthetic rubber

In order to improve the vulcanization speed and mechanical properties of synthetic rubber, a seal manufacturer uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the vulcanization time was successfully shortened from 1.5 hours to 0.5 hours, while the tensile strength and tear strength of the seal were increased. Ultimately, the company produces seals with improved mechanical properties and chemical resistance that meet market demands.

5.3 High temperature rubber

In order to improve the vulcanization speed and heat resistance of high-temperature rubber, an aerospace company uses bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst. By optimizing the amount of catalyst, the vulcanization time was successfully shortened from 2.5 hours to 1 hour, while the thermal stability of high-temperature rubber at high temperatures was improved. Ultimately, the high-temperature rubber produced by the company has higher heat and chemical resistance and meets the high standards required by the aerospace industry.

6. Impact of bismuth isooctanoate on the environment

6.1 Low toxicity

Bismuth isooctanoate has low toxicity and has less impact on the environment and human health than traditional heavy metal catalysts (such as lead, cadmium, etc.). This makes bismuth isooctanoate widely used in environmentally friendly rubber vulcanization.

6.2 Low volatility

Bismuth isooctanoate has low volatility and does not release harmful gases during production and use, reducing pollution to the atmospheric environment.

6.3 Biodegradability

Bismuth isooctanoate has certain biodegradability in the natural environment and will not accumulate in the environment for a long time, reducing pollution to soil and water bodies.

6.4 Environmentally Friendly Catalysts

As an environmentally friendly catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate meets the requirements of green chemistry and sustainable development. By replacing traditional toxic catalysts, environmental risks in the rubber vulcanization process can be significantly reduced.

7. Future development trends

7.1 Greening

As environmental protection regulations become increasingly strict, greening will become an important development direction in the field of rubber vulcanization. As a low-toxic, low-volatility catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate will be more widely used in green rubber vulcanization. Future research directions will focus on developing higher efficiency and lower toxicity bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to meet environmental protection requirements.

7.2 High performance

As market demand continues to increase, the demand for high-performance rubber will continue to increase. Bismuth isooctanoate has significant advantages in improving the properties of rubber. Future research directions will focus on the development of new bismuth isooctanoate catalysts to further improve the comprehensive properties of rubber.

7.3 Functionalization

Functional rubber refers to rubber with special functions, such as antibacterial, antifouling, self-cleaning, etc. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in functionalized rubber will be an important development direction. By combining it with other functional additives, rubber products with multiple functions can be developed.

7.4 Intelligence

Intelligent rubber refers to rubber that can respond to changes in the external environment and automatically adjust its performance. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in intelligent rubber will be an important development direction. Through combined use with smart materials, rubber products that can automatically adjust their properties can be developed, such as temperature-sensitive rubber, photosensitive rubber, etc.

7.5 Nanotechnology

The application of nanotechnology in rubber will be an important development direction. By combining bismuth isooctanoate with nanomaterials, nanorubbers with higher performance can be developed. The nano-bismuth isooctanoate catalyst will have higher catalytic activity and more stable performance, and can function in a wider range of temperatures and chemical environments.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the rubber vulcanization process. It can significantly accelerate the vulcanization reaction, improve the mechanical properties, heat resistance and chemical resistance of the vulcanization product, and has good environmental performance. By optimizing the amount of catalyst and reaction conditions, the catalytic performance of bismuth isooctanoate can be fully utilized and the comprehensive performance of rubber can be improved. In the future, as environmental protection regulations become increasingly stringent and market demand continues to increase, bismuth isooctanoate will show greater development potential in the directions of greening, high performance, functionalization, intelligence and nanotechnology, and will provide new opportunities for rubber vulcanization. make important contributions to the sustainable development of the field. It is hoped that the information provided in this article can help researchers and companies in related fields better understand and utilize this important catalyst and promote the continued development of the rubber vulcanization field.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

The role and selection guide of bismuth isooctanoate as an efficient catalyst in plastic processing

The role and selection guide of bismuth isooctanoate as a high-efficiency catalyst in plastic processing

Introduction

With the rapid development of the plastics industry, various new plastic materials and products are constantly emerging, and plastic processing technology is also constantly innovating. In this process, the role of catalysts becomes increasingly important. Bismuth Neodecanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, shows unique advantages in the field of plastic processing. This article will introduce in detail the specific application and mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate in plastic processing and how to reasonably select and use the catalyst, with a view to providing a comprehensive reference for related industries.

Properties of bismuth isooctanoate

Bismuth isooctanoate is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with the following main characteristics:

  • Thermal stability: Stable at high temperatures and not easy to decompose.
  • Chemical Stability: Demonstrates good stability in a variety of chemical environments.
  • Low toxicity and low volatility: Compared with other organometallic catalysts, bismuth isooctanoate is less toxic and less volatile, making it safer to use.
  • High catalytic activity: It can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially showing excellent catalytic performance in esterification, alcoholysis, epoxidation and other reactions.

Application fields

1. Polyurethane foam

In the preparation process of polyurethane foam, bismuth isooctanoate, as a delayed catalyst, has the following advantages:

  • Controlling the rising speed of foam: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively control the rising speed of foam to avoid excessive reaction leading to unstable foam structure, thus improving the quality and performance of foam.
  • Increase foam density: By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the density of foam can be precisely controlled to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
  • Improve foam physical properties: Bismuth isoctoate can improve the elasticity and strength of foam, making it more durable during use.
2. PVC heat stabilizer

As an auxiliary heat stabilizer for PVC, bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the thermal stability of PVC, reduce decomposition during processing, and extend the service life of the material:

  • Improve thermal stability: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit the degradation reaction of PVC at high temperatures and prevent material discoloration and performance degradation.
  • Improve processing performance: During the PVC processing process, bismuth isooctanoate can improve the fluidity of the material, reduce processing difficulty, and improve production efficiency.
  • Environmental protection: Compared with traditional heavy metal stabilizers such as lead and cadmium, bismuth isooctanoate has lower toxicity and is more environmentally friendly.
3. Epoxy resin curing

During the curing process of epoxy resin, bismuth isooctanoate can accelerate the curing reaction and shorten the curing time while maintaining good physical and mechanical properties:

  • Accelerate curing speed: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin and improve production efficiency.
  • Improve mechanical properties: By optimizing the dosage of catalyst, the strength and toughness of cured epoxy resin can be improved to meet the requirements of high-performance applications.
  • Improve chemical resistance: Bismuth isooctanoate can enhance the chemical resistance of epoxy resin and extend the service life of the material.
4. Polyester synthesis

In the synthesis process of polyester, bismuth isooctanoate helps to improve polymerization efficiency, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve product quality:

  • Improve polymerization efficiency: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively promote the esterification reaction, increase the polymerization rate, and shorten the production cycle.
  • Reduce by-products: By precisely controlling the amount of catalyst, the occurrence of side reactions can be reduced and the purity and quality of polyester can be improved.
  • Improve physical properties: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the transparency and gloss of polyester, making it more widely used in packaging, fiber and other fields.

Mechanism of action

The main mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate is to accelerate or control the speed of chemical reactions through the active centers it provides. Specifically, the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate in different reactions is as follows:

1. Polyurethane foam

During the preparation process of polyurethane foam, bismuth isocyanate can effectively catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and water to produce carbon dioxide gas, thereby forming a foam structure. At the same time, due to its special delayed catalytic properties, the rising speed of the foam can be controlled to a certain extent and avoid excessively fast reactions leading to unstable foam structure.

2. PVC heat stabilizer

During the thermal stabilization process of PVC, bismuth isooctanoate prevents the breakage and degradation of PVC molecular chains by capturing free radicals and inhibiting chain reactions. In addition, bismuth isooctanoate can also combine with chloride ions in PVC to form a stable complex, further improving the thermal stability of the material.

3. Epoxy resin curing

During the curing process of epoxy resin, bismuth isooctanoate can promote the reaction between epoxy groups and hardener, accelerating the cross-linking reaction. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the curing speed can be precisely controlled to ensure�The cured epoxy resin has excellent physical and mechanical properties.

4. Polyester synthesis

In the synthesis process of polyester, bismuth isooctanoate can promote the esterification reaction and increase the polymerization rate. At the same time, bismuth isooctanoate can also reduce the occurrence of side reactions and improve the purity and quality of polyester by adjusting reaction conditions.

Selection Guide

For proper selection and use of bismuth isooctanoate, here are some practical guidelines:

1. Determine application goals

First, clarify the purpose of using bismuth isooctanoate, such as whether it is necessary to increase the reaction rate, control the reaction conditions, or improve the performance of the product. Different application goals may require different types of catalysts.

2. Understand the reaction system

Choose a suitable catalyst based on the specific reaction type and conditions (such as temperature, pH value, etc.). Different reaction systems may require different concentrations or types of bismuth isooctanoate. For example, in the preparation of polyurethane foam, the rising speed and density of the foam need to be considered; in the thermal stabilization process of PVC, the thermal stability and processing performance of the material need to be considered.

3. Consider cost-effectiveness

Although bismuth isooctanoate has excellent catalytic properties, its cost is relatively high. Therefore, economic benefits need to be considered comprehensively when choosing. The best balance between cost and performance can be achieved by optimizing the amount of catalyst and reaction conditions.

4. Testing and verification

Before actual application, it is recommended to conduct a small-scale test to verify the effect of bismuth isooctanoate and adjust the dosage to achieve the best effect. Through experimental data, the optimal dosage and usage conditions of the catalyst can be determined more accurately.

5. Safety and environmental protection

Although bismuth isooctanoate has low toxicity, you still need to pay attention to operational safety and comply with relevant environmental protection regulations during use. For example, direct contact with skin and inhalation of steam should be avoided, and equipment should be cleaned promptly after use to ensure a clean and safe working environment.

Actual cases

Case 1: Preparation of polyurethane foam

A company produces polyurethane foam for furniture cushioning and hopes to improve the quality of the foam by adding bismuth isooctanoate. After many experiments, it was found that adding 0.5% bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the density and elasticity of the foam, while controlling the rising speed of the foam and avoiding instability of the foam structure. Ultimately, the company succeeded in improving the quality and market competitiveness of its products.

Case 2: PVC heat stabilizer

A PVC pipe manufacturer encountered the problem of poor thermal stability of the material during the production process, which resulted in the product being prone to discoloration and performance degradation at high temperatures. By adding 0.2% bismuth isooctanoate as an auxiliary heat stabilizer, the thermal stability of PVC is significantly improved, the degradation of the material is reduced, and the service life of the product is extended. At the same time, bismuth isooctanoate also improves the processing performance of the material and increases production efficiency.

Case 3: Epoxy resin curing

An electronic packaging material manufacturer needs fast-curing epoxy resin during the production process. By adding 1% bismuth isooctanoate as a catalyst, the curing time is significantly shortened from the original 2 hours to 1 hour, which greatly improves production efficiency. At the same time, the cured epoxy resin has higher strength and toughness, meeting the requirements of high-performance applications.

Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in plastic processing. The correct selection and use of bismuth isooctanoate can not only increase production efficiency, but also significantly improve product quality. We hope that the information provided in this article can help relevant practitioners better understand and utilize this important chemical raw material and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the plastics industry. Through scientific and reasonable application, bismuth isooctanoate will demonstrate its unique value and potential in more fields.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh